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This investigation explores the complex processes of obtaining patent rights, concentrating on Georgia’s changing environment and compliance with global accords. A significant turning point in the country’s dedication to preserving intellectual breakthroughs has been reached with the founding of the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia, or “Sakpatenti”. From the difficulties faced by its forerunner, “Patentcenter”, to the extensive patent statute, Georgia’s path demonstrates its commitment to upholding international standards. The discourse adeptly navigates the difficulties in acquiring patent rights, highlighting the impact of the Paris Convention and the technical nuances delineated in the Patent Cooperation Agreement. Examining Georgian innovators’ ability to seek patent rights through an international application—thereby expediting cross-border processes—is an important component. The connection between patent systems globally is evident in the global procedure’s ability to facilitate the protection of inventions. In conclusion, the procedures outlined grant exclusive rights and ensure the balance between innovators’ rights and public knowledge dissemination. Georgia’s harmonization with international norms underscores its commitment to fostering innovation and contributing to the global knowledge economy. The exploration of patent procedures reflects the dynamic nature of intellectual property systems in the face of technological advancements and international cooperation.

This paper uses data collected from the Ibero-American and Inter-American Network of Science and Technology Indicators (RICYT) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and statistically processed using Spearman's bivariate correlation procedure and multiple regression analysis to examine the contribution of a series of variables of the advanced human capital to the innovative performance measured by patenting in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) economies. These findings establish relationships between patents and R&D expenditure; personnel dedicated to R&D; the number of researchers; and the number of doctoral students, but not higher education expenditure. The combination of advanced human capital factors that optimize the generation of patents in LAC can be identified. Although patenting is an indicator of innovation that has been analyzed, further research supporting it in terms of human capital measured in Latin American and Caribbean countries is needed.

Abstract The present research intends to create an index of indirect economic (through patent family size and paid renewals) and technological value (forward citations), in order to identify possible innovations among inventions. The novelty of the research lies on the construction of equations reproducible by any field of knowledge, due to their intelligibility. In addition, it details the different steps to create the search database, which comprises free resources, trial versions and personal effort. After the construction of the index and its application, the patent population was divided into quartiles. Quartile 1 possibly houses innovation patents, as it was found that the value indicators assessed go together and relate to each other. Their behavior was shown to be such that, when one is present, there is a higher chance of the others appearing as well. The logical justification for this is that, if an invention has broad market potential, depositors will also protect the patent outside their own country; the most practical way of doing so is the Patent Cooperation Treaty application. Thus, the higher the number of countries where a patent is published and translated, the more likely it is to be cited. And if by then patents prove somehow profitable for their holders, they will continue to pay for renewals on time. This index is configured as a decision-supporting tool that seeks to rely on qualitative and strategic information.

Since the clarinet appeared on the music scene in the early eighteenth century, one note has troubled clarinetists and makers with its difficulty in fingering, sound emission, and tuning. It is the B-flat on the staff's third line, which, together with the problematic G-sharp and A constitute the so-called ‘Throat notes.’ The problem's origin lies in the instrument's particular acoustic behavior. From the mid-nineteenth century, proposals to solve it increased substantially, and today several makers offer devices designed to provide a good B-flat. Then, why do most of the present clarinets not have it incorporated? What happened that the problem has not been solved yet? Is it not possible to solve it satisfactorily? This work presents an exhaustive study of the proposals put forward by manufacturers throughout history. These proposals have been classified into several categories, and their most significant examples have been described. Probable reasons why none have been widely accepted are also discussed.

This article analyzes the reconfiguration of international power since the end of the Cold War by incorporating crucial dimensions of Science, Technology, and Innovation (ST&I). We track the evolution of relative positions occupied by the United States, the European Union, China, Japan, India, Russia, Brazil, and South Korea in the global economy between 1990 and 2020 in three dimensions: production dynamism (measured by relative share in world GDP calculated by Purchasing Power Parity), scientific and technological dynamism (measured by relative share in authorship of articles published in indexed international journals), and innovation dynamism (measured by relative share in world patent registration). To measure and evaluate the structural changes in progress, we adapted the Rae and Taylor as well as the Laakso and Taagepera indexes, commonly used to assess fragmentation degrees in political systems, to elaborate relative power concentration/dispersion indexes in each dimension and indicate the number and composition of “relative powers” within them. The results show the erosion of relative power of the “traditional powers” (United States, Europe and Japan), the accelerated Chinese ascension and the emergence of new “relevant powers” (especially India and South Korea), but with different diffusion/concentration degrees according to the dimension considered. They reinforce the understanding that national capacities in ST&I have become a central vector in the reconfiguration of world power.

This study focuses on the impact of environmental disclosure on financial performance. Moreover, the current study aims to explore the mediating impact of green innovation and provide novel evidence regarding this relationship using stakeholder and signalling theory. This study used a sample dataset comprising Chinese firms listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange for the period of 2005–2016. In our measurement model, green innovation is the partial mediator between the positive relationship of environmental disclosure and firm performance. Empirical results show that environmental disclosure affects firm financial performance directly and positively influences it through green innovation in Chinese firms. The study suggests that Chinese firms have implications for improved performance by increasing environmental disclosure and green practices