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Objective: to evaluate the association between different forms of childhood trauma and postpartum depression in Brazilian puerperal women. Method: this cross-sectional survey included 253 puerperal women who were evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to verify the association of different types of trauma and the co-occurrence of forms of abuse and neglect with postpartum depression. Results: postpartum depression was identified in 93 women (36.8%; 95% Confidence Interval: 30.8-42.7). All forms of childhood trauma assessed (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect and sexual abuse) were independently associated with postpartum depression after adjusting for confounding variables. Emotional abuse remained associated with postpartum depression when the co-occurrence of all forms of childhood trauma was analyzed. Conclusion: the results suggest an association between the different forms of childhood trauma and postpartum depression. In this sense, childhood trauma is an indicator for Nursing professionals to screen for risk factors of postpartum depression during obstetric_follow-up.

Introduction and purpose: The joyous occasion of childbirth is often overshadowed by the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), a complex mental health condition affecting mothers globally. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on PPD, exploring its frequency, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, and impact on maternal and child health. Description of the State of Knowledge: Recent studies indicate an alarming increase in PPD rates, with notable racial and socioeconomic disparities. Symptoms of PPD, ranging from mild to severe include mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, and self-harm ideation. The repercussions extend beyond the postpartum period, affecting long-term child development, breastfeeding practices, and the mother-infant bond. Advancements in screening tools, particularly the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), have facilitated early detection. However, creating an environment conducive to open communication about mental health remains a significant challenge. Interventions for PPD include psychotherapeutic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and complementary therapies. Brexanolone, the first FDA-approved drug for PPD, represents a significant breakthrough. Community-based and peer support programs, alongside a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals and support networks, have shown promise in alleviating PPD symptoms. Summary: In conclusion, PPD remains a substantial public health concern. Increased awareness of its multifaceted nature has led to improved screening, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Ongoing dialogue, supportive environments, and refined treatments are essential for enhancing the well-being of both mothers and their infants in the postpartum period.

ABSTRACT Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic Increased the risk of impairing the mother-infant bonding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the early bond established between mother and infant and postpartum depression (PPD) in pregnancies that occurred during the pandemic period, to identify the factors that may have influenced these outcomes and to verify if there was an association between bonding and probable PPD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of postpartum women from a public maternity hospital in the city of São Paulo conducted from February to June 2021, involving 127 mother-baby dyads. The initial data were collected in the immediate postpartum period and between 21–45 days after birth, using a semi-structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, gestational and birth conditions, and baby characteristics; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) were used to evaluate PPD and bonding, respectively. Results: The presence of probable PPD and unplanned pregnancies were associated with higher PBQ score and risk to impaired bonding (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). EPDS showed a high prevalence of PPD (29.1%) and was not associated with any Studied variable. Probably, this high prevalence of probable PPD was due to the context of insecurity secondary to the pandemic. Conclusions: We observed an increase in the prevalence of probable PPD and unplanned pregnancies during the first 18 months of the pandemic, which were associated with worse scores in mother-infant bonding. The impaired bond can affect the future development of children born during this period.

Objective: to assess the Rooming-In Nursing team’s knowledge about mental distress during the puerperium and to offer subsidies for educational actions. Method: a descriptive and quantitative study carried out with 30 Nursing professionals from a public teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The data were collected between December 2020 and January 2021 using a structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results: 73.3% of the nursemidwives, nurses, and nursing technicians and assistants were aged ≥40 years old, and 80% had more than five years of working time. There was a predominance of knowledge about the role of Nursing and its respective practices in the assistance provided in cases of mental distress during the puerperium (majority of expected answers in 80% of the questions), in contrast to the knowledge about pathophysiology, symptoms and causes of puerperal blues, depression and psychosis (majority of expected answers in 40% of the questions). Conclusion: the results can support permanent education, aiming to expand the Nursing team’s knowledge and strengthen the care process.

Abstract Research regarding the association between child temperament and maternal symptoms of depression remains inconclusive. This study aimed to compare the temperament of babies during their first year of life in relation to their mother’s depression symptoms in pregnancy and/or postpartum. The study also identified risk factors for negative affectivity, extraversion, and effortful control. Fifty-four mother-infant dyads participated in the study, divided according to maternal depression symptoms into four groups: symptoms during pregnancy, postpartum, at both times, and without symptoms. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and Infant Behavior Questionnaire were used. Children of mothers with depression symptoms had higher negative affectivity scores, activity levels, and lower effortful control scores. The prediction analysis revealed that negative affectivity and effortful control were explained by maternal postpartum depression symptoms, indicating that caring for the mother in her adaptation to motherhood can prevent impairment to infant temperament.

Introduction and purpose: During pregnancy, the physiology of the mother's organism undergoes many changes, and this also applies to the sphere of mental health. Difficulties in adapting to the new situation, metabolic, genetic and environmental factors may predispose expectant mothers to develop depression spectrum disorders. The purpose of this study is, based on the available data, to summarize the consequences of maternal depressive disorder development during pregnancy and postpartum.Brief description of the state of knowledge: The development of mental disorders by a pregnant woman has a documented negative impact on the course of pregnancy and on the maturation of the fetus. The consequences of excessive stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy include, among others, an increased risk of premature birth, abnormalities in the development of the nervous system of the fetus, and difficulties in acquiring speech skills in the future life. In mothers, perinatal depression increases the risk of severe psychosis or substance abuse such as alcohol and drugs.Conclusions: A number of serious complications, both for a woman and a child, related to the occurrence of mental disorders during pregnancy, prompts to focus on the problem of appropriate care for future mothers, not only in physical terms. An important issue is the standardization of diagnostic procedures and the dissemination of screening tests for maternity depression.

