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This paper describes and discusses creating and evaluating a virtual reality simulation of Avebury Stone Circle and Henge complex as it might have appeared and sounded circa 2300 BCE. Avebury is a Neolithic heritage site in the UK which is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and associated sites UNESCO World Heritage Site. The overall aim of the project was to better understand the sense of place and presence that visitors can experience in virtual simulations of heritage sites. We investigated how virtual spaces might become experienced as places by visitors through their exploration, active participation, sensory stimulation and communication with other visitors in the simulation. More than 1200 members of the public experienced the simulation, both at Avebury itself and at three public exhibitions. The specific objectives of the project were to explore if and how the believability of a simulation was associated with feeling a sense of place in the virtual landscape, and if some personal characteristics, viz. age, disability, sex, immersive tendency, familiarity with IT and frequency of playing computer games, were associated with levels of enjoyment in, and learning from, the simulation. We analysed the data from a detailed questionnaire completed by 388 of the 702 visitors to Avebury from June to September 2018 who experienced the simulation, supported by observational data from all participants at all events. We found that believability was associated with a sense of place in the simulation, i.e. that the more believable the simulation appeared, the greater the sense of place experienced by the participants. We also found that personal characteristics had very little influence upon visitor reactions to the simulation, suggesting that such simulations might have wide appeal for heritage and museum visitors, regardless of age, gender or familiarity with technology. Highlights • More than 1200 members of the public experienced a 3D, fully immersive simulation of Avebury Henge, Wiltshire, UK over a nine-month period. • We found patterns of use and familiarity with information technology (IT), and using mobile technologies for gaming, that did not follow age and gender stereotypes. • We found little correlation between age, gender and IT familiarity with reactions to Virtual Avebury, suggesting that such simulations might have wide appeal for heritage site visitors.

This article explains the various meanings and ambiguities of the phrase “teaching to the test” (TttT), describes its history and use as a pejorative, and outlines the policy implications of the popular, but fallacious, belief that “high stakes” testing induces TttT which, in turn, produces “test score inflation” or artificial test score gains. The history starts with the infamous “Lake Wobegon Effect” test score scandal in the US in the 1980s. John J. Cannell, a medical doctor, discovered that all US states administering national norm-referenced tests claimed their students’ average scores exceeded the national average, a mathematical impossibility. Cannell blamed educator cheating and lax security for the test score inflation, but education insiders managed to convince many that high stakes was the cause, despite the fact that Cannell’s tests had no stakes. Elevating the high stakes causes TttT, which causes test score inflation fallacy to dogma has served to divert attention from the endemic lax security with “internally administered” tests that should have encouraged policy makers to require more external controls in test administrations. The fallacy is partly responsible for promoting the ruinous practice of test preparation drilling on test format and administering practice tests as a substitute for genuine subject matter preparation. Finally, promoters of the fallacy have encouraged the practice of “auditing” allegedly untrustworthy high-stakes test score trends with score trends from allegedly trustworthy low-stakes tests, despite an abundance of evidence that low-stakes test scores are far less reliable, largely due to student disinterest.Keywords: Test security, Educator cheating, Test score inflation, High stakes, Standardized tests, Education, CRESST, Daniel Koretz, John J. Cannell, Lake Wobegon Effect. La Familia de Falacias "Enseñando para el Examen"Este artículo explica los diversos significados y ambigüedades de la frase "enseñar para el examen" (TttT: teaching to the test en inglés), describe su historia y su uso como un peyorativo, y describe las implicaciones políticas de la creencia popular, pero falaz, que las pruebas de a “gran escala” inducen TttT que, a su vez, produce una "inflación en la calificación obtenida en el examen" o ganancias em cuanto a los puntos obtenidos en la prueba. La historia comienza con el infame escándalo de la puntuación de la prueba "Lake Wobegon Effect" en los Estados Unidos en los años ochenta. John J. Cannell, un médico, descubrió que todos los estados de los Estados Unidos que administraban pruebas nacionales con referencias normativas afirmaban que los puntajes promedio de sus estudiantes excedían el promedio nacional, una imposibilidad matemática. Cannell atribuyó a los educadores el engaño y la seguridad laxa por la inflación de la puntuación de los exámenes, pero los expertos en educación lograron convencer a muchos de que las pruebas a gran escala eran la causa, a pesar de que las pruebas de Cannell no tenían ninguna fiabilidad. Exagerar las pruebas a gran escala hace que TttT hace que la falla de la inflación de la puntuación de la prueba al dogma haya servido para desviar la atención de la seguridad laxa endémica con pruebas "internamente administradas" que deberían haber alentado a los responsables políticos a exigir más controles externos en las administraciones de las pruebas. La falacia es en parte responsable de promover la práctica ruinosa en la preparación de las pruebas en el formato de prueba y la administración de pruebas prácticas como un sustituto de la preparación de la materia original. Por último, los promotores de la falacia han fomentado la práctica de "auditar" tendencias de determinadas puntuación en las pruebas a gran escala con las tendencias de puntuación presuntamente confiables de las pruebas de baja exigencia, a pesar de la abundancia de pruebas donde las puntuaciones de las pruebas a menor escala son mucho menos confiables debido al desinterés de los estudiantes. Palabras clave: Prueba de seguridad, Engaño de educador, inflación de la puntuación del examen, Pruebas a gran escala, Pruebas estandarizadas, Educación, CRESST, Daniel Koretz, John J. Cannell, Efecto Lake Wobegon.

