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Introduction and purpose: E-cigarettes have emerged as an alternative to traditional tobacco smoking. Toxicological studies have investigated the composition and potential toxicity of e-cigarette liquid components. While they are generally considered less harmful than combustible cigarettes, cases of poisoning associated with e-cigarette liquid ingestion or exposure have been reported. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Nicotine intoxication resulting from e-cigarette liquid ingestion can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including cardiovascular effects, neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, respiratory issues, and even death. This report presents a case of a 58-year-old woman hospitalized in the Toxicology and Cardiology Department due to poisoning with e-cigarette liquid. Conclusions: Accidental or intentional ingestion and/or injection of e-liquid is becoming a new emerging challenge for Emergency Medicine, mainly because of the easy accessibility of advertisements and the sales of e-cigarettes online, and the high nicotine concentration in e-liquids. It is important to report instances of e-liquid-related nicotine intoxication in order to improve the legal restrictions on the sale of e-liquid.

Introduction: One of the biggest public health threats in the world is tobacco epidemic. According to WHO in the world cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use. In the 2018 report of the World Health Organization (WHO), smoking was recognized as one of the main risk factors responsible for premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases. According to the Global Burden of Disease, estimates smoking causes almost 8 million deaths in 2019 worldwide. In Poland about one-quarter of adults smoke cigarettes. As a result, scientists are constantly looking for medications that could help people quit smoking. The aim of the study: The aim of our study is to present medication which are used for treating nicotine dependence nowadays. Moreover, we give attention to social and economic consequences of tobacco use. Materials and methods: The literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar was reviewed using the words: “smoking”, “smoking cessation”, “nicotine”, “nicotine replacement therapy”. Description of the state of knowledge: Exposure to tobacco smoke is a dominant factor in the incidence of many cancers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Therefore, improving smoking cessation interventions is critical to reducing tobacco use and helping to minimize the burden of cancer and other diseases for example chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions: Smoking cessation has a positive effect on health. Nicotine replacement therapy, Bupropion, Varenicline and Cytisine are used to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in regular smokers who abstain from smoking.

Introduction: Tobacco is one of the main causes of preventable mortality in our environment, in addition to having been correlated with numerous diseases. Smoking cessation improves health status and life expectancy. Pharmacological treatment of smoking cessation increases the likelihood that patient will successfully quit smoking., Method and Design: A search was carried out in the PubMed and UpToDate databases, obtaining a total of 11 systematic reviews or meta-analyses published in the last five years. After applying inclusion criteria and reading summaries, 5 total articles were obtained for the final review., Results and Discussion: Cytisine is a safe and effective treatment for smoking cessation. The most effective treatment in the clinical trials reviewed is varenicline associated with nicotine replacement therapy.There is less evidence collected on cytisine treatment, but it shows that it is also an effective therapy in smoking cessation, also demonstrating its usefulness in the long term. In addition, therapy with cytisine seems to entail fewer adverse effects than treatment with varenicline., (Copyright SEFAC. Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria. This article is available from url https://www.farmaceuticoscomunitarios.org/.)

Neoplasms correspond to the large part of routine care of domestic animals, and, among them, lymphoma represents the tumor with the highest incidence in domestic cats. Due to its multifactorial etiology, being influenced by environmental factors and lifestyles of the animals, we raised the hypothesis that exposure to tobacco smoke influences the development of lymphoma in domestic cats. These animals are very close to the guardians, in addition to hygiene habits (grooming), which favors the inhalation of smoke and ingestion of tobacco particles that are deposited in the fur. According to studies, domestic cats exposed to tobacco smoke have higher risks of developing lymphoma when compared to non-exposed cats, and this higher index is directly related to the components found in smoke. Nicotine, cotinine and NNAL(4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridil)-1-butanone) are the main metabolites derived from tobacco and they have been used as urinary biomarkers. Studies show that domestic cats that live in households with the presence of smokers present relevant levels of urinary biomarkers when compared to animals not exposed to environments with smokers. Nicotine levels in animals are directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked by guardians and are related to the degree of exposure of animals. Based on epidemiological research, exposure to smoke is related to the emergence of neoplasms in domestic cats similar to that in humans, but it is necessary to develop new research in the veterinary area.

Objective. To describe the profile and patterns of dual uses (n=954) and exclusive cigarette users (n=2 070) and determine the correlates of more frequent e-cigarette use among dual users and their reasons for e-cigarette use. Materials and methods. An online survey of Mexican adult smokers. Logistic models regressed dual-use (exclusive smoking vs. dual user) on sociodemographic, smoking varia­bles and substance use behaviors. We conducted censorial binomial models to estimate the correlates of frequency of e-cigarette use among dual users. Results. Dual users were younger had higher education (AOR=2.22) and higher levels of smoking dependence (AOR=1.31), preferred cigarettes with flavor capsules (AOR=1.58) and had recently attempted to quit smoking (AOR=1.38). Marijuana use and being daily smokers were correlates of higher frequency of use among dual users. Conclusion. Dual users had a higher risk profile than exclusive smokers, which was even more prominent in dual-users who used e-cigarettes frequently.

