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Background: Since the COVID-19 pandemic has placed more attention on drugs’ approval process and the importance of rapid decision-making in the healthcare sector, it is crucial to assess how time to market (TTM) of drugs varied. Objective: To estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TTM of drugs in Italy. Methods: An IQVIA database was used to retrieve information on drugs that obtained positive opinion from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use between January 2015 and December 2021. The available observations were divided into three groups (Pre COVID, Partially COVID, and Fully COVID) according to the timing of their negotiation process. Differences in average TTM among the three groups were analyzed in three steps: (1) descriptive statistics; (2) univariate analysis; (3) multivariate analysis, using a matching estimator. Results: A total of 363 unique combinations of molecule and indication met the inclusion criteria: 174 in the Pre COVID group, 69 in the Partially COVID group, and 123 in the Fully COVID group. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis found a statistically significant difference in TTM among the three periods, with average TTM increasing during the pandemic (+136 days, p = 0.00) and then decreasing afterward (−23 days, p = 0.09). In the matching analysis, results for the Partially COVID period were confirmed (+108 days, p = 0.00) while results for the Fully COVID period lost significance but maintained a negative sign. Conclusions: The results suggest that after an adjustment phase in the Partially COVID period, a return to the status quo was reached.

Ensuring inclusive education, which is one of the priorities of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, is not possible without teachers. Teachers' perceptions influence the way they organise and develop their professional activity and the commitment they ultimately give to cultural diversity in educational practice. In this paper, we study the perceptions about cultural diversity which are held by teachers working in compulsory education with Roma students in the Italian city of Messina. The study involved 182 teachers from four educational centres for primary education and the first grade of secondary education. It is a quantitative descriptive study in which a questionnaire has been used as the instrument to collect information. The results obtained highlight, among other issues, the fact that the teachers who were involved in the study favour theoretical and practical perspectives which encourage cultural diversity. In addition, they reveal that there are significant differences in teachers’ perceptions according to the educational level they teach.

Events are events that are present in society and more and more grow their repercussion, size and financial resources involved. In this context, the need to identify risks so that they can be mitigated by managers is increasingly needed. The goal is to identify risks in event projects from area professionals, researchers and students. The research has qualitative nature, use of the Multiple Case Study methodology, collection through interviews, semi-structured questionnaire and bibliographic research. The result was the identification of 39 risks in event projects, being the lack of engagement and failure in the management of events the most mentioned risks. The contribution to the theory lies in a list of risks to be researched, especially its origins and suggestions for mitigation. The practical contribution is that managers can include in their risk management the items identified in this research.

Vertical gardens, called "Greenery Systems", are a new tendency in modern constructions. They are applied increasingly more frequently on those buildings where energy and ecological considerations, environmentally friendly, are a priority. Some main features of these technologies are: thermal insulation improvement, environmental pollution filtering, acoustic absorption, water retention and a friendly aesthetic appearance. Vertical gardens can have dissimilar acoustic features because they depend on the kind of support, substrate and vegetation used. For this reason, nowadays, collected data are very diverse and incomplete and it is necessary to expand the data available to provide more alternatives with practical application. In this work, acoustic absorption of modular vertical greening was studied. Each module was developed with a rigid PVC base covered with fibrous material forming pockets, where the substrate and vegetation were placed. The plant species that were used are some of the most widespread ones in the region, in order to achieve a good adaptation and simple maintenance.

ABSTRACT: The effect of basal zone defoliation on vines influences yield and ripening depending on the phenological stage and its intensity. Early basal defoliation (EBD) was carried out at flowering on the autochthonous Vitis vinifera (L.) cultivar ‘Nerello mascalese’ grown on the eastern slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily. The effects were evaluated over a two-year period. In the first year, the canopy retained 67 % of its original leaf area after EBD and in the second year, 58 %. Compared with control vines, mid-day leaf water potentials in the EBD vines enjoyed higher water status throughout the growing seasons in both years. EBD had no significant negative effects on yield but did have significant positive effects on the levels of total polyphenols, total flavonols and total anthocyanins. Yield and its components are conditioned by a number of factors mainly linked to climate and to the vines’ general condition during berry growth and ripening. Even after two consecutive years of treatment, EBD does not have any negative effects on yield. However, EBD does have strong positive effects on berry quality attributes as a consequence of the following: greater exposure of the cluster to sunlight, higher vine water status and avoidance of high temperature stresses in the last phase of ripening during the analysis of anthocyanin.

Introduction: Rapid-acting insulins are the current standard of care in diabetes management. Insulin aspart (IA), lispro (IL) and glulisine (IG) demonstrated similar efficacy and safety. However, their impact on the National Health Service (NHS) expenditure could be a relevant differentiating factor. Objective: The study aims to assess the budget impact of IG increased market share in a new scenario vs. current case. Method: A budget impact model built in MS Excel (2010) estimated the impact of IG on the Italian NHS expenditure. Input data were derived from published sources. Pharmaceutical expenditure for considered treatments was estimated on retail or hospital prices and no price modifications were assumed. A scenario analysis was conducted by varying the IG market shares. Results: In the current scenario, IG market share 17.2%, the NHS expenditure is respectively €245-250 million at first and third year. Increasing the IG market share of 35% more of the current scenario, at first year and more of 50% at the following two years , the NHS expenditure reduces to €244.3, €245.0 and €244.8 million in the three years with cumulative, savings around € 8.8 million at third year. The scenario analysis shows that, increasing the IG market shares from 17.2% to 26% at first year, it is possible to achieve savings for almost 10.7 million at third year. Conclusions: IG, besides being as effective and safe as IL and IA, is less expensive and can reduce the financial burden to the Italian NHS up to €8.8 million at third year.

