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Objective: Covitality is a meta-construct of positive intra/interpersonal self-schemas that organize and process life experiences. Its synergy favors psychosocial adjustment and prevents mental health problems during adolescence. At these ages, suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine which psychosocial strengths of the covitality model could combat adolescent suicide spectrum. Method: Participants were 5,528 Spanish adolescents aged 12-18 years, 50.74% females. The assessment protocol was completed in schools, under the supervision of the research staff. Statistical analyses were conducted using hurdle models, i.e., modeling zero-inflated count data. This process provided two sets of outcomes: the association – in probabilistic terms – between psychosocial strengths and the absence of suicide indicators (i.e., non-occurrence) and the association of these assets – via regression coefficients – with increased experimentation (i.e., duration/quantity). Results: All psychosocial strengths of the covitality model were related to the non-ocurrence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, but not all to a shorter duration/quantity of their phenotypic manifestations. Covitality obtained greater association values on suicidal tendencies than its components analyzed independently. Belief in self and engaged living were the second-order factors with the higher estimating capacity. Specifically, emotional self-awareness, enthusiasm, gratitude, family support, and behavioral self-control were key first-order assets. Conclusions: These findings suggest that training adolescents in covitality assets could be an effective strategy for universal prevention against premature suicide. Moreover, this study provide evidence on which psychosocial strengths could counteract each phenotypic manifestation of suicide in order to customize selective and indicated preventive actions.

Context: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant oral health problem affecting children worldwide. Its consequences can range from pain and infection to impact on children's quality of life. Research on risk factors associated with ECC is evolving but shows gaps and inconsistencies. Aims: To examine research trends on risk factors associated with early childhood caries in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Methods: A methodology based on the PRISMA 2020 declaration was used, focusing on a systematic bibliometric review. Results: The results showed a significant increase in scientific interest in ECC, especially in 2021 and 2022, with a 98.87% increase in publications. Countries such as India and the United States were leading the research, and current thematic trends lean towards oral hygiene practices and survival analysis. Conclusions: The evolution of the field suggests a focus on emerging areas and adaptability to the changing needs of affected populationss.

Context: Preeclampsia prevention is important for reducing maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent studies have explored the use of to prevent preeclampsia and improve maternal, perinatal, or neonatal outcomes. However, the results are still debatable. Aims: To evaluate the role of pravastatin in the prevention of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving studies with healthy pregnant women receiving pravastatin vs. control to observe the risk of preeclampsia. Literature searching was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO/CINAHL, PROQUEST, and SCOPUS. Statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.4.1 software. Results: Five studies were initially identified for meeting the inclusion criteria; 2 studies were treatment studies and had to be excluded, and one small study only used pravastatin for a few weeks, leaving only two studies for statistical analysis. Administration of pravastatin was associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29-0.90; p= 0.02) and preterm delivery (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16-0.58; p

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD, Alzheimer's Disease) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease that is a major cause of dementia in the elderly. Current drug therapies have limited effectiveness, prompting the search for alternative and complementary treatments. A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that regular physical activity may play a key role in preventing and slowing the progression of AD by affecting brain fitness Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the available scientific evidence and examine the impact of physical activity on the progression, course and prevention of AD. We analyze how regular exercise may affect cognitive function, brain structure and neurodegenerative biomarkers associated with AD. Material and methods: The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the databases "Pubmed", Google Scholar, ResearchGate, books and other scientific articles. The search was conducted using keywords: “Alzheimer’s Disease”, “physical activity”, “impact of PA on AD”, “prevention” Results: A review of the literature has shown that regular physical activity can help improve cognitive function and delay the progression of AD through a variety of biological mechanisms, including increased neurogenesis, improved cerebral blood flow and reduced inflammation. Conclusions: The results suggest that regular physical activity may play an important role in the prevention and progression of AD, offering potential cognitive and neuroprotective benefits. These findings the importance of promoting physical activity as a non-pharmacological strategy to counteract AD. Based on these findings, further research should focus on determining the optimal types and intensities of exercise and the mechanisms behind their effects.