Nicotine is one of the most common stimulants used by humans in the world. Its addictive potential is almost the same as that of cocaine. [1] The most popular way of delivering nicotine to the body, which is cigarette smoking, has many negative effects, including considerable carcinogenic potential. Cigarette smoke contains approx. 6,500 chemical compounds, of which around 150 are considered toxic. [2] With the advancement of technology, alternative ways of delivering nicotine to the body have been found. These include e-cigarettes and tobacco heaters. In the following study, we will compare the method and mechanism of operation of these devices and their possible effects on human health compared to smoking.

In the last decade electronic cigarettes also known as e-cigarettes have gained popularity. These are devices designed to imitate regular cigarettes. They provide nicotine via inhalation without using tabacco. The introduction of alternative nicotine delivery devices to the consumer market has inspired a vivid debate on the harmfulness of these products. It is discussed whether they are regulated, safe and as harmless as it is claimed. The purpose of this article was to describe the chemical composition of the e-cigarettes and its influence on human’s health. The devices contain many various groups of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounts: carbonyls, volatile organic compounts and nitrosamines. The researchs has shown that e-cigarettes contain significantly lower concentration of those substances than the traditional cigarettes. On the other hand, it should be remembered that scientists still do not know potential long term pathologies caused by the liquids.

Introduction: There is common statement, that schizophrenia patients are more likely to smoke comparing to the total world population. The aim of the study: The aim of this article is to find out why do schizophrenic patients smoke, how does it affect them and what can be the cause of susceptibility to smoking. Material and method: The research of the scientific articles was made on a database of PubMed and Google Scholar. Description of the state of knowledge: Many different associations were found during the research such as these describing that patients with schizophrenia have up to two to five times higher risk of developing type II diabetes. Also patients with diagnosed schizophrenia are characterized by low neuronal activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. In post mortem studies in schizophrenic patients a decrease in the number of M1 and M2 receptors in the brain was found, mainly in the dorsal lateral part of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cingulate cortex, and decreased number of nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus, thalamus, cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex The key process of undergoing of nicotine is the induction of the cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP 1A2), thus increasing the metabolism of antipsychotic therapeutics, e.g. olanzapine, clozapine what explain why usage of nicotine is told to be self-treatment in schizophrenic people. Summary: This article gathers scientific research on the relationship between schizophrenia and susceptibility among patients to smoking addiction and its impact on both mental and physical health. However, not all mechanisms are known yet.

Heat-not-burn products (HNBs) are efficient nicotine delivery devices that heat tobacco instead of burning it, as conventional cigarettes do. Since heating yields less carbon monoxide and other tobacco pyrolysis–derived toxicants, tobacco companies claim that HNBs are less harmful than conventional cigarettes are. Although this hypothesis is plausible, no long-term clinical trials and/or observational studies are available to corroborate it. To overcome barriers to the entry of tobacco products to the market, manufacturers of HNBs argue that they are a new wave of harm reduction alternatives. Nonetheless, even if HNBs were in fact less harmful than conventional cigarettes, they would still have the potential to cause nicotine addiction (a major health hazard) and other harms to smokers’ health. HNBs deliver nicotine, provide users a tobacco aroma and flavor and some rituals of smoking, and are supposedly safer than conventional cigarettes. Owing to these features, HNBs are likely to enhance smoking appeal and initiation among young persons and discourage smokers’ attempts to quit. In other words, if HNBs were freely available on the market, they would increase the prevalence of smoking. However, HNBs may constitute a harm reduction alternative for nicotine-dependent smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking. Given these facts, approval of HNBs for use under medical supervision (prescription only), along with strict restrictions on advertising, is a balanced regulatory option that would reconcile the therapeutic needs of nicotine-addicted patients with the public heath goal of achieving a smoke-free generation in the near future.

