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The goal of this study is to understand the relationship between the problematic use of WhatsApp among young adolescents and parental mediation. The rise of mobile phone use among young people is a cause for concern, especially among parents themselves. The literature suggests that parents have a certain amount of room for maneuver through different parental strategies (parental mediation) to maximize the benefits of technology and reduce its possible risks, although this has not been sufficiently analyzed in the case of problematic use of the mobile phone and its applications. This study therefore examined three different parental mediation strategies (restrictive, modeling and stimulation) and their possible impact on the problematic use of WhatsApp. The sample comprised 1,144 13- and 14-year-old students during three academic years (2015-2018) in 17 schools in 7 Spanish provinces. One of the novelties of the study was the use of adolescent voices to understand the parental mediation of their parents. The results showed a direct relationship between the level of restrictive mediation and a problematic use of WhatsApp. In addition, the number of mobile phones that students have enjoyed, as well as whether parents use their mobile phone during dinner, also has a positive relationship with the problematic use of WhatsApp. These results are useful for understanding a responsible use of the mobile phone, as well as to guide parents about the problematic use of WhatsApp among adolescents.

Introduction: Background: this research was designed to identifying profiles of parents according to their food parenting practices (FPFP) (monitoring, restriction, modeling and child control) and to determine whether the profiles differed according to their satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL), work-family interface, diet quality of parents and adolescent, type of work and sociodemographic characteristics (socioeconomic level, gender and age). Methods: the sample consisted of 430 two-parent dual-income families with adolescent in Santiago, Chile. The Comprehensive Questionnaire of Parental Eating Practices, Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale (SWFoL), Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and Work-Family Interface Scale (work-family conflict and work-family enrichment) were used. Results: latent profile analysis showed five profiles of fathers and mothers: a) mothers and fathers with high control and restraint (32.1 %); b) mothers and fathers with high control and very low monitoring, restriction and modeling (29.5 %); c) mothers with high monitoring and fathers with low control and restriction (18.8 %); d) mothers and fathers with high monitoring (14.9 %); and e) mothers and fathers with high restraint and modeling (4.7 %). Conclusions: the profiles differed in fathers' and mothers' SWFoL scores, fathers' work-family conflict, fathers' work-family enrichment, diet quality of all three family members, and mothers' body mass index. The results suggest that fathers and mothers use different combinations of FPP according to the characteristics of their families and workplaces.

Comprehensive access to medically assisted reproduction procedures and techniques in Argentina has been assured by National Law No. 26,862 since 2013. This Law does not include surrogacy procedures, and the lack of specific regulation shifts practices to a paralegal setting. In this context, planned parenthood by male couples through surrogacy is performed through actions that convey demands for access rights and active State policies. For these couples, the argument is that surrogacy is the only option to have a child with a genetic bond with at least one of the two parents and recognize both filiatory bonds. This work results from field work in progress with parents from the Province of Buenos Aires running this practice in Argentina. Based on in-depth interviews, we attempted to rebuild personal experiences and analyze the meanings that the narratives construct regarding their parenting, the biological connections in establishing or defining family relationships, and the importance of genetics in constructing and maintaining affiliations.

Objective: To explore the perceptions of new mothers and fathers about the health care received during the transition to parenthood., Method: Qualitative study based on 12 semi-structured interviews with seven women who conformed a self-help group, and five of their partners, in Segovia, Spain (2018-2019). A qualitative content analysis was used., Results: Five categories were identified: (1) health care received during the prenatal stage; (2) health care received during childbirth; (3) postpartum care for women; (4) health response during parenting; and (5) gestation and benefits of a self-help group. In the prenatal period they needed more information about childbirth and postpartum and preparation to support them in the transition to parenthood. In childbirth, there was a failure to meet expectations regarding the health care received. In the postpartum period, they expressed the need for greater follow-up of women from a biopsychosocial perspective. In pediatric visits, the importance of encouraging the participation of fathers was reported. Women stated that there are currently no health benefits that favor the establishment of support networks and safe spaces where they can express their feelings and emotions., Conclusions: It is necessary to reformulate existing spaces such as childbirth preparation classes and breastfeeding support groups, and to implement new strategies from the health care point of view. It is also essential to reinforce comprehensive, humanized health care that encourages parental involvement., (Copyright © 2022 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the meanings attributed to fatherhood by first-time fathers., Participants and Method: Qualitative research of Hermeneutic-Dialectic design. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with fathers and mothers (10 of each) of children older than 12 months. The analysis of the data was carried out through the participants' discourse analysis and their articu lation with the historical-social context and the theoretical references of the research., Results: The meaning and social participation of men when they became a first-time father were grouped in five categories: meaning of the fatherhood experience; meaning of fatherhood from a gender perspective; meaning of the experience in the father-child relationship; meaning of the parenting experience in the couple relationship; and exercising fatherhood and its relationship with the health system. Con clusions: It is necessary to implement strategies to include the father in the upbringing and care of the children, favoring his participation, and thus, the growth and comprehensive development of the child conceived in the different types of families.