Resumen: La diabetes es una enfermedad muy prevalente, crónica, que con el paso del tiempo genera complicaciones potencialmente graves. En el tratamiento de la diabetes es importante el uso de fármacos que han demostrado beneficios importantes, pero, además, es básico el uso de intervenciones no farmacológicas que constituyen una forma eficaz y eficiente de reducir la aparición de la propia diabetes y de las complicaciones de la misma. Estas intervenciones, que se describen aquí, incluyen educación sanitaria, encaminada a incorporar un estilo de vida más saludable, modificaciones dietéticas, un aumento de la actividad física o soporte psicológico. Finalmente, se comentan las características que un sistema de atención a la persona con diabetes debe reunir para conseguir los objetivos que se establecen. Abstract: Diabetes is a highly prevalent, chronic disease that over time generates potentially serious complications. In the treatment of diabetes, the use of drugs that have shown significant benefits is important, but, in addition, the use of non-pharmacological interventions is essential, which constitute an efficient and effective way to reduce the appearance of diabetes itself and the complications of the disease. These interventions, which are described here, include health education, aimed at incorporating a healthier lifestyle, dietary modifications, increased physical activity or psychological support. Finally, the characteristics that a care system for people with diabetes must meet to achieve the established objectives are discussed.

Resumen: La atención a pacientes migrantes abarca el cribado inicial y su seguimiento a lo largo del proceso vital, de ahí la importancia de la prevención y del seguimiento de las enfermedades crónicas, transmisibles o no.La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipemia y obesidad varían según la etnia, esto se atribuye a factores genéticos, además del estilo de vida y de la situación socioeconómica. Es fundamental la prevención y la promoción de la salud, y la detección de los factores de riesgo.Las enfermedades crónicas transmisibles pueden cronificarse y dar clínica años después de su transmisión, siendo fundamental el cribado desde atención primaria de poblaciones procedentes de zonas endémicas y en riesgo.Las lesiones cutáneas importadas son un motivo de consulta frecuente en los pacientes migrantes y los viajeros. La etiología es variada, desde algunas frecuentes en nuestro medio; como escabiosis, micosis, urticaria, etc., a dermatosis tropicales como la filariasis y la lepra. Abstract: The care of migrant patients includes initial screening and lifelong monitoring, highlighting the importance of preventing and tracking chronic, communicable and non-communicable diseases.The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity varies by ethnicity, influenced by genetic factors, lifestyle, and socio-economic status. Preventive measures, health promotion, and risk factor identification are crucial.Chronic communicable diseases may manifest years after transmission, underscoring the necessity of primary care screening, especially for populations from endemic or high-risk areas.Imported skin lesions are a common reason for consultation among migrant and traveller patients. Their ethiology is varied, ranging from common conditions such as scabies, mycoses, and urticaria to tropical dermatoses like filariasis and leprosy.

Resumen: El cáncer de vesícula biliar es una enfermedad poco frecuente en Europa y Norteamérica, por lo cual existe escasa investigación científica sobre ella. A su vez, es frecuente a lo largo de la zona andina de América del Sur, especialmente en Chile donde se registraron en el pasado las tasas más altas de incidencia y mortalidad del mundo. El 75% de los pacientes son mujeres, existiendo una fuerte relación con la colelitiasis, especialmente de larga data y la inflamación crónica. Casi no existe CVB sin colelitiasis. El cáncer de vesícula se asocia también estrechamente con obesidad y una dieta alta en grasa y azúcares. Es más común en algunas poblaciones nativas, especialmente la población mapuche, siendo frecuentemente asociado a un nivel socioeconómico bajo y a un menor acceso al sistema sanitario. En Chile, la tasa de mortalidad ha disminuido en más del 50% en los últimos 20 años. La colecistectomía profiláctica en la población de alto riesgo, implementada como política nacional en Chile, ha repercutido en la incidencia y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad que, por largo tiempo, fue la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres chilenas. El objetivo de este artículo es esbozar antecedentes epidemiológicos del cáncer de vesícula biliar en el mundo y en Chile y describir los factores de riesgo y medidas para su prevención. Abstract: Gallbladder cancer is a very rare disease in Europe and North America, reason why there is scarce scientific research about it. At the same time, it is very common throughout the Andean region of South America, especially in Chile which once had the highest incidence and mortality rates in the world. Women account for 75% of patients, with cases being strongly related to long standing cholelithiasis, as well as chronic infection. Gallbladder cancer rarely exists without cholelitiasis. It is also closely associated with obesity and a diet high in fat and sugar. It is more common in some native populations, especially the Mapuche population, frequently associated with a low socioeconomic level and less access to the health system. In Chile, the mortality rate decreased by more than 50% in the last 20 years. Prophylactic cholecystectomy in high-risk population, implemented as a national policy in Chile, is reducing incidence and mortality from this disease which, for a long time, was the leading cause of death by cancer in Chilean women. The objective of this article is to outline the epidemiological history of gallbladder cancer in the world and in Chile as well as describe the risk factors and measures for its prevention.

