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Introduction. Perinatal loss is a profoundly stirring event that affects various areas of society, from women and their partners to health professionals and society as a whole. Unfortunately, in caring for women experiencing perinatal bereavement, information and support related to breastfeeding is often overlooked, which can increase their feelings of grief and anxiety. However, breast milk donation has been recognised as a valuable option that can play a significant role in the bereavement process. Aim. To review the existing literature on the impact of milk donation after perinatal loss, its role in the bereavement process and its implications. Methods. Literature search of PubMed, Cochrane and PsycINFO databases to identify studies addressing milk donation, perinatal loss and women’s experiences. Results. Based on seven qualitative papers, they highlighted the need for breastfeeding support for mothers in perinatal bereavement, as well as the lack of sensitive and non-judgmental communication by health professionals. Conclusion. Breastfeeding can play an essential role in the perinatal bereavement process, validating maternal identity and generating meaningful memories. The importance of addressing breastfeeding inhibition on an individualised basis and improving the training of health professionals to provide comprehensive support is emphasised.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the dietary addition of calcium anacardate as a source of phenolic compounds on the reproductive performance and blood antioxidant parameters of New Zealand White female rabbits. Twenty-seven New Zealand White female rabbits were distributed in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and nine replicates, considering one animal as the experimental unit. The treatments consisted of pelleted diets with different inclusion levels of calcium anacardate (0, 0.5, and 1.0%). The inclusion of calcium anacardate in the diets increased the concentration of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the blood of lactating female rabbits. Calcium anacardate at the level of 1.0% improves the feed conversion ratio during gestation and increases the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in the blood serum of female rabbits at 21 days of lactation.

Breast-feeding offers plenty of benefits for both infants and mothers, however, most studies have mostly been concerned with the health of infants. As far as infants are concerned, breastfeeding is associated with nutritional advantages and a reduced risk of acute otitis media, atopic dermatitis, gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract diseases, asthma, obesity, sudden infant death syndrome or even childhood leukemia. The health outcomes of the breastfeeding mother include reduced risk for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer are well documented. In our article we will focus on the impact of breast-feeding on lowering the risk of diabetes mellitus in mothers.

Introduction: Intraocular pressure (IOP) in pregnancy decreases slightly towards the 18th gestation week, however in pregnant patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension the IOP could be variable and will not necessarily be reduced. Therefore, some pregnant women require potentially risky treatment for them and their fetuses. Objective: To describe the relevant ocular physiopathological changes, management options and possible adverse effects of treatment during pregnancy and lactation, in patients with associated glaucoma. Materials and methods: A literature review of publications was carried out from 2001 to 2021, considering the corresponding MeSH terms for glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, and intraocular pressure (IOP). In a structured way, the information was extracted and synthesized. Results: It is increasingly common to identify pregnant patients with glaucoma. This condition can be treated with topical medications, but most of those are category C. The treatment option with selective laser trabeculoplasty seems to be a safe treatment, but the evidence is limited. Glaucoma surgery is an option in case of poor IOP control and visual function deterioration. The use of antimetabolites is fully contraindicated in this group of patients. During lactation, it is necessary to adjust topical medications, considering the conditions of the newborn. Conclusions: The approach to glaucoma in the pregnant patient requires a precise balance between IOP control to prevent visual damage in the pregnant/lactating female and the prevention of adverse effects in the fetus/newborn.

Solid-state fermented apple pomace (AP-SSF) enriched with non-nitrogen protein has been studied as an alternative ingredient for feeding dairy cattle. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of AP-SSF in the feeding of dairy cows in early lactation on the yield and quality of milk, microbial contamination, and ruminal fermentation parameters, as well as the concentration of ammonia and the number of protozoa. Twenty Holstein cows were used, 20 of 660 kg on average, with 2-4 lactations and an average of 89 days in milk. Two groups were formed with ten cows each, randomly distributed to form a 2 x 2 Latin square with standard periods. Experiment diets were formulated with traditional ingredients, and one of them was added AP-SSF. Rations were gradually incorporated, giving ten days for adaptation and another 20 days for sampling. In lactose and production variables, no difference was statistically significant (P> 0.05) in milk fat and protein differences (P < 0.05) in the first component for the control treatment and the second toward treatment, as AP-SSF succeeded in increasing the percentage of milk fat. For Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Total coliform differences (P < 0.05) in favor of the treatment were achieved AP-SSF and decreased the CFU / mL for Salmonella sp. while there was no difference (P > 0.05). Volatile fatty acids showed statistical difference (P < 0.05) for Acetic, Propionic, and Butyric acids. AP-SSF treatment for the rest of the parameters ruminal pH, ammonia, and protozoa did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments. Concluded that it is possible to incorporate AP-SSF as a protein ingredient in diets of dairy cows in early lactation because some variables improved and showed no adverse effects in any of the variables evaluated.

Introduction and purpose of the work: Breastfeeding has many health benefits. The guidelines recommend breastfeeding up to 6 months of age. Many mothers stop breastfeeding early, one reason being the dysphoric ejection reflex (D-MER). It is a negative emotional reaction related to the ejection of milk. State of knowledge : D-MER has been known to science for a short time. Breastfeeding depends on many psychological factors and is regulated by many hormones, including prolactin, oxytocin, and dopamine. A sudden drop in dopamine levels is believed to be the cause of this phenomenon. The main symptoms include dysphoria, sadness, irritability, anxiety and depression. There are no registered preparations for the treatment of D-MER, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes are helpful. Summary: It is important to disseminate knowledge about D-MER to help mothers understand their breastfeeding processes. More research should be done into the safe treatment of this condition.