Introduction and purpose: Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common conditions in childbearing. It is estimated that 10-15% of mothers develop PPD. Oxytocin has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders including PPD. The aim of this study is to, on the base of recent studies, investigate whether oxytocin has an impact on PPD and if it can be used as a way of diagnostic indicator or treatment. Brief description of the state of knowledgement: Studies indicate that there is a relationship between oxytocin and PPD. Depression and anxiety after delivery were observed more frequently among women with lower oxytocin plasma levels. Basing on the oxytocin plasma levels in the third semester of pregnancy, the risk of PPD can be predicted. This relationship was observed in women who were breastfeeding as well as in those who cessed. Some studies indicate that depression development may be inhibited thanks to oxytocin. Exogenous oxytocin has been proven to improve prosocial behaviour and reduce negative emotional responses in mother-children relations. It may also increase mother’s attention to baby. Some studies have stated that intrapartum oxytocin administration decreases the rate of PPD symptoms but studies on treatment with oxytocin are not unanimous. Conclusions: Oxytocin plays an undeniable role in pathophysiology of postpartum depression and it may be regarded as a diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target. However, more studies are needed to clarify this intricate relationship.

Wstęp Zaburzenia psychiczne stanowią częsty problem kobiet w okresie połogu. Baby blues jest bezpośrednim stanem alarmowym i zagrożeniem dla matki. Może rozwinąć się w rzeczywistą depresję czy psychozę poporodową. Za patogenezę tego zjawiska uznawane są zmiany hormonalne związane ze spadkiem poziomu estradiolu, progesteronu i prolaktyny po porodzie. Przygnębienie poporodowe jest zaburzeniem samoograniczającym się i przejściowym. Nie powinno być jednak lekceważone. Najważniejsze jest wczesne rozpoznanie objawów i interwencja. Cel pracy Celem pracy była ocena wiedzy studentów na temat zjawiska baby blues oraz wpływu czynników takich jak miejsce zamieszkania czy poziom wykształcenia na stan wiedzy. Materiał i metody Badaniem zostało objętych 318 studentów medycyny UJK. Dane zostały zebrane za pomocą kwestionariusza autorskiego. Komisja Bioetyczna zatwierdziła badanie. Analiza statystyczna przeprowadzona została za pomocą programu komputerowego Statistica 13. Wyniki i wnioski Największy odsetek respondentów mieści się w grupie wiekowej 20-30 lat. Najbardziej liczną grupę stanowią mieszkańcy miast. Średni poziom wiedzy respondentów na temat baby blues wynosi 75%. Najczęściej wskazywanym źródłem wiedzy są Internet oraz programy telewizyjne. Ważne jest uświadomienie pacjentom w jaki sposób dobierać rzetelne źródło informacji. Edukacja prozdrowotna ma kluczowe znaczenie dla przyszłych rodziców. Może przekładać się na zmniejszenie poziomu stresu związanego z nową sytuacją jaka jest posiadanie potomstwa.

Maternal mental health problems during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period are a challenge for public health. Not recognizing them hinders a timely diagnosis and treatment and has an impact on the mother and the establishment of the fundamental bond of the mother-child dyad. We must recognize the risk factors (age, socioeconomic status, mental health history, family dysfunction, unfavorable environment), clinical manifestations, and screening tools. There is evidence that the effect of stress, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy negatively affect fetal neurodevelopment and condition child developmental outcomes. Here we describe the negative impact of postpartum depression during the first months of life, which affects mother-child bonding, postnatal development (emotional, behavioral, cognitive, language), and the maintenance of breastfeeding. We also recognize protective factors that mitigate its effects. It is essential to establish preventive strategies and interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to minimize the risks to the mother and her children., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder characterized by depressive episode symptoms within three months after delivery, lasting between two and six months. The characteristic symptoms of postpartum depression are: exaggerated worry about the child's state of health, which does not cause any concern, weakened bond with the child, obsessive thoughts about harming the child (egodystonic thoughts), egosyntonic, non-obsessive thoughts about killing the child. All psychotropic medications are secreted in breast milk. Pharmacological treatment of PPD is not contraindication for breastfeeding. PPD should be treated because it disturbs formation of a proper bond between mother and child, which has an adverse effect on the child's psychosocial development.

Objective. To provide evidence on perinatal mental healthcare in Mexico. Materials and methods. Descriptive and bivariate analyses of data from a cross-sectional probabilistic survey of 211 public obstetric units. Results. Over half (64.0%) of units offer mental healthcare; fewer offer perinatal depression (PND) detection (37.1%) and care (40.3%). More units had protocols/guidelines for PND detection and for care, respectively, in Mexico City-Mexico state (76.7%; 78.1%) than in Southern (26.5%; 36.4%), Northern (27.3%; 28.1%) and Central Mexico (50.0%; 52.7%). Conclusion. Protocols and provider training in PND, implementation of brief screening tools and psychosocial interventions delivered by non-clinical personnel are needed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v58i4.8028

This article focuses on the specificity of pregnancy and postpartum, as well as the mood and emotional disorders that occur during this period, especially: baby blues and postpartum depression. A particular etiological factor, which may contribute to or intensify the occurrence of particular postpartum period disorders has been distinguished. Attention was also paid to identifying risk factors and preventive interventions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Physical pain during puerperium is in general caused by musculoskeletal changes inherent to gestation; however, its clinical progression may be changed by mood disorders. This study aimed at evaluating the association between pain and postpartum depression.METHODS:Participated in the study 80 women at 2 to 30 weeks postpartum. Depressive symptoms were screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Pain intensity was evaluated with the analog visual scale, while the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used for pain location.RESULTS:Univariate analysis has shown that postpartum depression was associated to more severe pain (p