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The purpose of this study was the estimation of current and potential water erosion rates in Castellon Province (Spain) using RUSLE3D (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation-3D) model with Geographical Information System (GIS) support. RUSLE3D uses a new methodology for topographic factor estimation (LS factor) based on the impact of flow convergence allowing better assessment of sediment distribution detached by water erosion. In RUSLE3D equation, the effect that vegetation cover has on soil erosion rate is reflected by the C factor. Potential erosion indicates soil erosion rate without considering C factor in RUSLE3D equation. The results showed that 57% of estimated current erosion does not exceed 10 t/ha.year (low erosion). In the case of potential erosion rates, 5% of the area of Castellon Province does not exceed 10 t/ha.year but 55% exceed 200 t/ha.year. Based on these results, the current vegetation cover of Castellon Province is adequate but needs to be conserved to avoid an increase in the current soil erosion rates as shown by potential erosion rates.

Aim: To determine the patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from adult patients with urinary tract infection (UTI), and to stratify the results by age and type of UTI to verify if there are statistically significant differences that can help physicians to prescribe better empirical antibiotherapy. Design: Cross-sectional prospective study. Location: Community of Getafe (Madrid). Primary care level. Participants: 100 E. coli strains, randomly chosen, isolated from the urine (104–105 cfu/ml) of different patients from primary care centers in the Getafe area. Main measurements: The antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was evaluated and the results were stratified by age and type of UTI. The clinical and demographic data of the patients were analyzed, classifying each episode as complicated UTI or uncomplicated UTI. Results: Strains isolated from patients with uncomplicated UTI showed significantly greater susceptibility than those of complicated UTI to amoxicillin (65.9% vs. 30.6%, p = 0.001), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95.5% vs. 77.6%, p = 0.013) and ciprofloxacin (81.8% vs. 63.3%, p = 0.047). In complicated UTI, susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was significantly greater in the ≤65 years age group compared to the older age group (78.3% vs. 50%, respectively, p = 0.041). In the rest of antibiotics, no statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing by age (≤65 years versus >65 years), both in uncomplicated and complicated UTI. Conclusions: Clinical and demographic data of patients with UTI are of great importance in the results of the antibiotic susceptibility in E. coli. Antibiograms stratified by patient characteristics may better facilitate empirical antibiotic selection for UTI in primary care. Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de sensibilidad antibiótica de cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de pacientes adultos con infección del tracto urinario (ITU), y estratificar los resultados por edad y tipo de ITU para verificar si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas que puedan ayudar a los médicos a la prescripción de una mejor antibioterapia empírica. Diseño: Estudio transversal prospectivo. Emplazamiento: Comunidad de Getafe (Madrid). Nivel de atención primaria. Participantes: 100 cepas de E. coli, escogidas al azar, aisladas de orina (104 ->105 ufc/ml) de diferentes pacientes de centros de atención primaria del área de Getafe. Mediciones principales: Se evaluó la sensibilidad antibiótica de las cepas y los resultados se estratificaron por edad y tipo de ITU. Se analizaron los datos clínicos y demográficos de los pacientes de los que provenían, clasificándose cada episodio como ITU complicada o ITU no complicada. Resultados: Las cepas aisladas de pacientes con ITU no complicada mostraron una sensibilidad antibiótica significativamente mayor que las de ITU complicada a amoxicilina (65,9% vs. 30,6%, p = 0.001), amoxicilina/clavulánico (95,5% vs. 77,6%, p = 0.013) y ciprofloxacino (81,8% vs. 63,3%, p = 0.047). En la ITU complicada, la sensibilidad al ciprofloxacino fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de edad ≤65 años en comparación con el grupo de mayor edad (78,3% vs. 50%, p = 0.041). Para el resto de antibióticos no se observaron diferencias significativas cuando se compararon por edad (≤65 versus >65), tanto en ITU no complicada como complicada. Conclusiones: Los datos clínicos y demográficos de los pacientes con ITU son de gran importancia en los resultados de la sensibilidad antibiótica en E. coli. Los antibiogramas estratificados por características de los pacientes podrían facilitar una mejor selección de antibioterapia empírica para las ITU en atención primaria. Keywords: Urinary tract infections, Antimicrobial resistance, Escherichia coli, Palabras clave: Infecciones del tracto urinario, Resistencia a antibióticos, Escherichia coli

The objective of this study is to validate the internal structure of the School Violence Evaluation Questionnaire in Children and Primary in a sample of northeastern Mexico. It is a quantitative and transversal study. A total of 733 children were included, of which 49.8% are men, 50.2% women, through intentional sampling, obtained from 78 basic education institutions in the city of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. The average age was 12 years. The results confirmed a factorial structure of three dimensions that measure situations witnessed, lived and carried out. The instrument was reduced to 27 indicators of these dimensions, conserving the reliability obtained in previous studies. The contribution of the study is validation of the internal structure of the evaluation tool that allows the identification of school bullying and perceived damage and its characteristics, avoiding mainly the underestimation and normalization of violence.