The presence of externalizing behaviors in childhood has significant degrees of future self-continuity and is a risk factor for school failure and drop-out, criminal behavior, substance abuse and depen dence, suicidal behaviors and other developmental psychopathological disorders. In this review, the main aspects related to parental practices strengthening programs are analyzed as useful instruments in the context of multi-component preventive work strategies. The evidence has shown that interven tion aimed at mothers and fathers is crucial in the modification of behavioral problems in children, where training in parental skills is one of the most studied strategies and considered of higher quality when preventing the development of externalizing behaviors.

Objectives: To estimate socio-demographic factors and early life events associated with happiness in adults in metropolitan Lima., Materials and Methods: A secondary analysis was carried out on the Epi demiological Study of Mental Health of Metropolitan Lima 2012. The instruments used were the Quality of Life Index; a brief and modified version of the EMBU; a questionnaire of early adverse events; a Hap piness Index built from Andrews' single item of Happiness and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Adjusted mul tivariate analyses were performed., Results: Happiness was significantly associated with gender, marital status, poverty, and level of education. Parenting styles associated significantly with less happiness were: behaviors of rejection and sexist attitudes; and with higher happiness: emotional warmth. No associa tion was found with overprotection or favoritism breeding practices. Early adverse events significantly associated with lower happiness were discussions within the family, father with problems of alcohol, parental absence, behaviors of emotional blackmail or threats., Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of developing intensive programs in the first years of life that promote parenting styles and healthy development environments.

Objective: Parenthood is one of the most dramatic developmental transitions in the family life cycle. It requires profound changes in lifestyle, roles and relationships, can increase stress levels and affects both men and women's quality of life. This study aimed to explore the effects on the health and well-being of parents during the first six months of transition to the parental role., Method: A qualitative study using the grounded theory approach. Data collection was from semi-structured interviews (total of 60 interviews). The constant comparative method was used and theoretical sampling in the process of data collection and analysis, and the study was undertaken in a simultaneous and cyclical way. Five fathers and five mothers (couples) participated., Results: The category "living on the edge of one's capacities" was described, which is composed of the subcategories "feeling exhaustion", "perceiving exhaustion in the mother", "overflowing emotions" and "feeling less exhaustion", to explain the impact that the birth of a child had on the parents' lives, when taking on all the tasks and responsibilities of parenthood., Conclusions: Adapting to parenthood is not easy, linear or fast. It involves numerous situations that generate stress and emotional disturbance, linked to tiredness, sleep disturbance, work overload and readjustments of the dynamics of life, which especially affect the mother. Antenatal and postnatal preparation for this impact should, therefore, be encouraged and effective, as a focus of nursing intervention., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To know the level of anxiety and knowledge of childcare and lactation of the current pregnant women, and the clinical-demographic variables with which they are related., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Seven health centers of Area V (Asturias)., Participants: First-time pregnant women who completed preparatory courses from 01.06.2015 to 31.10.2015, excluding multiple gestation, risk pregnancy, contraindicated breastfeeding and language problems., Interventions: Sociodemographic variables questionnaire, STAI state anxiety questionnaire and 23 questions about childcare and lactation., Main Measurements: We performed descriptive and multivariate analysis (program R) of the variables of the questionnaire., Results: We captured 104 pregnant women; average age 34.2(SD: 4.5), 94.2% Spanish, 61.5% university, 17.3% smokers in pregnancy, 23.1% with psychopathological antecedents; 88.4% planned to give breastfeeding. The mean STAI-S was 18.1(SD: 7.4) and scored 4.5(SD: 2.3) mean errors. The most faulty ones were on causes of fever (56.7%), fever measurement (54.8%) and physiological stools (55.7%). The multivariate analysis between knowledge and profile showed statistically significant associations with: being foreign, university, pregnancy planning and matron. In relation to the STAI-S was significant for being a smoker, receiving breastfeeding, psychopathological antecedents and matron., Conclusions: The current pregnant women who complete preparatory courses are mainly mature, university and Spanish. They have good concepts about breastfeeding but many are unaware of basic concepts of fever and stool of the infant. Foreign mothers with unwanted pregnancy and primary education seem to have more confusing concepts. Smoking mothers with psychopathological antecedents and who have not received breastfeeding present more anxiety. The matron significantly influences anxiety and acquired concepts., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Parenting is linked to conduct disorders (CD) and substance related disorders (SRD) in adolescents, but with differences according to cultural context. A questionnaire with two versions (parenting questionnaire TXP-A for adolescents and TXP-C  for primary caregivers) was designed using the Delphi method to evaluate parenting practices related to CD and SRD in a Spanish population. It was validated in a community sample of 631 adolescents aged between 14 and 16 and their caregivers. Results suggest a 29-item TXP-A questionnaire with bifactorial structure: affection-communication and control-structure, with high internal (Cronbach’s alpha=0.89) and test-retest (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.94) reliabilities. Both factors are related to SRD (r=0.273, p<0.001) and with most of the psychopathological dimensions studied. The total score and affection-communication are related to dissocial disorder (t=3.259, p=0.001) and its severity (r=-0,119; p=0.003). Inter-observer reliability between adolescents and caregivers is low, in part because the 16-item TXP-C has a different bifactorial structure: affection-communication and prosocial values. TXP-C’s internal (Cronbach’s alpha=0.87) and test-retest (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.94) reliabilities are high. The total score and affection-communication were related to dissocial disorder (t=2.586; p=0.010) but TXP-C did not discriminate according to SRD. In conclusion, the TXP-A questionnaire for adolescents seems to be a reliable, valid and unbiased instrument that evaluates the perception of parenting practices, relating higher affection-communication and control-structure to less psychopathology and alcohol and drug use. TXP-C also seems to be reliable and unbiased, but shows less evidence of validity regarding substance use and psychopathology.&nbsp.