The UK detains migrants on a large scale, and has had limited success in developing alternatives. The British experience highlights the need for a cultural shift towards engagement with migrants in place of reliance on enforcement.

The advancement of aquaculture has often been bottlenecked because of the lack of seed, but once that bottleneck was overcome there was rapid growth. Recent examples of advances in hatchery technology leading to increased production are sea bream and Pangasius. Three areas contributing to the advancement of hatchery management are: brood stock management, induced spawning and larval feeding. Formulated diets have been developed for marine brood fish that are equal or better than the traditional raw fish diets. The importance of lipids and their composition in brood fish diets, particularly n-3 HUFAs has received much attention. The lipid composition of the brood diet is reflected in egg composition and egg quality. Protein quantity and quality in brood diets also impacts reproductive success and egg quality. The use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) given as an injection or a slow release implant for induced spawning is becoming more widely used. The addition of dopamine antagonists with GnRHa may not be necessary to successfully induce spawn some species of fish. The use of GnRHa can advance the maturation of oocytes allowing such fish to be successfully induced spawned. Significant advances have been made in the development of formulated microdiets for larval fish. Such microdiets have been used successfully with young larvae reducing the need for live foods such as artemia. The quality of both live foods and formulated diets has been enriched with the use of fatty acids. Not only the quantity of n-3 HUFAs added to a diet impacts larval growth and survival but the ratios of specific n-3 HUFAs has an impact. Enrichment of live foods with amino acids can also improve larval fish growth and survival.A escassez de alevinos tem sido um dos principais pontos de estrangulamento para o avanço da aquicultura. No entanto, quando a produção de alevinos em quantidade e qualidade deixa de ser limitante, o setor produtivo normalmente apresenta rápido crescimento. Exemplos recentes de avanços em tecnologia de reprodução que resultaram no aumento da produção aquícola são os do pangasius (Pangasius sp.) e dourada (Sparus aurata). Dietas têm sido desenvolvidas para reprodutores de espécies marinhas com qualidade semelhante ou mesmo superior às tradicionais dietas à base de peixe. A composição lipídica, particularmente ômega-3 e ácidos graxos altamente insaturados "HUFAs", das dietas de reprodutores se reflete na composição e qualidade dos ovos. A qualidade da proteína e sua concentração na dieta também influenciam no sucesso reprodutivo e na qualidade dos ovos. A utilização de hôrmonios liberadores de gonadotrofinas (GnRHa) administrados por injeção ou como implantes de liberação lenta para a indução de desova tem sido amplamente utilizada. Nestas espécies o GnRHa estimula o avanço da maturação dos ovócitos fazendo com que a desova induzida ocorra com sucesso. Tem-se observado significantes avanços no desenvolvimento de microdietas elaboradas para larvas de peixes. Essas microdietas têm sido utilizadas com sucesso reduzindo a demanda das larvas por alimentos vivos como a artemia, e a qualidade de ambos alimentos tem sido melhorada com o uso de ácidos graxos. Não somente a quantidade de omega-3 HUFAs adicionada a uma dieta influência o crescimento de larvas, mas também a proporção dos ácidos graxos específicos. O enriquecimento de alimentos vivos com aminoácidos pode também melhorar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de larvas de peixes.

