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La ciudad de Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, se caracteriza por tener árboles de aguacate criollo con diferentes propiedades morfológicas. Sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene sobre las características nutrimentales y sensoriales de los frutos de estos árboles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar bromatológica, mineral, fitoquímica y sensorial 7 aguacates criollos, obtenidos de diferentes árboles. El análisis proximal se realizó mediante pruebas estandarizadas por la AOAC (2019), mientras que el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó en un equipo HPLC/MS. Posteriormente, las muestras se evaluaron mediante una prueba hedónica. El análisis bromatológico arrojó diferencias significativas en el total de las muestras para las diferentes variables de respuesta, lo que indica la gran diversidad genética entre los árboles muestreados. Los minerales que se determinaron en mayor concentración fueron Potasio, Magnesio y Calcio. Se identificaron 38 compuestos fitoquímicos diferentes en los frutos, con mayor presencia de flavonas, mientras que el análisis sensorial arrojó una diferencia significativa entre los criollos en las variables evaluadas. Los atributos de sabor y textura resultaron los más importantes para la preferencia del consumidor. Diferentes factores ambientales (suelo, clima, altitud, latitud, madurez) modifican la composición nutrimental del aguacate y sus características organolépticas. Los resultados de este trabajo pudieran ayudar a la propagación, diversificación frutícola y desarrollo de empresas enfocadas en este fruto en Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Se aplicaron consorcios microbianos en un sistema de producción de plántulas de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) cultivar ‘Criollo’, evaluándose posibles influencias en el crecimiento y estado nutricional de los patrones. Se evaluaron 4 tratamientos en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA). Las semillas utilizadas fueron sembradas en sustrato estéril (tierra negra y pomina; 3:1) colocado en bolsas de vivero (polietileno, capacidad: 2,2 kg). Las inoculaciones de microrganismos (Glomus spp, Trichoderma spp., Bacillusspp., Pseudomonasspp.) se realizaron a los 70, 100, 120 y 150 días después de la siembra (DDS). Las variables altura de planta, diámetro de tallo eíndice de verdorfueron evaluadas a lo largo del ensayo (80, 110, 140 y 170 DDS); una vez culminado el ensayo (170 DDS) se evaluóla concentración de nutrientes en tejido, materia seca de tallos, hojas y raíces. Existierondiferencias estadísticamente significativas a los 170 DDS para:altura de planta, diámetro de tallo y contenido de clorofila; el análisis de concentración de nutrientes en tejido reportó valores dentro de los parámetros adecuados para la especie eincremento en la concentración del Cu. Esta investigación reporta el efecto favorable de los microorganismos evaluados en el crecimiento de las plántulasy en laasimilación de nutrientes.

Background: recently there has been concern for the monitoring of ambrosial complexes in Mexico that consist of a symbiotic relationship between a beetle and fungi, where the female invades a wide variety of species making galleries in the bark and wood, in which beetles reproduce and grow the fungi to feed the colony, these fungi can be a phytopathogen that can cause serious damage in the infected trees. The proximity of Raffaelea lauricola now present in Texas and the presence of Fusarium euwallacea in the north of Mexico; fungi that have caused great losses in the United States, put in risk the avocado production zones in Mexico. Consequently, the report of new fungi related to ambrosial complexes is of great importance. Objective: to carry out pathogenicity tests of fungi related to ambrosial complexes in avocado ‘Hass’. Methodology: Isolates of Raffaelea brunnea, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (pre-identified) and Fusarium sp., from avocado trees parasitized with ambrosial beetles from the state of Michoacán and an unidentified fungus from Chiapas (Mexico) were used. Artificial inoculations with the fungi were carried out by wounds in mature stem and shoots of the growth of the year (young) of ‘Hass’ plants, and the symptoms and the progress of the damage within the stem were evaluated. Three of the isolates underwent a molecular identification analysis with the complete region of the ITS internal transcript space. Results: the fungus Ceratocystiopsis sp. was identified as Ophiostoma sp. and Fusarium sp. such as Fusarium solani, both isolated from Michoacán. While the Chiapas fungus was identified belonging to the genus Fusarium. After inoculation, R. brunnea and Fusarium sp. stood out in pathogenicity, with greater advancement within the stem and damage that in some cases reached the pith tissue, showing leaf wilting and reddish-brown staining inside the stem. These two fungi showed differential damage progression behavior according to the type of maturity of the tissue, where Fusarium sp. advanced more in the young tissue and R. brunnea in the mature one. Implications: it is proposed to consider that the study was only carried out in ‘Hass’, thus this may be an important factor, since probably if the fungi were inoculated in more varieties, differences in behavior of the advance in damage of these could be found. Conclusions: all the fungi showed to be pathogenic with variation in severity. In terms of Raffaelea brunnea, a peculiar behavior was found in the severity of internal and external damage, in which external symptoms may or may not occur, strictly in ‘Hass’ avocado plants 30 days after inoculation.