Introduction: Parental discipline is a topic frequently asked for advice by those who consult health professionals. It is related to parenting styles and has been scientifically studied regarding its effective ness and impact on children., Objective: To describe the subjective theories about parental discipline present in recommendations made by doctors and psychologists in books for parents in Spanish. Ma terial and Method: Thirteen books with advice for parents, written in Spanish by healthcare profes sionals published between 2000 and 2017 were analyzed. Data analysis was performed using Groun ded Theory procedures adapted for the study of subjective theories, through open and axial coding. In addition, thematic codification was made to describe the cases, identifying subjective mottos and subjective theories for each case, which at the same time were grouped into superordinate subjective theories., Results: The data were grouped into three general subjective theories about parental dis cipline in the books analyzed. These subjective theories differ from one another in the importance attributed to authority, punishment, and the necessity of parental discipline., Conclusion: There are differences in parental discipline among the books. There is little scientific evidence on the subjective theories of the books. Results differ from historical analyses of these publications in other cultural and temporal contexts. The importance of developing practical guidelines on parental discipline ba sed on evidence to guide parents by health professionals is highlighted.

Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), as any chronic disease, has an impact on the parent-child relationship and on the child's resources to cope with conflicting situations., Objectives: To describe parenting styles according to the perception of children with CH and their coping strategies., Population and Methods: Children aged 9-10 years who had CH detected by newborn screening and had received adequate treatment and a group without CH (control group). The Argentine Coping Questionnaire, the Argentine Scale for the Perception of Parent Relations, and the comprehension subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC III) were used. Results were compared using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)., Results: Sixty children with CH were included; they perceived that their mothers exercised a strict control and that their fathers showed more acceptance. They sought more support and became paralyzed more often in conflicting situations than the 60 children without CH., Conclusion: These findings may be associated with a higher level of dependence. They should be taken into consideration in CH care., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

Objective: To assess the behavioural problems of children who have been exposed to intimate partner violence situations, and the moderating effect of mother parenting., Method: We analysed, using the Child Behavior CheckList, behavioural problems of 46 children between 6 and 16 years, and the relationship between the detected problems and parenting skills shown in the mother-child interaction in shelters., Results: Increased behavioural problems were detected in children, compared with normative population. Difficulties in parenting skills in mother-child interaction especially connect with the manifestation of externalizing problems in children., Conclusions: Living in a gender violence environment affects children's psychosocial adjustment and it damages the victim's parental competence. Consequently, the intervention of socio-health professionals with Intimate partner violence victims should pay more attention to detect the difficulties of children and restore the parenting skills of the mothers in order to alleviate the repercussions of gender violence on their children., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