Resumen: El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud mundial, presentando una alta tasa de incidencia y mortalidad, sobre todo en países en vías de desarrollo. La historia natural del cáncer de cuello uterino es bien conocida, desde una infección por virus papiloma humano (VPH), progresión a lesiones precancerosas y posteriormente el desarrollo del cáncer invasor. Es una enfermedad que puede ser prevenible, mediante programas de vacunación y de tamizaje bien realizados, permitiendo controles adecuados y tratamientos quirúrgicos de enfermedades preinvasoras. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el año 2020 propuso la iniciativa global de eliminar el cáncer cervical, planteando la estrategia 90-70-90. Se requiere la vacunación del 90% de las jóvenes menores a 15 años, lograr al menos dos tamizajes de VPH antes de los 45 años y que el 90% de las pacientes con lesiones de alto grado y/o cáncer tengan tratamiento oportuno. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la realidad nacional e internacional de la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino, destacando los avances en prevención, tanto primaria como secundaria, para lograr disminuir su incidencia. Abstract: Cervical cancer is a global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates, particularly in countries with lower levels of human development. The progression of cervical cancer is well understood, from human papillomavirus infection to precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. This disease can be prevented through effective vaccination and early detection programs, which allow timely treatments, especially for pre-invasive conditions. In 2020, the World Health Organization launched a global initiative to eliminate cervical cancer, introducing the 90-70-90 strategy. This intervention seeks 90% vaccination coverage in girls under 15 years of age, at least two HPV screenings before the age of 45, and timely treatment for 90% of diagnosed patients. This paper aims to describe national and international updates in cervical cancer prevention, highlighting the progress of primary and secondary prevention with regards to decreasing its incidence.

Esta investigación explora el fenómeno de los agresores plurivictimizadores–victimización de tres o más mujeres– en violencia de género (VdG). Se emplearon datos de denuncias policiales de 69 agresores que en conjunto victimizaron a 217 mujeres. El diseño fue exploratorio y descriptivo, empleando variables de la dinámica temporal y de reincidencia, así como de la escalada de la violencia a lo largo de las diferentes víctimas. Los agresores plurivictimizadores persisten en la victimización hacia la misma víctima y también hacia diferentes mujeres, habiéndose hallado victimización solapada. Los agresores que incrementan la gravedad de la violencia a lo largo de las relaciones tienden a escalar de forma progresiva y no regresan a la “casilla de salida” al iniciar una nueva relación. Se propone abordar la reincidencia en VdG desde una perspectiva que incluya a los agresores plurivictimizadores, dada la refractariedad ante los recursos policiales y judiciales de gestión del riesgo.