Abstract This research aimed at performing the molecular characterization of commercial Papelillo avocado (Persea americana cv Lorena) cultivars from the municipality of Marsella (Risaralda, Colombia), as well as the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of the pulp and seed. An evaluation of 50 individuals among commercial varieties and possible patterns was performed using 17 microsatellite markers. Proximate analysis of the pulp was performed, and the fatty acid profile of oils, the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the total phenolic content were evaluated. From the cluster analysis, Dice index, and Principal Coordinates Analysis, it became evident that all the individuals showed a tendency to group by populations. In addition, the pulp revealed high fiber contents (4.96–20.64%) and moisture (80.75–82.96%); however, it showed low oil content (5.97–6.56%). The fatty acid found in the highest proportion in seed oil is linoleic acid and that in pulp oil is oleic acid. The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method for seed oil (87.87 to 91.04%) presented a greater inhibition concerning to the pulp oil (20.34% and 24.43%), this same trend was observed by the FRAP method. Concerning the content of total phenols, the seed oil (31.94–76.30 mg GAE g-1) has a higher value than the pulp (30.18–54.30 mg GAE g-1). The set of samples was characterized as a significant source of genetic variability; thanks to the excellent alternatives they provide as rootstocks for commercial varieties such as the ‘Lorena’ cultivars. The chemical classification carried out in this study is of great importance, due to the lack of information about the oil of the ‘Papelillo’ avocado cultivated in different regions of Colombia.

Context: The synthetic insecticides used to control Diptera are harmful to the environment and humans. Extracts and compounds from plants are a more sustainable source for the development of bio-insecticides. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of a hydroalcoholic extract of Persea americana Mill seeds as an alternative control of the species Musca domestica. Methods: The extracts were obtained by two methods, the Shaker (S) and the Soxhlet extraction (SE) method, using 94% ethanol as the solvent. Also, the qualitative chemical composition was determined by phytochemical screening. The effect of the two extracts on the post-embryonic development of the fly as well as the adulticidal effect was evaluated. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, sugars and amino acids. The influence on the post-embryonic development of M. domestica was demonstrated, especially on the viability of larvae and neolarvae to adults; however, the effect on the weight and duration of each period was low. The adulticidal effects of the extracts were determined by the lethal concentration 50(LC50) of 2.910 mg/100 mL and 3.944 mg/100 mL for the S and SE extracts, respectively. Conclusions: Both extracts showed their insecticidal effects against Musca domestica, but the extract elaborated by S method showed greater influence diminishing viability and better adulticidal effect.

A capacidade antioxidante e a qualidade pós-colheita do abacate 'Fuerte' foram avaliadas. Os frutos foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente (24 ± 1 ºC) e sob refrigeração em 10 ± 1 ºC e 90±5% UR e avaliados durante 15 dias. Determinaram-se a perda de massa e a taxa respiratória. As características físico-químicas avaliadas foram acidez total titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), ratio, pH, firmeza, atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase (PPO), cor (L, a* e b*), fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (AA) por DPPH·. Nas duas condições de armazenamento, o pico respiratório ocorreu no 9º dia.Os frutos mantidos sob temperatura refrigerada apresentaram menor perda de massa e maior firmeza em relação àqueles em temperatura ambiente. O comportamento respiratório refletiu na redução dos valores de AT e no conteúdo de SS que diminuíram a partir do pico de respiração. Os valores de pH aumentaram como consequência da diminuição da AT. Os valores de luminosidade mantiveram-se elevados, observando-se diminuição do componente de cor verde na polpa com o armazenamento. A atividade da PPO diminuiu com o armazenamento. Os valores de AA variaram de 17,6 a 68,7%. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais diminuiu após o pico respiratório, e valores crescentes de AA foram observados mesmo após o 9º dia.

Se estudió la variación estacional de la fotosíntesis y parámetros fisiológicos relacionados con ésta en los cultivares de aguacate Colín V-101 y Rincón (ambos de bajo porte) y Hass en el clima Semicálido subhúmedo del Valle de Matatipac, Nayarit. Se midió la fotosíntesis en seis fechas de muestreo y en cada una de ellas fueron evaluadas cinco hojas maduras en cada uno de cinco árboles por cultivar. La primera medición se hizo al fin de verano (21 Sep. 2002), dos lecturas en otoño (20 Oct. y 20 Nov. 2002), dos en invierno (22 Ene. y 23 Feb. 2003) y una al inicio de la primavera (30 Mar. 2003). La dispersión estacional de la tasa de fotosíntesis neta (A) de los tres cultivares de aguacate siguió el mismo patrón de distribución a través de las estaciones del año. La tasa de A al fin de verano fue baja (18.45 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1), se elevó ligeramente (20.22 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) al inicio de otoño, y alcanzó el promedio máximo en pleno otoño con 30.05 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1 que coincidió con el crecimiento de fruto. A se estabilizó (29.84 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) durante el invierno y descendió significativamente al inicio de primavera (17.61 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1). La tasa de A resultó afectada por las condiciones climatológicas de cada estación y el estado fenológico de los cultivares de aguacate.

From a hexane extract of avocado pulp (Persea americana Mill.), an 1:3 mixture of 2-(heptadec-16-enyl)- and 2-(heptadec-16-ynyl)-4-hydroxy -tetrahydrofurans was characterized by NMR techniques. These compounds have not been previously reported from natural sources.