A determinant of particular relevance in human development is the socioeconomic status (SES) and, specifically, low SES and poverty. Likewise, family environment is essential in the development of children and a potential mediator or moderator of the effect of broader social conditions., Objective: To analyze the role of parenting stress as a mediating variable of the relationship between SES and both externalized and internalized behaviors in preschool children., Subjects and Method: Descriptive secondary base study based on the Longitudinal Survey of Chilean First Infancy that selected a stratified sample, representative by clusters, of 9.996 children from 3 to 5 years old and their caregivers, that completed a battery of instruments for measuring SES variables, parenting stress and externalized and internalized behaviors. The analysis used a linear model with least square estimate. As hypothesis testing, the Dm (an adaptation of the F-test for multiple imputation method) was used., Results: The mediation model of parenting stress in the relationship between SES and both externalized and internalized behaviors was confirmed for the latter; regarding externalized behaviors a model of moderation was observed, being the stress influence lower on the low SES., Conclusions: Parental stress showed a clear relationship with the presence of externalized and internalized behaviors, stronger than the SES. The relationship between SES and parenting stress is very important to understand the processes that affect children’s development.

Objective: To evaluate the process and the results of the pilot phase of the Parenting skills development programme for families (PSP), an evidence-based strategy to promote positive parenting skills in socio-educational and community settings., Methods: Before-after quasi-experimental design without a control group for the evaluation of the pilot phase of the PSD carried out in Barcelona (Spain) between October 2011 and June 2013. Eleven groups were established with the participation of 128 parents and 28 professionals. The intervention consisted of 10 or 11 sessions. Information was collected through questionnaires for parents and in-depth individual or group interviews for professionals. Parenting skills were identified through a questionnaire with six dimensions. The situation before the intervention (T0) and immediately after (T1) was compared., Results: In T1 the number of participants decreased to 83 (retention=64.8%). Participants showed a high level of satisfaction with different dimensions of the program. On a maximum score of 10, the satisfaction of professionals was 8.7. Several key aspects and areas for improvement were identified for the future of the intervention. The quantitative analysis revealed improvements in all parenting skills dimensions and these improvements were consistent with the results of the qualitative analysis., Conclusions: The results of the pilot phase of this program suggest that a universal intervention on parenting skills can improve wellbeing among parents., (Copyright © 2015 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study is to describe the experience of a group of mothers with obese children, regarding how early bond affects the relationship that both have with food and this, in turn, impacts on childhood obesity. The present study has a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design. The sample consists of five chilean women between 22 and 39 years old, with obese children between 2 and 4 years old. In-depth interviews were carried out and open coding strategy was used as method of analysis. Results show a tendency of mothers to establish insecure attachment relations, difficulties of tuning and expression of affection, and a predominance of a permissive parenting style around food. This has important implications for prevention and treatment of obesity, focusing on the attachment bond between mother and child., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Background: Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults in Chile. However, few studies have examined this behavior among this age group. Parental practices have a great influence on risk behaviors in adolescents, such as substance use, sexuality and violence, among others. Specifically, we propose that these practices will influence pedestrian risk behaviors among adolescents., Aim: To study the role of parental practices such as mother and father support, and behavioral control (monitoring and presence of rules) in pedestrian risk behaviors of teenagers., Material and Methods: A sample of 470 adolescents attending schools in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile were studied. They answered a self-administered questionnaire in which they were asked about parental practices and pedestrian risk behaviors. Analyses were performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, using multiple regression., Results: Paternal support and the presence of rules were protective factors for pedestrian risky behaviors. However, maternal support or monitoring did not influence these behaviors., Conclusions: Parental practices influence pedestrian behaviors of teenagers. The study provides further evidence for the importance of these practices in the development of behavioral self-regulation.