The nicotine, reducing sugar and ion contents from the threshing of tobacco can re-used from the industry. The crude oil and fatty oil compositions of tobacco seeds can be considered as an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel. In this study, the nicotine, reducing sugar content, crude oil, fatty acid composition and ion content were determined in 29 genotypes and 1 cultivar of tobacco. The genetic diversity was determined among the tobacco cultivar and genotypes base on examined properties. The nicotine content varied between 0.10-0.87%, reducing sugar ranged from 9.70-21.30%, crude oil varied between 24.33-47.00% and fatty acid compositions was found in the range of 77.94-100%. Linoleic (13.92-75.04%) and butyric (0.33-64.98%) acids were the major components. Overall, the BSR-5 (52.56 mg/g) and ESR-5 (44.58 mg/g) genotypes exhibited the highest potassium contents and ESR-7 (6.54 mg/g) and ESR-8 (1.28 mg/g) genotypes had the lowest chlorine contents. As a result of this study, the highest nicotine content, reducing sugar and crude oil of tobacco were found in ESR-4, ESR-11 and BSR-5 genotypes, respectively. The dendrogram analysis divided the tobacco into two main groups and most of the same origin genotypes fell into the same group. The results indicated that the different tobacco leaves and seeds can be evaluated as an alternative source in the industry as cigarettes, biodiesel and different industrial applications such as cosmetic, oil paints and varnishes based on their chemical properties.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of the green tobacco sickness (GTS) and its associated factors in tobacco familiar farmers residing in Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted evaluating the sickness in 354 small tobacco farmers, between October 2011 and March 2012. The urinary concentration of cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to nicotine, was determined during the tobacco harvest period. Subjects presenting cotinine urinary levels ≥ 50ng/mL, that had contact with tobacco leaves up to 48 hours before the sample collection and reported at least one disease symptom were deemed as cases. A non-conditional logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the association between GTS and the population characteristics. A total of 122 (34.5%) cases were identified, with 39% of them being smokers and 61% being males. The median cotinine urinary concentrations were 75.6ng/mL (74.1ng/mg of creatinine) for non-cases and 755.8ng/mL (632.1ng/mg of creatinine) for the cases (p-value ≤ 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed a positive association between GTS and sunlight exposure time, exposure to pesticides, worse health status, and inverse association with wood cultivation. This study presented a high GTS prevalence and suggest that the use of urinary cotinine is a significant biomarker to determine GTS cases, influencing in the distribution by sex. Once the tobacco production involves health hazards, is important to implement measures to prevent the harm caused to tobacco farmers, as set in articles 17 and 18 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Objective: to know the dependence on nicotine and the motivation to quit smoking in Nursing and Physiotherapy students of a university in the South of Spain, and to evaluate the impact of an intervention based on the use of information technologies on the motivation to quit smoking. Method: a pilot study in two phases: the first being cross-sectional and the second, a before-and-after intervention. The motivation to quit smoking was assessed by means of the Richmond questionnaire, and the dependence on nicotine through the Fagerström questionnaire; additionally, an intervention was performed based on the use of a web platform to increase motivation to quit smoking. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results: the prevalence in the use of tobacco was 4.33% (n=29). 3.45% of the participants had a high level of dependence; and 6.90%, a high level of motivation. The level of motivation did not change after the intervention (p=0.10). Conclusion: most of the students have low levels of motivation to quit smoking and of physical dependence to nicotine. The level of motivation to quit smoking does not change after performing the intervention.

Introduction: traditional approach for drug addiction includes treatment with psychological assistance alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy aimed at blocking the binding of addictive drugs to their specific brain receptors. Success rate of these traditional treatments is not satisfactory; hence, alternative approaches should be explored, including immunotherapy targeting drugs of abuse. Objective: this paper focuses in a review of available literature concerning immunotherapy for the following drugs of abuse: morphine, cocaine, nicotine and methamphetamine, in order to be used as part of addiction treatment. Method: a search was conducted for scientific reports in PubMed from January, 2005 to April, 2017, focused on the scientific principles, method, preclinical and clinical trials and their results on the field of vaccination against substance of abuse. Results: the available vaccines against substance abuse succeed in blocking the drug’s reinforcing effects and mitigate drug-induced behaviors in preclinical trials in animal models. On the contrary, clinical trials in humans did not show therapeutic success. Discussion and conclusions: both academic research groups and pharmaceutical companies have published a number of pre-clinical research works on the field of vaccines for substance abuse, but thus far pre-clinical findings are not supported by results of the clinical trials. At present, efforts persist to improve vaccine efficacy and efficiency in humans for developing immunotherapy as a viable option for patients seeking treatment for drug addiction.----------------------- Introducción: por lo común, la adicción a las drogas se trata con psicoterapia y farmacología que evita la unión de las sustancias psicoactivas a receptores específicos en el cerebro. El resultado de estos tratamientos no ha sido del todo satisfactorio, por lo que el desarrollo de terapias más eficaces representa un reto constante para tratar las adicciones. Una alternativa a la farmacología antiadictiva es la vacunación activa dirigida contra las sustancias de abuso. Objetivo: esta revisión reúne la información disponible sobre los fundamentos y avances científicos en la generación de una terapia inmunológica, que coadyuve al tratamiento de la adicción a sustancias como la heroína-morfina, la cocaína, la nicotina y la anfetamina. Método: se consideraron los reportes científicos disponibles en PubMed –de 2005 a abril de 2017–, sobre los fundamentos, la metodología empleada, los estudios preclínicos y clínicos, y los resultados obtenidos en dichas investigaciones para generar vacunas contra las drogas. Resultados: las vacunas lograron mitigar los efectos producidos por las sustancias en los estudios preclínicos en modelos de estudio en animales; sin embargo, con pacientes humanos los resultados no han sido del todo satisfactorios. Discusión y conclusiones: a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por diferentes grupos de investigación y compañías farmacéuticas para generar vacunas terapéuticas contra el uso de diferentes drogas, ninguna ha alcanzado la fase III de estudios clínicos. En la actualidad, se continúa con los esfuerzos para lograr que las vacunas contra las adicciones alcancen su máxima eficiencia y eficacia, y contribuyan al tratamiento de la adicción a las drogas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the effects of nicotine patch on pain control, occurrence of nausea and its hemodynamic repercussions in laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures. Methods: we conducted an analytical, prospective, randomized, triple-blinded, clinical study between January and July 2017. The sample consisted of 17 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of cholelithiasis. Nine patients used nicotine patch, and eight, placebo patch. The studied variables were pain, nausea, patient satisfaction, blood pressure, heart rate, oximetry and morphine rescue. Results: taking into account the pain and nausea parameters, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Also, the evaluation of rescue medication, both opioids and prokinetics, did not show any significant statistical difference between the groups. Among the hemodynamic parameters, there was only one statistically significant difference in the analysis of oxygen saturation and systolic blood pressure (SBP) six hours after surgery: the mean oxygen saturation was higher in the Test group (97.89 x 95.88) and the mean SBP was higher in the Control group (123.89 x 110.0). Conclusion: although pain levels were lower for nicotine within 24 hours, the action of nicotine and the need for rescue opioids in pain control were not statistically significant between the groups and at the time intervals studied. There was no clinical repercussion in the hemodynamic parameters.