The increase in vehicular load and velocity over the years has prompted the need for structural modifications of concrete bridges. The measurements and analysis of vibrations in «situ» along with numerical techniques aid in the global evaluation of these structures by obtaining the dynamic characteristics and corresponding response. These measurements are then compared to international standards and codes in order to formulate superior concrete bridges with the objective of obtaining the influence of the difference in typology on the behavior of bridges. Bridge 1 uses a two way system with beams and deck slabs and bridge 2 is a superior structure composed of pretension T beams and situ-cast concrete deck. These findings are fundamental references in the designing of bridges.

Los Cascos Históricos presentan problemas funcionales para adaptarse a las nuevas necesidades de la vida moderna, que son de difícil resolución. Trabajando en su protección y salvaguarda, se debe comprender que se opera en un sector urbano complejo, lo cual requiere una visión amplia e interdisciplinaria, que no puede ser encarada solamente a partir del cuidado de su stock físico construido. Asimismo resulta indispensable atender y superar las restricciones y satisfacer las necesidades de la población, ya que es lo que da verdadero sentido a la protección de las áreas urbanas. En ciudades latinoamericanas, muchos planes de protección para los centros históricos no han logrado sortear los peligros que los amenazan. Ellos abarcan desde la renovación indiscriminada hasta la tugurización, el despoblamiento y el abandono. La situación de estos sectores guarda estrecha relación con los procesos que se producen en la ciudad en su totalidad. La valoración de la centralidad o por el contrario la promoción de la sub urbanización, son posturas que definen las características particulares y específicas de un área central. En nuestros centros históricos, la conservacióny preservación de los edificios, sus funciones sociales, sus valores simbólicos-culturales y su vitalidad son fundamentales para la continuidad de la ciudad como entidad urbana vigente para sus habitantes.

La Escuela-Taller, se inscribe en el marco de la Secretaría de Cultura, Subsecretaria de Patrimonio Cultural y, de manera más específica en la Dirección General Casco Histórico, como un Programa del Plan de Manejo, para poner el valor este sector tan significativo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El Casco Histórico de Buenos Aires, Centro Fundacional de nuestra Ciudad, es un ámbito sumamente valioso que integra el patrimonio cultural. Atesora elementos del pasado que nos identifica como pueblo y como personas. Si bien cuenta con una normativa especial que protege sus edificios y su entorno y a lo largo de estos años fue realizada una fuerte inversión pública en su espacio urbano, no ha podido alcanzar un equilibrio aun con la inversión privada, debido al alto costo de mantenimiento que significa para los vecinos del área mantener o restaurar sus edificios.

Buenos Aires. metropolitana, es cabecera del sistema urbano nacional y en correspondencia con el proceso significativo de desconcentración y centralización-una tipología interna bimodal-, ha ido acrecentando su configuración primática, siendo hoy su jerarquía, dentro de la red nacional de ciudades, de un posicionamiento desproporcionadamente mayor respecto de las dos urbes que le siguen en importancia, Córdoba y Rosario.

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en el análisis de la oferta actual del transporte urbano en la Región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, en el marco de las concesiones otorgadas a empresas privadas, de los servicios públicos de transporte, tratando de evaluar las políticas y modalidades de regulación y gestión aplicadas desde el Estado y centrando la mirada en los efectos y consecuencias de esta modalidad, sobre el conjunto social involucrado y sobre el territorio. Se presentará un panorama general de la situación del sistema de transporte y circulación urbana a modo de síntesis diagnostica, que incluye las características más significativas movilidad, los distintos modos de transportación, los procesos de concesión de la red de accesos a la ciudad madre, del transporte público, tanto automotor como ferroviario de pasajeros y de las nuevas modalidades que incrementaron la oferta. Asimismo en el contexto de la Reforma del Estado, - privatizaciones y concesiones-, se incorporaran algunas reflexiones haciendo hincapié en los impactos que estos procesos provocaron en lo social, espacial-económico y ambiental, y que favorecieron el recrudecimiento de la exclusión y fractura social, y la fragmentación territorial, fenómenos ocurridos de manera general en todas las ciudades latinoamericanas sin distinción de niveles de jerarquía urbana o límites jurisdiccionales pero recortando espacialmente el estudio en la Región metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Toda la reflexión se apoya en el marco del enfoque sistémico, partiendo de considerar que la realidad es compleja y multidimensional y que su naturaleza no es unívoca, que los elementos que la constituyen están interrelacionados entre si, por lo que existen múltiples relaciones ínter- temáticas e ínter-escalares.