The aim of this paper was to establish which parenting style of Spanish families is associated with optimum children's outcomes. A random Spanish sample of 1,103 parents of children and teenagers from 6 to 14 years of age, of whom 47% were females, reported on their child-rearing practices. Families were classified into 1 of 4 groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful) based on the parents' answers. Socialization outcomes were 6 indicators of interpersonal relationship quality, 9 indicators of psychological adjustment, 7 indicators of personal competence, and 12 indicators of behavior problems. Results showed that indulgent and authoritative parenting styles were associated with better outcomes than authoritarian and neglectful parenting. Overall, our results supported the idea that, in Spain, the optimum parenting style is the indulgent one, as scores in the four sets of socialization outcomes among children and teenagers from indulgent families were always equal to, or even better than, the authoritative parenting style.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. After translating the instrument from English into Spanish using the forward-backward translation method, it was administered to a sample of 129 mothers of children aged between 10 and 39 months olds. The exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: Childrearing Stress and Personal Distress, which accounted for 48.77% of the variance. The internal consistency of these factors was high (Childrearing Stress: .90 and Personal Distress: .87). Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Objectives: To determine the opinions of urban parents on alcohol drinking in teenagers and their positioning regarding the legal restrictive measures., Material and Methods: We performed a qualitative study of six focal groups including 42 mothers and fathers of adolescents from six different Spanish regions and from diverse social strata. The quantitative part of the study consisted of a 1-10 scale questionnaire, measuring parents' acceptance and opinion about legal measures restricting underage drinking. Means and standard deviation were calculated., Results: Parents did not consider adolescent alcohol drinking to be a problem so long as it was moderate and leisure time-related. The social and cultural context was permissive with the alcohol consumption. Alcohol intake depended on both external (social pressure) and internal (family) factors. Fathers' preferred to exercise authority, while mothers preferred communication and education skills. Parents approved of teachers' interventions, especially when based on the student's overall education and not restricted to knowledge transmission. Public institutions and authorities were held responsible for adolescents' lack of information, the scarcity of leisure-time alternatives and for not ensuring compliance with current regulations. Parents approved restrictions regarding the sale and advertising of alcohol., Conclusions: Parents recognize adolescent alcohol drinking as a problem and tend to deal with it. Parents use distinct intervention strategies and generally approve legal measures., (Copyright 2008 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Androgen levels, parenting styles and aggressive behavior in 5-6-year-old boys and girls. This study explores the relationship between androgen levels, parenting styles, and physical, verbal, and indirect aggression measures in 5-6-year-old children. 129 children (60 boys and 69 girls) were assessed in relation to their aggression levels using a peer-rating technique. Parents completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, from which the different parenting styles were obtained. Testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured using an enzymoimmunoassay technique in saliva samples. A regression analysis indicated that the directive mother-androstenedione interaction at the age of 5 was predictive of physical aggression at the age of 6. In specific terms, the results showed that, in boys with high androstenedione levels, directive maternal behavior is associated with physical aggression. The results are subsequently discussed in light of postulates related to parenting characteristic of developmental psychology and we suggest a potential link of our results with the hypothesis of maternal dominance.

Background: Family is an important protective factor in the prevention of risk behaviors in Chilean adolescents., Aim: To determine the prevalence of risk and protective factors and behaviors in Chilean students, and to study the association between family functioning and adolescent risk behaviors., Material and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study of 815 adolescents aged 15 +/- 2 years (51% male), studying 7th to 12th grade in three educational facilities in Santiago, Chile. They answered the Adolescent Risk Behavior Score, adapted from the Adolescent Health Survey and the "How is your family" survey of the Pan American Health Organization., Results: Tobacco, alcohol and marihuana consumption was reported by 31%, 27% and 24% of students, respectively. Twelve percent reported being sad all the time, 23% being desperate and 13% being anxious. Forty four percent have had a sexual intercourse. The risk to have these behaviors was greater in adolescents who perceive their families as dysfunctional., Conclusions: In this sample, there was a high prevalence of risk behaviors, emotional symptoms and premature sexual intercourse. The risk of having these behaviors is higher among students who perceive their families as dysfunctional. The study emphasizes the protective function of family in the prevention of risk behaviors in Chilean students.

This paper compares the normative point count of the Parenting Inventory for Adults and Adolescents (PIAA) with the points of the fathers of a family (n = 336) and adolescents (n = 357) in the city of Guadalajara. The comparisons were studied in the four dimensions of paternity which have proven clinically and experimentally valid for detection of child abuse and maltreatment. An analysis of the points obtained by fathers of children in private and public schools, as well as the points acquired by Mexican female adolescents were compared with white and black adolescents (in USA), as well as pregnant and non-pregnant ones. The object of the study was to know the point count of Mexican females on the PIAA, and contrast the count with those considered normative and those of pregnant adolescents, who are considered a high risk due to paternal abuse. The results show the Mexican fathers acquire less points with respect to the adolescents, when compared with the respective normative tables. The significance of these facts of low point count is discussed in terms of identifying child abuse and maltreatment in the Mexican child population of different social and economic strata as compared with other risk groups.