Resumo: Devido às incertezas sobre o impacto dos cigarros eletrônicos na saúde, o Brasil adotou, em 2009, regulamentação que proibiu venda, importação e propaganda desses produtos até que fabricantes possam demonstrar que são seguros e/ou efetivos na cessação de fumar. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar entre fumantes brasileiros: (1) conhecimento sobre existência de cigarros eletrônicos, uso na vida, e uso recente; (2) percepção de risco sobre cigarros eletrônicos comparados a cigarros convencionais; e (3) fatores correlacionados ao conhecimento e percepção de risco. Este é um estudo transversal entre fumantes brasileiros (≥ 18 anos) usando amostra de reposição da Onda 2 do Inquérito Internacional sobre Controle do Tabaco. Os participantes foram recrutados em três cidades por meio de um protocolo de discagem randomizada entre outubro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. Entre os 721 respondentes, 37,4% (n = 249) dos fumantes atuais conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 9,3% (n = 48) relataram ter experimentado ou usado alguma vez na vida e 4,6% (n = 24) ter usado nos últimos 6 meses. Entre os que conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 44,4% (n = 103) acreditavam que eles eram menos nocivos que os cigarros regulares (baixa percepção de risco). A “baixa percepção de risco” foi associada com ter maior nível educacional e com ter experimentado/usado cigarro eletrônico recentemente. Apesar das restrições aos cigarros eletrônicos no Brasil, 4,6% dos fumantes da amostra relataram uso recente. Programas de vigilância em saúde do Brasil e demais países deveriam incluir questões sobre uso e percepções sobre cigarros eletrônicos considerando os respectivos ambientes regulatórios.

OBJETIVO: Presentar los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica sobre eficacia y seguridad de la consejería para cesación del tabaquismo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se siguió la metodología ADAPTE buscando guías de práctica clínica (GPC) en Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Cochrane. Mediante DELBI se seleccionaron GPC con puntaje mayor a 60 en rigor metodológico y aplicabilidad. Se evaluó la cesación a seis meses según proveedor, modelo y formato de consejería. De 925 referencias se seleccionaron cinco GPC que incluyen 44 revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. RESULTADOS La consejería breve por médicos y la intensiva por profesionales capacitados (individual, grupal, telefónica proactiva) son eficaces con incremento en la abstinencia de 2.1 a 17.4%. Únicamente el consejo práctico y la entrevista motivacional tienen eficacia en consejería intensiva. El efecto clínico es pequeño y la duración del efecto incierta. CONCLUSIÓN: Se requieren evaluaciones económicas para su implementación en programas de salud pública.OBJECTIVE: A systematic review on efficacy and safety of smoking cessation counseling was developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ADAPTE methodology was used with a search of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) in Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Cochrane. DELBI was used to select CPG with score over 60 in methodological rigor and applicability to the Colombian health system. Smoking cessation rates at 6 months were assessed according to counseling provider, model, and format. In total 5 CPG out of 925 references were selected comprising 44 systematic reviews and metaanalyses. RESULTS: Physician brief counseling and trained health professionals' intensive counseling (individual, group, proactive telephone) are effective with abstinence rates between 2.1% and 17.4%. Only practical counseling and motivational interview were found effective intensive interventions. The clinical effect of smoking cessation counseling is low and long term cessation rates uncertain. CONCLUSION: Cost-effectiveness analyses are recommended for the implementation of counseling in public health programs.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o tratamento com L-arginina influencia a cicatrização de retalhos cutâneos em ratos expostos à nicotina. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar pesando 142,4±10,1g separados em quatro grupos: GC- tratamento com solução tampão fosfatos pH 7,4, confecção de retalho cutâneo, observação por 10 dias; GN- exposição à nicotina por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, observação por dez dias; GA- tratamento com solução tampão fosfatos pH 7,4 por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, tratamento com arginina por dez dias; GAN- exposição à nicotina por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, tratamento com arginina por dez dias. Foram avaliadas as áreas de necrose, re-epitelização, reação inflamatória e formação de tecido de granulação, pela coloração HE, a área de deposição total e a diferenciação de colágenos I e III por histometria com a coloração de picrosirius, e, através da marcação imunoistoquímica com anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD34, a densidade vascular cicatricial. RESULTADOS: As porcentagens de áreas de necrose de GN e GNA foram maiores (p0,05) e maiores (pOBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether treatment with L-arginine influences the healing of skin flaps in rats exposed to nicotine. METHODS: 40 male Wistar rats weighing 142.4 ± 10.1 g were separated into four groups: GC: treatment with 7.4 pH phosphate buffer, submitted to skin flap and observation for ten days; GN: exposure to nicotine for four weeks, submitted to skin flap and observation for ten days; GA: treatment with 7.4 pH phosphate buffer for four weeks, submitted to skin flap and arginine treatment for ten days; GAN: exposure to nicotine for four weeks, submitted to skin flap and treatment with arginine for ten days. We evaluated: areas of necrosis, re-epithelialization, inflammatory reaction and formation of granulation tissue by HE stain; the total area of deposition and differentiation of collagens I and III by histometry with picrosirius staining; and the scar vascular density by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal anti-CD34 antibodies. RESULTS: The percentages of necrotic areas in GN and GNA were higher (p 0.05), but higher (p