Recently, the logic of public health prevention has found a foothold in research and advocacy about homelessness. From a commonsense perspective, the prevention of a social problem like homelessness is an objectively positive aim. However, in the realm of social and health policy, the concept of prevention is not simply a common-sense word. It is part of a wider set of rationalities and technologies of governance which operate in and through the institution of public health. Research demonstrates that state-driven interventions designed to advance the health of a population often pose problems for particular groups. Prevention efforts, and their differential effects, thus have the potential to illuminate how state-interventions pursued with the objective of safe-guarding the public in general may simultaneously exacerbate specific structural and systemic forms of inequality. In this article, we probe the ethical, empirical, and political dimensions of state-driven responses to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) public health crisis, surfacing some of the ways these interventions posed problems for people who are homeless and experience intersecting health and socio-political disparities. From this vantage point, we then look critically at moves to frame homelessness as a public health crisis, as well as government efforts to prevent homelessness by drawing on public health rationalities. Although our focus is homelessness prevention, as constructed and pursued by governments, our analysis is inspired by critical public health scholarship that challenges the apparent impartiality of prevention as a central logic and set of practices in public health contexts.

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections, begin within 48 hours of hospitalization, within 30 days after hospital discharge, or 90 days after undergoing surgical procedures. Objective: The study aimed to describe the compliance with the five moments for hand hygiene (HH) of the healthcare workers (HCWs) in a hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from June 1 to 30,2020 in a pediatric hospital. HCWs compliance with the five moments of HH was registered by direct observation blindly to the participants, using the fact sheet for HH of the WHO. In the rows, the five moments of contact with the patients were recorded: before touching a patient, before clean aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient and after touching patient surroundings. The actions performed, also was registered: hand washing, alcohol hand friction, omission, or use of gloves. Data were analyzed in SPSS V 21. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. Results: During the study period, 2.595 observations to 104 HCWs were made. They were pediatric residents 38.5 %, nurses 32.7 % and pediatricians 28.8 %. A global compliance with the five moments of HH of the participants were 64.5% (1673/2595). Before touching a patient, the adherence was 86,9%. The nurses adhered in 69%, pediatrician in 68.6 % and the pediatric residents in 57.2%. Discussion: The global percentage of compliance with the five moments of HH of the medical and nursing staff of the pediatric hospital was 64.5%. Nurses had the highest percentage of adherence. Handwashing compliance was higher before contact with the patients.

This paper reviewed the most effective strategies for preventing work absence due to back pain (BP) and BP episodes (the number of people reporting back pain). We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prevention strategies for BP from previous meta-analyses, PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase and conducted a network meta-analysis. Thirteen RCTs (2033 participants) were included. Low- to high-quality evidence showed that exercise combined with ergonomics, education, back belts, and education combined with ergonomics did not prevent sickness absenteeism or BP episodes. There was moderate-quality evidence that exercise, especially resistance exercise, was the best prevention strategy to reduce the number of people reporting absenteeism due to BP (risk ratio [RR] = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.69). Moderate-quality evidence suggested that resistance and stretching exercises combined with education was the best prevention strategy to reduce pain (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.96) and the number of absenteeism days for BP (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.39; 95% CI: −0.77 to −0.02). In conclusion, exercise, especially resistance and stretching exercises, and exercise combined with education were ranked as the best interventions to prevent sickness absenteeism and BP episodes.

The study is based on several interpretative categories inspired by sociological paradigms that allow us to interpret the external conditioning factors of violence (in a structural perspective), as well as those found in the attitudes, values, and beliefs in people’s daily lives (cultural perspective). The research objectives are to investigate the deterioration of the quality of the relations that occur between professors and students and student-student relationships, as well as that of the institution and its representatives with these two social actors. Reference here is made not so much physical violence, but rather symbolic violence. The methodology involves interviewing students and professors from two universities: one Italian and one Brazilian. The results point to the presence of forms of violence in the academic life of both institutions in the three subject areas, and in general these are expressed in a rather veiled way, especially in the form of symbolic violence.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the world. Its occurrence is mainly influenced by environmental factors, and to a lesser extent by genetic factors. The gold standard in diagnosis is mammography, but special attention should be paid to the need to educate women at an increasingly younger age in the field of breast self-examination. Treatment for breast cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy.

