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La neumonía en la población infantil representa un punto crucial en la atención médica, su detección ha sido criterio diagnóstico debido a su fácil acceso, costo y reproducción. El uso de la inteligencia artificial, (IA) con desarrollo creciente en el área de la salud, por medio de algoritmos ha demostrado progreso en las tareas de reconocimiento de imágenes. En la práctica de la radiología pediátrica permiten evaluar imágenes médicas para la detección, caracterización y seguimiento de enfermedades del tórax. Este estudio permitió estimar la validez de un sistema de IA para el diagnóstico de la afectación pulmonar en radiografías de tórax de pacientes con infección de vías aéreas bajas a partir de una base de datos con pacientes de 1 mes a 17 años (etapas de desarrollo) con resultados positivos para neumonía y bronconeumonía, corroborados por laboratorio. Utilizamos un sistema de evaluación del tórax de tipo algoritmo de redes neuronales convolucionales, que detecta si existe afectación o no del pulmón. El grupo de lactantes con neumonía demostró una mayor precisión (0.9) en el diagnóstico. Este trabajo es parte del inicio de un campo de desarrollo e investigación, considerándola como herramienta para atención en los sistemas de salud.

El trabajo analiza los principios y estructuras de modelación de localización óptima de actividades indeseables (obnoxious location models), revisando criterios de "eficiencia espacial" en la localización, y "justicia espacial" en la distribución de externalidades. La eficiencia se logra con modelos de localización-asignación optimizando el costo total (plant location). Para la justicia se calibran curvas de rechazo con métodos econométricos. Finalmente todo se optimiza en una estructura multiobjetivo ponderada. Este modelo mixto se aplica a la localización de estaciones de transferencia y rellenos sanitarios en la Región Metropolitana, obteniendo localizaciones óptimas (económica y socialmente), y asignaciones óptimas de residuos sólidos comunales.This work analyses the principles and structures of optimal location models of obnoxious activities, by studying criterion of spatial efficiency in the location, and spatial justice in the distribution of externalities. The efficiency is obtained through the Plant Location model (a location-allocation model). For the justice, opposition curves are fitted using econometrics models. Finally, everything is optimised in a weighted multi-objective structure. This mixed model is applied to the location of transfer stations and landfill operations in the Metropolitan Area in Santiago-Chile. The results give optimal locations (economic and social), and optimal allocation of municipal solid waste.

Case Report: The case is presented of 42 year-old woman with no significant medical history, with severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, hearing loss, and alteration of mental status with disorientation and confusion. Ophthalmic examination showed optic disc hyperaemia in right eye, and focal areas of arteriolar occlusion in both eyes. Audiometry demonstrated bilateral neurosensory hypoacusis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed multiple small round hyperintense lesions located in the splenium, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and white matter., Discussion: Besides branch retinal arteriolar occlusion, the angiopathy in Susac's syndrome may affect the optic disc vessels., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case is presented of a 45 year-old man with a focal choroidal excavation associated with choroidal neovascularisation not included in the area of excavation. Clinical features were analysed using retinography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. The patient was treated with 3 intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, with a good response., Discussion: Focal choroidal excavation can be associated with choroidal neovascularization not included in the area of excavation. Multimodal imaging provides a complete description of clinical features, before and after treatment., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case is presented of a 42 year-old man with episodes of unilateral uveitis in his right eye. Ophthalmic examination showed a granulomatous anterior uveitis with vitritis. Systemic investigations revealed non-nephrotic proteinuria and microhaematuria. A renal biopsy showed IgA nephropathy., Discussion: Uveitis and glomerulonephritis may have common immunological pathogenesis. IgA nephropathy should be a differential diagnosis in patients with uveitis and nephropathy., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: A 36 year-old male with a recent HIV diagnosis, presented with loss of vision of his left eye. Ophthalmoscopy revealed a unilateral yellowish placoid lesion in the macula. After fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, syphilis serology, and cerebrospinal fluid results, he was diagnosed with neurosyphilis and syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis., Discussion: Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis is a rare ocular manifestation of syphilis. All patients with characteristic clinical and angiographic findings of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis should be tested for a neurosyphilis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Early treatment with intravenous penicillin is usually effective with good visual results., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case is presented on a 54-year-old woman with a central serous chorioretinopathy, misdiagnosed as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, and treated with systemic corticosteroids. The patient presented with a bilateral bullous exudative retinal detachment., Discussion: Discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy, surgical drainage of subretinal fluid, and photodynamic therapy, led to anatomical and functional improvement. The recognition of an atypical presentation of central serous chorioretinopathy may avoid complications of the inappropriate treatment with corticosteroids., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Clinical Case: The case is presented of a 16 year-old girl with unilateral congenital retinal macrovessel associated with peripheral telangiectasia and retinal ischaemia., Discussion: Congenital retinal macrovessel is a rare finding. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of this unusual presentation of congenital retinal macrovessel. After 21 months of follow up, visual acuity remained stable, and no complications developed., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case is presented of a 39 year-old man with a combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, who experienced progressive visual loss and worsening of metamorphopsia. The patient underwent vitrectomy and epiretinal component peeling, with improvement in visual acuity, metamorphopsia, and retinal architecture, assessed by optical coherence tomography., Discussion: Selected patients with combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium may benefit from surgical management., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: We present the case of a 69-year-old woman with unilateral retinal vasculitis. Investigations showed asthma, rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, peripheral blood eosinophilia, increased sedimentation rate, proteinuria, and antiphospholipid antibodies. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were negative., Discussion: Although her anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA) status was negative, taking into account the other clinical and laboratory features, retinal vasculitis was thought to be an ocular manifestation of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Treatment was started with high-dose corticosteroids and anticoagulant therapy., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: We present the case of a 55-year-old man with a non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, who presented with choroidal metastasis. The patient showed a decrease in visual acuity. His evaluation revealed unilateral choroidal metastasis secondary to carcinoma of the lung. The patient received afatinib with complete regression of choroidal metastasis after one year follow-up., Discussion: Choroidal metastasis may be the initial sign of lung cancer. This case highlights the importance of a thorough systemic evaluation in patients with choroidal tumours. Afatinib was effective against choroidal metastasis of a lung adenocarcinoma with EFGR mutation., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: The case is presented on a 63-year-old patient with Terson's syndrome who complained of loss of visual acuity. The optical coherence tomography showed macular atrophy., Discussion: The patient developed macular atrophy probably secondary to macular hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)