Dermal absorption of nicotine by people harvesting tobacco may cause an acute intoxication called green tobacco sickness. Although Brazil is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world, green tobacco sickness had not been reported in the country to date. We conducted a 1:1 matched case-control study among persons involved in tobacco farming to determine the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in the northeast region of Brazil and to identify the risk factors involved. A case-patient was a person who received a diagnosis by health professional of acute intoxication during the study period and had a cotinine level over 10ng/mL detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We identified 107 case-patients. The main signs and symptoms observed were dizziness, weakness, vomit, nausea and headache. Independent risk factors identified were being male, a non smoker and having worked in the harvest of tobacco leaves. Case-patients had higher median urinary cotinine levels than controls (p < 0.05). Epidemiological and laboratory data indicate for the first time the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in Brazil.A absorção dérmica da nicotina por agricultores que trabalham com o cultivo do tabaco provoca uma intoxicação aguda denominada doença da folha verde do tabaco. Apesar de o Brasil ser o segundo produtor mundial de tabaco, a doença da folha verde do tabaco ainda não havia sido relatada no país. Conduzimos um estudo de caso-controle pareado (1:1) entre pessoas envolvidas na cultura do tabaco para determinar a ocorrência de doença da folha verde do tabaco na Região Nordeste do Brasil e identificar fatores de risco. Um paciente-caso foi a pessoa que no período de estudo foi diagnosticada de intoxicação aguda por profissionais de saúde e teve nível de cotinina acima de 10ng/mL pela Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Identificamos 107 pacientes-caso. Principais sinais e sintomas observados foram tontura, fraqueza, vômito, náusea e cefaléia. Foram associados ao adoecimento ser do sexo masculino, não-fumantes e ter trabalhado na fase da colheita do tabaco. A mediana de cotinina urinária entre os pacientes-caso foi maior que os controles. Os dados epidemiológicos e laboratoriais confirmaram pela primeira vez a doença da folha verde do tabaco no Brasil.

Objetivo: Explorar la aceptabilidad de la actual prohibición de Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN) y cuatro propuestas regulatorias (prohibición de saborizantes, espacios libres de emisiones, edad mínima para compra y prohibición de promociones) entre usuarios de nicotina. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de panel realizado en fumadores y vapeadores mexicanos (no-viembre 2018-marzo 2020). Mediante análisis de regresión logística se estimaron razones de momios ajustadas (RMa) para evaluar la asociación entre las variables independientes y el apoyo a la prohibición y cuatro propuestas regulatorias., Resultados: El apoyo de la prohibición fue de 20%. El nivel de aceptación de las propuestas fue de 21% prohibición de sabores, 23.2% prohibición de promociones, 40.5% espacios libres de emisiones, y 47.9% edad mínima para compra. Con-clusiones. En México existe un rechazo generalizado de los usuarios de nicotina a la prohibición de los SEAN, y mayor aceptación sobre regulación de espacios libres de emisiones y edad mínima de compra.

Objetivo: evaluar la influencia del tabaquismo femenino, activo y pasivo, sobre los resultados de la fertilización in vitro (FIV) de mujeres fumadoras. Diseño: estudio de cohorte. Materiales y métodos: ciento diecinueve (119) parejas fueron sometidas a FIV, en primerintento, cuya indicación fue el factor tubario, fueron divididos en 3 grupos: mujeres no fumadoras (n=81), mujeres fumadoras pasivas (n=15) y mujeres fumadoras verdaderas (n=23). Los resultados de laboratorio de la FIV fueron analizados en separado. Resultados: las mujeres fumadoras tuvieron un bajo índice de fertilización (40,7%) y mala calidad embrionaria (70,6%) en comparación con las no fumadoras (59,1% y 82,5%) y las fumadoras pasivas (67,4% y 87,9%) (pObjective: to evaluate the influence of female cigarette smoking on laboratory results of in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Design: cohort study. Patients and methods: a total of 119 infertile couples, who were submitted to the first cycle of IVF due to tubal factor, were divided in three groups: non-smokers women (n=81), passive smokers women (n=15) and active smokers women (n=23). The laboratorial results of IVF were analyzed among the sub-groups. Results: women who smoked had a lower fertilization rate (40.7 %) and a worse embryo quality (70.6%) than the non-smokers (59% and 81.3%) and the passive smokers (67.4% and 87.9%) (p