Introduction and purpose Obesity, a pervasive global pandemic intricately linked to various comorbidities, necessitates a comprehensive and nuanced approach. This article delves into the intricate realm of obesity guidelines, underscoring the significance of lifestyle modifications, preventive measures for childhood obesity, population-based strategies, clinical management protocols, and vigilant monitoring. GLP-1 drugs, originally designed for type 2 diabetes management, exhibit multifaceted effects beyond glycemic control. They influence appetite regulation, gastric emptying dynamics, and potentially contribute to cardiovascular health improvements. However, the commendable effects come with a caveat - potential side effects necessitating careful consideration in clinical decision-making. Despite gaining popularity through celebrity endorsements, this article firmly underscores the need to view GLP-1 pharmacotherapy as a recommended intervention rather than a miraculous solution. A brief description of the state of knowledge Integral to the obesity discourse is the imperative to address weight stigma, demanding evidence-based approaches in both clinical and public health domains. The narrative extends into the future landscape of obesity pharmacotherapy, contemplating the potential role of probiotics. Emphasizing the necessity for long-term studies and randomized trials, it positions probiotics as a low-risk alternative with significant potential in mitigating obesity while simultaneously addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance. Summary The pursuit of a balanced and effective approach to obesity management necessitates a nuanced understanding of medical interventions, consideration of societal perceptions, and exploration of innovative possibilities within the evolving landscape of healthcare.

The main aim of the following study is to review current knowledge on Influenza. Influenza, also known as the flu, is an acute, infectious disease which attacks the respiratory system. The disease is caused by the influenza virus, of which there are 3 types. The most common is type A of influenza virus. It is transmitted between people by the droplet route, with cases occurring particularly frequently during seasonal epidemics. This is why the most important form of prevention is maintaining personal hygiene and isolation of sick people. Another form of prevention is a vaccine for the influenza virus developed with new variants every year. The flu causes a variety of symptoms from many systems but can also be asymptomatic. Diagnosis of the illness is based on clinical criteria and the results of diagnostic tests for which there are established criteria of legitimacy. Most common and sufficient curation for an illness is a symptomatic treatment but there is also a causal treatment for influenza. However certain conditions are required for its implementation. Influenza is usually a mild disease, but there are present cases of serious complications. Groups particularly exposed to severe and complicated courses of the disease are pregnant women, children and patients with multimorbidities. Currently, the co-occurrence of influenza with Covid-19 infection is particularly dangerous, which constitutes a new challenge for the global health care system.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

The objective of this work is to demonstrate, from a double vision (interviews carried out with young people who participated in violent confrontations and the review of what was proposed from the theory), new elements that allow identifying and addressing the main social, economic, cultural factors. , among others, that lead to these confrontations; Thus, the role of the family, school, neighborhood and peer group in its prevention is evident. This analysis makes possible the study of the general principles and postulates established by various international institutions in matters of prevention and their inclusion and adaptation in the actions and strategies adopted by the Administration of Barranquilla and the impact that these have generated on young people.

Background: Perinatal depression is a major public health problem, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 15% during the first postpartum year. Despite the high prevalence of postpartum depression, there is no consensus regarding assessment and treatment in the Spanish context. The General Council of Psychology of Spain convened a working group of experts in the field, including both academics and healthcare professionals, to review and propose recommendations based on evidence and best practices that could be applied in the Spanish context. Method: A literature search was completed in various databases (e.g., Medline, PsychInfo) including a combination of terms related to peripartum depression (PPD) assessment and diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and cost-effectiveness. A narrative synthesis of the literature has been conducted together with a critical overview of PPD with a special focus on the Spanish context. Results: In this consensus report, developing questions including prevalence and assessment tools, comparative effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions, and cost-effectiveness of PPD management have been analyzed. Conclusions: The General Council of Psychology of Spain network advocates the establishment of compulsory screening protocols in all the autonomous regions. Also, it is necessary to promote the inclusion in maternal education of programs for the promotion of mental well-being and selective/indicated prevention carried out by a psychology professional with specialized training in the area. This consensus document also promotes the presence of a psychology professional with specialized training in the area.