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Socrates in the Lysis discusses philia and the conditions under which two or more people can be said to engage in this relationship. Many commentators take Socrates to be attempting to discover how human beings enter into the relationship of friendship, a relationship characterized by reciprocal affection, altruistic concern and personal intimacy. Other readers of the Lysis see in the dialogue’s investigation of philia a discussion of desire and attraction at the most general level. On this view, philia is one species of the general human desire for good. The present paper develops a third reading of philia. Philia is a type of partnership or fellowship where affection and intimacy are not central features of the relationship. The fellowship involves at least one party who possesses wisdom while other members of the fellowship seek to benefit from wisdom. Thus philia is a characteristically human response to the need for wisdom. The members of such a fellowship share a common desire for a good which gives purpose to their association, and because of their common desire to benefit from this good the members can be described as fellows or partners in the pursuit of this good.

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La utopía esta definida como la concepción de una sociedad ideal por lo que para muchos autores resalta la cualidad de inalcanzable; sin embargo, el ser humano va modificando sus paradigmas y logra metas antes inconcebibles. Actualmente, el ser humano se enfrenta a un gran problema que amenaza su subsistencia, el daño ambiental. Este problema puede ser solucionado desde diversas áreas de la ciencia y conocimiento humano, siendo menester del Derecho realizar aportes que generen cambios en favor del planeta. En consecuencia, los principios ambientales y en específico el de responsabilidad ambiental se perfilan como aquellos pilares en los que se construirán una política ambiental eficaz que refleje sus efectos en la realidad como ya viene sucediendo en diversas legislaciones como es el caso de España.

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Este estudio tiene como fin mostrar, a través del análisis de los contratos otorgados por el Estado para la explotación de la madreperla, los privilegios concedidos a la élite costarricense y a los inversionistas extranjeros, en detrimento de las formas tradicionales de aprovechamiento del recurso por parte de las comunidades costeras del Pacífico; estas reaccionaron en defensa de sus intereses patrimoniales utilizando diversos medios; entre ellos, la presión directa o indirecta, mediante la gestión de cartas dirigidas a las autoridades nacionales y locales.

For almost four decades, groups of Canadian private citizens have sponsored refugees for resettlement in addition to federal government resettlement programmes.

Review of Michael Kassler, Alain Kerhervé and Lorna J. Clark, eds., Memoirs of the Court of George III (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2015).

Abstract The Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) literature recommends that intervention is embedded within everyday routines that occur in the natural environment. However, little research has examined the implementation of routines-based models of ECI. The aim of this paper was to describe the development of a Routines-Based Early Childhood Intervention (RBECI) model. The RBECI model consists of four key components: a) Routines-Based Interviews (RBIs); b) participation-based goals; c) home visits; and d) community consultations. Empirical evidence supporting each component of the model is provided, and results from a preliminary evaluation of the implementation of the model are discussed. Further research is required evaluating processes involved in the implementation of the model by ECI professionals and its impact on children and families.

The majority of reports of self-medication in capuchins focus on fur-rubbing behaviours (Fragaszy et al., 2004; Paukner & Suomi, 2012; Meuner et al., 2008). Here, we report on observations of Hooded Capuchins in Rancho Laguna Blanca (RLB), feeding on the bark of the tree Albizia niopoides (Mimosaceae), a possible case of self-medication.

Reseña del libro "Entre imperio y naciones. Iberoamérica y el Caribe en torno a 1810", de Pilar Cagiao Vila y José María Portillo Valdé.

Although the definition and purpose of transitional justice (TJ) does not preclude the inclusion of non-state business actors’ involvement in past authoritarian state or armed conflict violence, these types human rights violations (HRVs) are not included in formal TJ mandates. Nonetheless, in practice, TJ processes have included ad hoc measures to hold economic actors responsible for those violations. This article seeks to participate in the ongoing discussions and design of a UN-initiated proposal for a treaty on business and human rights by adding the TJ dimension. It draws on the Corporate Accountability and Transitional Justice (CATJ) data base to show that TJ initiatives have already incorporated economic actors in the investigations of past human rights abuses and how they have done so. It further explores what is missing from these processes and how a treaty on business and human rights could help fill those voids and advance victims’ rights to truth, justice, and reparations.

The question of how the environmentalization of the curriculum might occur inthe higher education sector in a sustainable manner has become a local, national,regional and global concern for environmental educators, specifically, and educators,generally. The contemporary ACES framework includes ten characteristics of“environmentalization” deemed appropriate for incorporation into teacher educationprograms, and has been adopted by some Brazilian public universities among othersin Latin America and Europe. This highly influential framework was developed by agroup of “Latin” academics from Europe and Latin America. We bring that frameworkinto critical dialogue with the development of the “socially critical” and “post-critical”perspectives in environmental education curriculum and framings of its research,as this critical discourse has developed in the Anglo-speaking North over the pastthirty years. We reflexively identify a number of key similarities and differences in thisSouth-North dialogue. Brazilian educators, curriculum specialists and researchers, forwhom this article is primarily written, might further refine the critical possibilitiesof the ACES framework in their efforts to environmentalize the curriculum. Morebroadly, this article exemplifies a non-colonial approach to globalizing the discourseof environmental education.

Con una personalidad tenaz y constante, Claudia Quirós Vargas tuvo una larga trayectoria en la vida educativa de este país; tanto a nivel de primaria como de la educación superior, aunque sus aportes en la educación en general no deben desestimarse, en particular en las regiones de su interés investigativo, como lo fueron el Pacífico Central y Norte de Costa Rica.