Objetivos: Describir los niveles de exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) a los que está expuesta la población en diferentes espacios públicos en Barcelona. Material y método: La nicotina en fase vapor se midió mediante monitores pasivos que contenían un filtro de 37 mm de diámetro tratado con bisulfato sódico en su interior. Se tomaron muestras en colegios de primaria y secundaria, hospitales, centros de atención primaria, estaciones de tren, transportes metropolitanos, universidades, aeropuerto, restaurantes y discotecas. Resultados: Los centros de enseñanza (primaria y secundaria) y los centros sanitarios presentan los niveles de exposición al HAT más bajos y en todos ellos la concentración media es < 1 μg/m³. En transportes y universidades los valores medios encontrados fueron: 2,16 μg/m3 en las estaciones de tren, 3,30 μg/m3 en el metro, 4,30 μg/m3 en los aeropuertos y 4,97 μg/m3 en las universidades. Los restaurantes y las discotecas son los lugares en los que la concentración es más alta, con valores medios de 12,36 μg/m³ en los restaurantes y 130,65 μg/m3 en las discotecas. En el caso de los centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria, en el aeropuerto, en el metro y en restaurantes y discotecas todas las muestras tomadas revelan presencia de HAT. Asimismo, se encontró presencia de HAT en el 90% de las muestras tomadas en las estaciones de tren y en el 96% de las muestras de universidades. En hospitales se revela presencia de HAT en un 79% de las muestras tomadas, y en el caso de centros de atención primaria, en el 58%. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman que el tabaquismo pasivo es un problema de salud pública que merece una especial atención en nuestro medio y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la implantación y especialmente el cumplimiento de políticas sin humo en lugares públicos y de trabajo.Objectives: To describe levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various public places in Barcelona (Spain). Material and method: Vapor-phase nicotine was measured with passive samplers containing a sodium bisulfate treated filter with a 37 mm diameter. The places sampled were primary and secondary schools, hospitals, primary care centers, train stations, subways, universities, airports, restaurants and discotheques. Results: Primary and secondary schools and health centers had the lowest levels of ETS exposure, with mean concentrations of less than 1 μg/m3. The mean values found in transport and universities were 2.16 μg/m3 in train stations, 3.30 μg/m3 in subways, 4.30 μg/m3 in airports and 4.97 μg/m3 in universities. The highest concentrations were found in restaurants and discotheques, with mean values of 12.36 μg/m3 in restaurants and 130.65 μg/m3 in discotheques. All samples taken from primary and secondary schools, airports, subways, restaurants and discotheques contained ETS. Likewise, 90% of the samples taken from train stations and 96% of those from universities contained ETS. Seventy-nine percent of the samples from hospitals and 58% of those from primary care centers contained ETS. Conclusions: The results confirm that passive smoking is an important public health problem in Spain and that greater efforts are needed to enforce smoke-free policies in public spaces and workplaces.

Introducción: Numerosos estudios científicos han demostrado la asociación del humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) con múltiples riesgos para la salud. Sin embargo, la medición de la exposición a este humo ha sido poco precisa hasta hace pocos años. En este artículo se revisan diversos estudios que han utilizado la nicotina como marcador aéreo del HAT. Métodos: Se revisan los diferentes métodos utilizados en la medición de la exposición al HAT, con especial énfasis en el uso de la nicotina como marcador aéreo de su presencia, comparando sus características con las de los demás marcadores y analizando los resultados encontrados en diferentes estudios en los que se ha medido la concentración de nicotina en muestras de aire en espacios públicos y en el medio laboral. Resultados: La nicotina reúne las características deseables de los marcadores del HAT, y los resultados de diversos estudios en los que se ha utilizado muestran un amplio rango de valores. Así, en cafeterías y restaurantes la concentración de nicotina oscila entre 0,52 y 47,86 μg/m³, mientras que en los lugares de trabajo sin restricciones relativas al tabaco, las concentraciones varían entre 3,4 y 14 μg/m³, y en aquellos con prohibición total de fumar, la concentración oscila entre 0,09 y 0,7 μg/m³. Los lugares de ocio nocturno son los lugares donde las concentraciones son más elevadas, llegando a alcanzar valores que superan los 65 μg/m³. Discusión: El uso de la nicotina como marcador aéreo permite medir de manera objetiva la exposición al HAT. Los valores obtenidos en los estudios que utilizan este marcador muestran que en los lugares con restricciones o prohibiciones relativas al consumo de tabaco la exposición al HAT es mucho menor que en los en los que no hay ningún tipo de regulación.Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and different types of health risk. Despite this evidence, measurement of ETS was highly inaccurate until a few years ago. The objective of this study was to review different studies using nicotine as an ETS airborne marker. Methods: We reviewed the various methods used in ETS measurement, especially the use of nicotine as an airborne marker. Nicotine was compared with other markers, and data from different studies measuring airborne nicotine concentration in public places and workplaces were collected. Results: Nicotine has all the desirable characteristics of an ETS marker. Several studies using nicotine as an airborne marker of ETS reported a wide range of values. In cafeterias and restaurants the concentration varied from 0.52 to 47.86 µg/m3. In workplaces without smoking regulations the concentration ranged from 3.4 to 14 µg/m3, whereas in places with smoking bans the concentration ranged from 0.09 to 0.7 µg/m3. Pubs and nightclubs had the highest concentrations, with values higher than 65 µg/m3. Discussion: The use of nicotine as an airborne marker provides an objective measurement of ETS exposure. The values obtained in studies using this marker show that in places with smoking restrictions or bans, ETS exposure is much lower than in places without smoking restrictions.

