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Background: Pneumocystisjirovecii primary infection occurs asymptomatically before 6 months of age, suggesting that the infection is acquired very early in life. Furthermore, Pneumocystis pneumonia has been described in newborns, which emphasizes the importance of studying Pneumocystis colonization in mother-infant pairs., Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of Pneumocystis colonization among pregnant women and to determine the potential transplacental transmission., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on HIV-negative women over 18 years-old, and 37 or more weeks of pregnancy attending Hospital Cayetano Heredia Maternity unit during 2016-2017. Clinical and demographical information was collected on them and their newborns. Oropharyngeal washes, nasal swabs, and placenta samples were collected from women, as well as a nasopharyngeal aspirate and nasal swab from newborns. All respiratory samples were analysed by nested-PCR for the detection of Pneumocystis. Placenta samples from women with a positive PCR result in their respiratory samples were also analysed by nested-PCR., Results: Of the 92 pregnant women included, five of them (5.43%) were colonized by Pneumocystis. Pneumocystis DNA was not found in any of the 87 available newborn samples or in the placentas of the five women who had a positive result by PCR in their upper respiratory samples., Conclusions: It was found that 5.43% of the pregnant women were colonized by Pneumocystis, there was no evidence of any role of this colonization in the transmission to their newborns, since none of them tested positive for Pneumocystis., (Copyright © 2019 Asociación Española de Micología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To determine the effect of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) in the formation of biofilms in clinical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains and whether this effect is independent of iron., Materials and Methods: Two methods were used: (a) qualitative, by direct observation of optical microscopy, and (b) quantitative readings of the absorbance values using ELISA reader in the presence of bLf in concentrations of 0.01 mg mL and 1 mg/mL, with and without iron and no bLf (control). Analysis occurred in 122 strains of EAEC (60 strains from children with diarrhea and 62 healthy children) previously collected in a previous study of passive surveillance of diarrhea in the Southern Cone Lima. 31 strains of the same method were used for the qualitative study., Results: (A) Qualitative method: 31 strains were evaluated with and without iron. Without iron biofi formation was 77% (24/31) in the control group versus 58% (14/31) with bLf of 0.01 mg/mL and 4% (1/31) with 1 mg/ml. Iron biofilm formation was 90% (28/31) in the control group versus 55% (17/31) with bLf of 0.01 mg/mL and 4% (1/31) with 1 mg/mL. (B) Quantitative method: without iron absorbance measured at OD 560 nm of the control group was 0.7 ± 0.5 versus 0.4 ± 0.3 with bLf 0.01 mg/mL and 0.3 ± 0.2 with bLf of 1 mg/mL (p<0.0001). This decrease in the presence of bLf included iron., Conclusions: bLf tends to decrease the formation of biofilms, showing an inhibitory effect in clinical isolates of EAEC; this effect is not iron-dependent.

Introduction: The identification of EPEC in clinical laboratories is based on the determination of the serotypes by agglutination with O and H antiserum. Currently the proper diagnosis of EPEC should be done by the identification of the intimin gen (eaeA) by PCR., Objectives: To compare the diagnosis of EPEC by serotyping and by PCR., Materials and Methods: We collected EPEC strains, identify by their O antigen, from 4 clinical laboratories in Lima from diarrheal samples in children less than 5 years of age. In those strains we have searched for virulence genes by a real time multiplex PCR for the diarrheagenic E. coli., Results: We collected 113 strains; 82% from children less than 2 years of age. Only 15 strains (13.3%) had the intimin gene and therefore a confirmatory diagnosis of EPEC. In addition we found 3 enterotoxigenic (ETEC), 3 shiga toxin-producing (STEC), 1 enteroagreggative (EAEC) and 1 enteroinvasive (EIEC) strains., Conclusions: PCR should be use for the proper identification of EPEC. However, molecular methods are still not easily available in clinical laboratories worldwide.

Background: The Cox MAZE III operation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) is complex and consumes significant operative time. Cryoablation of the pulmonary veins (CPV) is a simpler alternative for patients that require concomitant valvular surgery., Aim: To evaluate CPV in patients with AF submitted to valvular surgery., Patients and Methods: Twenty one patients had simultaneous valvular surgery and CPV, 81 % of them had permanent AF for an average of 5 years. Twenty patients had mitral valve disease. The etiology was rheumatic in 14. Average left atrial diameter was 60 mm. In 7 patients the mitral valve was replaced, in 5 it was repaired, in 7 both mitral and aortic valve were replaced, in 1 the mitral valve was repaired and the aortic valve was replaced and in 1 only the aortic valve was replaced. A combined transeptal and superior approach was used for all patients. The CPV was performed after the valvular procedure with cryothermy at -60 degrees C for 2 minutes with two 15 mm cryoprobes applied simultaneously., Results: CPV increased surgical time by 10 to 20 minutes. Operative mortality was 4.8% (1 patient). One patient developed a pericardial effusion and another a complete heart block that required a permanent pacemaker. All patients improved their functional class. At the end of an average 10.5 months of follow-up, 50% of patients were in normal sinus rhythm and 25% persisted in AF. The remaining patients were in some type of regular rhythm., Conclusions: CPV as a complementary procedure in patients with AF undergoing valvular surgery had good results to abate AF. It restored normal sinus rhythm in 50% of the cases, with low morbidity and mortality and little increment in surgical time.