In his landmark work Language in the Americas, Greenberg (1987) proposed that Macro-Carib was one of the major low-level stocks of South America, which together with Macro-Panoan and Macro-Ge-Bororo were claimed to comprise the putative Ge-Pano-Carib Phylum. His Macro-Carib includes the isolates Andoke and Kukura, and the Witotoan, Peba-Yaguan, and Cariban families. Greenberg’s primary evidence came from person-marking paradigms in individual languages, plus scattered words from individual languages collected into 79 Macro-Carib ‘etymologies’ and another 64 Amerind ‘etymologies’. The goal of this paper is to re-evaluate Greenberg’s Macro-Carib claim in the light of the much more extensive and reliable language data that has become available largely since 1987. Based on full person-marking paradigms for Proto-Cariban, Yagua, Bora and Andoke, we conclude that Greenberg’s morphological claims are unfounded. For our lexical comparison, we created lexical lists for Proto-Cariban, Proto-Witotoan, Yagua and Andoke, for both Greenberg’s 143 putative etymologies and for the Swadesh 100 list. From both lists, a total of 23 potential cognates were found, but no consonantal correspondences were repeated even once. We conclude that our greatly expanded and improved database does not provide sufficient evidence to convince the skeptic that the Macro-Carib hypothesis is viable.

Este trabalho trata da ligação, ou melhor, a desligação (a eliminação dos limites de gênero), entre as artes plásticas e a literatura através duma análise profunda de dois textos modernistas: “Saltimbancos” de José de Almada Negreiros e “a paisagem do relógio branco” de Mário Cesariny. Propõe-se que uma leitura de corte profundo da obra de Almada Negreiros revela uma crítica do autor da Primeira Guerra Mundial e a subsequente deformação social. Contudo, o tom geral da narrativa (militante e pesado de frustração) fica evidente, embora não se consiga perceber a crítica exata de Almada Negreiros. O conto de Cesariny não tem uma mensagem de caráter crítico detrás das imagens, mas ainda reflete a proposta do movimento surrealista: superar a realidade falsa tratada nas obras neorrealistas da época. O conto “a paisagem do relógio branco” logra ultrapassar a realidade por fazer o leitor, primeiramente, visualizar os deslocamentos e, depois, experimentar o deslocamento sinestésico do texto.

The fact that a researcher forms a critical component of the world that he or she is studying is no more evident than during the gathering and analysis of data that underpins his or her qualitative research study. Having selected a Straussian grounded theory of the meanings of voluntary medical adult male circumcision (VMAMC) for HIV prevention in South Africa as a research topic, I found that my personal characteristics (being a young, white, English-speaking female researcher) had a profound impact on my ability to recruit and interview participants for this study. Thus, I had to rely on fieldworkers to act on my behalf in this capacity. However, this had a number of methodological implications for my study and as such, this article addresses these to remind qualitative researchers that practical solutions to overcoming research process obstacles can have methodological implications that need to be considered and addressed to ensure rigor within qualitative health psychology research. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs150239

Durante el periodo analizado, 1824-1890, Honduras, como cualquier otro Estado, dio los primeros pasos para obtener su legitimidad en el ámbito externo, lo que se expresó en la lucha por definir su territorialidad y en lograr el reconocimiento ante la comunidad internacional. En este trabajo se pretende analizar cuál fue el papel del Estado de Honduras en sus demandas territoriales frente a la Gran Bretaña entre 1824 y 1894. El problema central está en comprender cuáles fueron los atributos de esteticidad que había logrado Honduras durante el periodo en estudio, y cuál fue la política a seguir frente a los reclamos sobre las Islas de la Bahía y La Mosquitia.

Este trabajo lleva a cabo un repaso general, tanto de las relaciones hispano-norteamericanas, como de la visión que desde los Estados Unidos se tenía de España, a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos. Asimismo, el autor recuerda sus propias experiencias como ciudadano norteamericano, dedicado durante varias décadas al estudio de la Historia contemporánea de España.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las relaciones económico-sociales de la reconocida propietaria de esclavos doña Manuela de Zavaleta y sus esclavas María Manuela y Josefa Catarina, en la sociedad colonial tardía de Costa Rica. El título que inspira este estudio se basa en el caso de Josefa Catarina, hija mulata de la esclava María Manuela, quien fue vendida en 1779 por su dueña, doña Manuela de Zavaleta, desde el vientre de su madre, por 25 pesos de plata. Basado en este caso poco usual, este artículo trata de reconstruir las condiciones materiales y sociales en las que estas mujeres figuraron en el Cartago de la época. En concreto, se profundizará en la sociedad y la familia desde diversos ámbitos; por ejemplo: la parentela, la reproducción, y sobre todo, la dinámica económica en la que ellas se encontraban inmersas: la esclavitud.

El trabajo artesanal era fundamental en la reproducción de las sociedades preindustriales, y en nuestro caso de las sociedades coloniales. A la llegada de los europeos a las Indias se produjo el trasplante de ciertas instituciones de carácter hispánico. Este nuevo espacio creó las condiciones que le dieron rasgos propios a las sociedades coloniales como fue el caso de las organizaciones gremiales y en su defecto, de las actividades artesanales que manifestaron cierta tradición gremial. En estos términos hemos de analizar aquí la organización artesanal de Cartago en el Siglo XVII, como resultado de su propia especificidad, así como el rumbo de las actividades artesanales.