Objective: To test whether electronic cigarettes use among secondary school students in Spain is associated with initiating nicotine use., Method: Secondary analysis of the ESTUDES 2019 survey, a cross-sectional study conducted on a representative sample of students aged 14-18 years and selected students who had never smoked (n=16,705). We computed the prevalence and estimated the factors associated with current electronic cigarettes use (at least once in the month before the interview), with and without nicotine., Results: The prevalence of current electronic cigarettes use among students who have never smoked is 2.5% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.2-2.9). 0.1% (95%CI: 0.08-0.2) declared using liquids with nicotine at least sometimes and 2.4% (95%CI: 2.1-2.8) using liquids always without nicotine. Being male and under 17 years of age, reporting binge drinking behavior, and having regular friends who use cannabis, increases the probability of current use of electronic cigarettes. The latter two variables seem to act as contextual variables associated with electronic cigarettes use., Conclusions: The percentage of Spanish never smoker students who currently use electronic cigarettes is lower than in neighboring countries, except for the United Kingdom. Only one in every 1000 Spanish students between 14 and 18 years old who have never smoked initiates the current use of nicotine with an electronic cigarette. However, we must monitor the evolution of this indicator., (Copyright © 2022 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

High prevalence of smoking in people with severe mental disorders (SMD) contributes to their medical morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Despite the evidence of gender differences in smoking cessation, few studies have tested those differences among people with SMD. This is a non-randomized, open-label, prospective, 9-month follow-up multicentre trial to examine gender differences in the efficacy, safety and tolerability of a Multi-Component Smoking Cessation Support Programme (McSCSP). The results showed that there were no significant differences in short- (males 44.9% vs females 57.7%, chi-square = 1.112, p = 0.292) or long-term efficacy (week 24: males 40.8%, females 42.3%, chi-square = 0.016, p = 0.901; week 36: males 36.7%, females 38.5%, chi-square = 0.022, p = 0.883) between gender, neither controlled by diagnosis or treatment. Regarding safety and tolerability, there was significant increase in abdominal perimeter in males [from 105.98 (SD 13.28) to 108.52 (SD 14.01), t = -3.436, p = 0.002)], but not in females. However, there were no significant gender differences in adverse events (constipation, abnormal/vivid dreams, nausea/vomiting or skin rash/redness around patch site). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that is effective and safe to help either male or female patients with stabilized SMD to quit smoking. However, it might be a tendency in females to respond better to varenicline treatment in the short-term. Future research with larger samples is required to more clearly determine whether or not the there are differences, in addition to their reliability and robustness.

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el grado de adicción (GA) y patrón de consumo de tabaco (PCT) con la ansiedad y depresión en fumadores que quieren dejar de fumar (FQDF). Material y métodos. En 495 sujetos que acudieron a un programa para dejar de fumar se determinó la ansiedad (inventario IDARE) y depresión (cuestionario BECK), el GA (cuestionario de Fagerström) y PCT (paquetes-año). Resultados. El GA>= a 6 puntos se asoció con niveles de ansiedad altos [RM=1.94, (IC95%1.02-3.72), p= a 21 paquetes año, se asoció con ansiedad rasgo media; [RM=3.19 (IC95%1.94-5.25), pObjective. To determine the relationship between the degree of addiction (DA) and pattern of tobacco consumption (PTC) with anxiety and depression in smokers who want to quit smoking. Material and Methods. At admission to a smoking cessation program 495 smokers were surveyed to determine anxiety (IDARE Test), depression (Beck Inventory Test), DA (Fagerström Test) and PTC (pack-years). Results. DA>= 6 points was associated with high anxiety levels RM=1.94, (IC95%1.02-3.72), p

Objetivo. Cuantificar la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA) en lugares públicos de México, con el fin de impulsar políticas locales de ambientes 100% libres de humo de tabaco. Material y métodos. Se monitoreó aleatoriamente 20% de las áreas interiores de hospitales, escuelas y oficinas públicas de Monterrey, Guadalajara y la Ciudad de México. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por ciudad, tipo de espacio público y área interior. Resultados. La concentración mediana en los espacios donde se detectó nicotina fue de 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3), las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en la Ciudad de México y en las oficinas públicas. No se detectó nicotina en 75% de los espacios monitoreados. Conclusiones. El monitoreo ambiental de nicotina es una herramienta útil para fortalecer la implementación y evaluar el cumplimiento de la política de ambientes 100% libres de humo de tabaco.Objective. To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100% smoke-free environments. Materials and Methods. In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20% of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. Results. Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75% of monitored areas. Conclusions. Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains toxicants and carcinogens that are known to cause premature death and disease. Objectively measuring SHS exposure can support and evaluate smoke-free legislations. In Latin America, the most commonly used methods to measure SHS exposure are airborne nicotine and respirable suspended particles (PM2.5). Here we present results from studies conducted in public places and homes across Latin American countries. Airborne nicotine was detected in most locations between 2002-2006, before the implementation of 100% smoke-free legislation in Uruguay, Panama, Guatemala and other large cities within Latin America. Between 2006 and 2008, PM2.5 levels were found to be five times higher in places where smoking was present at the time of sampling compared to those without smoking. Measuring SHS exposure across Latin America has increased our understanding of the magnitude of exposure in this region and results have been used to effectively promote smoke-free legislation.El humo de tabaco (HT) contiene tóxicos y carcinógenos que causan muerte prematura y enfermedades. La medición objetiva de la exposición en el ambiente a HT puede apoyar y evaluar las legislaciones que prohiben fumar. Aquí presentamos resultados de estudios realizados en lugares públicos y hogares latinoamericanos usando los métodos más comunes para esta exposición: nicotina y partículas respirables (PM2.5). Se detectó nicotina en el aire de la mayoría de los lugares muestreados entre 2002-2006, antes de la ejecución de la legislación 100% libre de humo en Uruguay, Panamá, y Guatemala. Entre 2006-2008, los niveles de PM2.5 resultaron ser cinco veces mayores en lugares donde personas fumaban comparado con lugares sin fumadores. Medir la exposición al HT en América Latina ha aumentado nuestra comprensión de la magnitud de la exposición en esta región y ha servido para promover eficazmente legislación libre de humo de tabaco.