La teoría neoclásica falla al entender que las lecturas de los indicadores estándar de desempeño en una economía dependen fuertemente de la efectividad y la latitud de los actores en la economía, quienes no son vistos por la teoría neoclásica. ¿Qué es, entonces, la teoría moderna que sí comprende (al menos en algún grado) los mecanismos que generan la alta innovación, el alto empleo y la alta participación? Una mirada a la teoría clásica de la buena vida que se originó con Aristóteles, el vitalismo del filósofo francés Henri Bergson, la búsqueda individual dramatizada por Cervantes y la teoría de la justicia económica desarrollada por Rawls, contribuye a responder esta pregunta. Una economía no puede ser buena si no produce la estimulación, el desafío, el compromiso, el dominio, el descubrimiento y el desarrollo que constituyen la buena vida. La conclusión es que una economía moralmente aceptable debe tener suficiente dinamismo como para hacer el trabajo ampliamente comprometido y gratificante; y tener suficiente justicia, si el dinamismo solo no puede hacer la tarea, como para asegurar una inclusión amplia. ABSTRACT Neoclassical theory fails to understand that the readings of the standard performance indicators in an economy heavily depend on the effectiveness and the latitude of actors in the economy, who are unseen in neoclassical theory. What, then, is the modern theory that does comprehend (to a degree at any rate) the mechanisms generating high innovation, high employment and high participation? Reflection on the classical theory of the good life that originated with Aristotle, the vitalism of the French philosopher Henri Bergson, the individual quest dramatizad by Cervantes and the theory of economic justice developed by Rawls, contributes to answering this question. An economy cannot be good if it does not produce the stimulation, challenge, engagement, mastery, discovery and development that constitute the good life. The conclusion is that a morally acceptable economy must have enough dynamism to make work broadly engaging and rewarding; and have enough justice, if dynamism alone cannot do the job, to secure broad inclusion.

In response to the rising demand for market-responsive education reform across the U.S., since 1998 more than twenty states have created individual learning or graduation plan (ILP/IGP) state policies. Using extensive policy document analyses and stakeholder interview data from four early-adopting ILP/IGP states, the goal of this four-state case study was twofold. First, to determine the extent to which states are leveraging federal and state resources to align their ILP initiatives with other policies aimed at fostering education innovation and assisting economic recovery. The second goal was to develop policy recommendations for making intergovernmental investments to strengthen performance outcomes in education and workforce development in ILP/IGP states. The federal interest in equal protection and improving equity for special populations including youth with disabilities stimulated and animated the investigation. Several key findings emerged across the four states. First, to date limited fiscal investments in professional development and systematic data collection have constrained ILP-IGP implementation and evaluation efforts. Second, the opportunity to align and leverage the state investment with federal programs and other state employment and education initiatives was largely unexplored in these states. Recommendations for state policy improvements include aligning ILP policies with state plans for improving outcomes in federal programs for students confronting economic, language and disability challenges.

Resumo A hemoglobina do peixe pulmonado sul americano Lepidosiren paradoxa só apresenta um componente. Os equilíbrios desta proteína respiratória foram investigados tanto no sangue como na hemoglobina purificada. Há um marcado efeito Bohr alcalino normal, assim como uma marcada sensibilidade a fosfatos orgânicos nas soluções de hemoglobina. Os estudos da dependência de pH na cinética da dissociação de oxigênio podem ser interpretados em termos de um efeito Bohr normal. A cinética de combinação de monóxido de carbono apresenta uma dependência de pH pouco usual. Estes resultados são discutidos em termos do modelo de dois estados de Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965).

Resumo As hemoglobinas do peixe que respira ar Synbranchus marmoratus apresentam componentes múltiplos e demonstram polimorfismo. Foi comparado o equilíbrio de oxigênio com células completas e hemoglobina Isolada. Há um efeito Bohr alcalino considerável e este é mais marcado em hemoglobina fracionada à qual tem sido adicionado 1 mM ATP. Foram estudadas as cinéticas de dissociação de oxigênio da combinação de oxiemogloblna e monóxido de carbono, apresentando cursos de tempo cinético surpreendentemente uniformes para um sistema composto de componentes múltiplos. Estes resultados são discutidos dentro do contexto das exigências do animal em um meio ambiente aquático-aéreo misto.