OBJETIVO: En México no se han efectuado evaluaciones de la exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental en los hogares ni en sus habitantes. El objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en hogares de la Ciudad de México, evaluando simultáneamente los niveles de nicotina en el cabello de niños y mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En julio de 2005 se seleccionaron 41 hogares de la Ciudad de México a conveniencia, 20% sin fumadores y 80% con fumadores. Se colocaron monitores pasivos de nicotina en los hogares por una semana y se obtuvieron muestras de cabello de mujeres no fumadoras y niños para cuantificar nicotina. Las muestras fueron enviadas a la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina se extrajo y analizó con cromatografía de gases. De manera adicional, se aplicaron encuestas de opinión y conductas relacionadas con el humo de tabaco ambiental. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental tuvieron una mediana de 0.08 µg/m³ (RIC 0.01-0.64), en el cabello de los niños 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.29) y en el cabello de las mujeres 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.19). Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental y en el cabello de los niños mostraron una correlación alta (rS=0.49), y se incrementó con el número de fumadores en el hogar. La mayoría de los encuestados apoya las medidas de control del humo de tabaco ambiental. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron grados particularmente altos de exposición en niños atribuibles a la presencia de nicotina ambiental en el hogar. Deben implementarse acciones preventivas integrales para eliminar el tabaquismo activo y evitar el consumo de tabaco en el hogar.OBJECTIVE: In Mexico no evaluation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in homes or habitants has been conducted. The objective of this study is to quantify environmental nicotine in Mexico City homes, simultaneously evaluating nicotine levels in children and women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In July 2005 a convenience sample of 41 homes was selected, 20% without smokers, 80% with smokers. Nicotine passive monitors were allocated in homes for one week, obtaining samples of hair from inhabitant non-smoking women and children. Samples were taken to the Johns Hopkins University where nicotine was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography. A survey of opinions and behaviors related to environmental tobacco smoke was conducted. RESULTS: Environmental nicotine concentrations had a median of 0.08 µg/m3 (IQR 0.01-0.64), in children’s hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.29), and in women’s hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.19). Environmental nicotine concentrations and in children’s hair were highly correlated (rS=0.49), and increased with the number of smokers at home. The majority of adults surveyed showed support towards measures of environmental tobacco smoke control. CONCLUSIONS: Homes are important spaces of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Particularly high levels of exposure were observed in children’s hair, attributable to the presence of environmental nicotine at home. Integral preventive activities to eliminate active smoking and to avoid tobacco consumption at home are required.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el Programa de Tratamiento Integral para la Cesación del Tabaquismo de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron los expedientes de los pacientes atendidos en el periodo 2001-2006. De todos ellos se obtuvieron las variables demográficas así como las relacionadas con el hábito tabáquico. Los tratamientos (grupal o individual) tuvieron una duración de 10 semanas. La abstinencia comunicada por el paciente se confirmó mediante la determinación de cotinina urinaria. Los resultados fueron analizados en la población total y por grupo (población universitaria y externos), así como por género y tipo de terapia mediante análisis univariado y multivariado. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 565 pacientes (314 mujeres y 251 hombres). La edad promedio fue de 45.5 ± 11.3 años. El éxito del tratamiento a las 10 semanas fue de 82.3% en el grupal y de 70.4% en el individual, p< 0.05. La tasa de abstinencia continua a uno y tres años fue de 69% y 43%. Por género, la tasa de cesación fue de 77.6% en mujeres y de 84.9% en hombres, p< 0.05. CONCLUSIONES: El éxito del programa evaluado es alto, tanto al final del tratamiento (80.9%) como en el mantenimiento de la abstinencia después de 3 años (43%). Los resultados sugieren que los hombres tienen una mejor respuesta y que la modalidad de terapia grupal es la más eficaz. En términos de salud, el impacto del programa evaluado es muy importante, ya que se enfoca a fumadores severos, quienes consecuentemente son los que conllevan el mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad asociada con el tabaquismo.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the smoking cessation program, including drug therapy and behavior modification, developed at the School of Medicine- National University of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the clinical records of all the patients who attended the Tobacco Cessation Clinic from May 2001 to December 2006. We obtained demographic and tobacco related information. The treatment, both individual or group therapy, is composed by ten weekly sessions. Abstinence reported by the patient was confirmed with the determination of urinary cotinine. Results were analized in the total population and dividing it into groups: people working or studying at the University, by gender, and by type of therapy through univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We included 565 smokers (314 women and 252 men), with a mean age of 45.5 ± 11.3 years. At the end of ten weeks of treatment, the rates of smoking cessation were 82.3% for those who received group therapy and 70.4% for individual therapy, p