IntroductionThe mammary gland is a paired skin gland of women, responsible for the lactation process. It is synchronized with the operation of the endocrine system. The production of breast milk takes place after childbirth through the action of the hormonal and nervous systems. Secretion is controlled by prolactin and oxytocin. Its composition includes: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It is rich in stem cells. The function of the gland is to secure the nutritional and energy needs of the newborn.Aim of the workThe aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the knowledge of the patients of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, WSZZ in Kielce about lactation and breastfeeding before and during the Covid-19 pandemic –a comparative study.Material and methods420 puerperae participated in the study. The first pre-COVID-19 pandemic group included 196 women, the second group during the pandemic period included 224 respondents. Among the puerperae, women aged over 30 constituted the most numerous age group.The Bioethics Committee of UJK (Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce) approved the study No. 16/2021.Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the Statistica computer program.ResultsThe patients living in the city have more knowledge about lactation and breastfeeding than the patients from rural areas.The older the patient and the greater the number of completed pregnancies and deliveries, the greater the knowledge about lactation and breastfeeding.The assessment of the involvement of medical personnel depends on the time when the patient gave birth.The period of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the knowledge about reducing the risk of breast cancer in women.The patients from the pandemic period are more knowledgeable about breastfeeding and lactation than patients in the pre-pandemic period.

ABSTRACT We evaluated the maternal behavior, physiology, and reproductive performance of both Damin (Min-pig × Large White) and Large White gilts to identify the advantages hybrid sows offer with regard to stress relieve and improvement of the welfare level of sows during late lactation. First-parity Damin gilts (n = 40) and first-parity Large White gilts (n = 40) were farrowed in individual pens. Video surveillance was used to monitor the occurrence of lateral recumbency and compare it to other postures, such as ventral recumbency, defecation, urination, tail posture, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behaviors. Monitoring was conducted from 07:00 to 09:00 h and from 13:00 to 15:00 h on days 3 and 6 of each week from the third to the fifth week post-parturition. In addition, the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and salivary α-amylase were assessed. During the fourth week postpartum, Damin gilts showed a higher frequency of postural changes from lateral recumbency to other postures and less ventral recumbency, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behavior compared with Large White gilts. However, no significant differences were found between Damin and Large White gilts with regard to urination, defecation, tail wagging, and “tail low” behaviors. The concentrations of serum interleukin-6, salivary α-amylase, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Damin gilts than in Large White gilts during the fifth week postpartum. Damin gilts partly achieve lower stress levels during late lactation and better animal welfare than purebred Large White gilts.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effect of breastfeeding educational intervention given in the antenatal period on LATCH and breastfeeding self-efficacy scores. Method: A total of 80 pregnant who met the research criteria were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 40) groups. Pregnant women received to the control group received only standard care while breastfeeding education was accepted to the intervention group along with standard care. Both groups were visited at their home, and the personal data form, the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (BSES-SF) were applied in the postpartum 1st week. End of the study, brochures prepared by the researcher were given to both groups. Result: The mean breastfeeding self-efficacy and LATCH scores were higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. Breastfeeding success was found to increase as the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception increased. Conclusion: Breastfeeding education given in the antenatal period increased maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception and breastfeeding success in the postpartum 1st week period. Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04757324.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects feeding in Cajamarca Black Creole sows on reproductive performance. Sows (24 nulliparous) were assigned randomly within to 2 treatments and maintained on these treatments for up to 2 reproductive cycles. A Sows group were fed with concentrated feed (CON) and the other group with restaurant food waste (DAR), from 5 months of age, during gestation, lactation and weaning-to-mating interval and were housed either in individual pens. Sows fed DAR had smaller (p< 0.05) weaning litter weight (40.33 vs. 45.72 kg) and had more (p< 0.05) piglets dead in lactation (4.2 vs. 1.7) than sows fed CON. Sows of first parity tended to farrow litters with less weight (born alive, 8.4 vs. 9.3 kg; p< 0.10) and had fewer pigs at weaning (6.7 vs. 7.5; p< 0.10) compared with second parity sows. Body weight of sows weaning sows increase (p< 0.05) in the second reproductive cycle (82.4 vs. 86.0 kg). Sows fed DAR produced fewer (p< 0.05) body weight in mating (85.0 vs. 90,0 kg) and had less body weight at weaning (81.2 vs. 87.2 kg) over 2 reproductive cycles compared with sows fed CON. Sows fed CON had better weaning-to-mating interval (p< 0.05) (7.8 vs. 8.9 d). In conclusion, feeding of DAR decreased litter weight at weaning, body weight and weaning-to-mating interval of sow but did not affect litters size, and generates a greater economic benefit in relation to use of concentrated feed in creoles sow.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cooling systems by negative pressure versus directed ducts on the performance of lactating sows and their litter. The experiment was conducted in a tropical climatic region in Brazil. Ninety-four lactating sows during 26.2±1.7 days of lactation were included with their 1,236 piglets. Sows were distributed using a completely randomized block design into two treatments: a negative pressure cooling (NPC) system and a directed duct cooling (DDC) system. We adopted sow parity as blocking criterion. During the experimental period, environmental temperatures inside the farrowing rooms were 22.9±1.5 and 25.4±2.5 °C, respectively, using the NPC and DDC systems. Sow daily feed intake, litter weight at weaning, piglet weight at weaning, litter daily weight gain, piglet daily gain, and daily milk production per sow were greater in the NPC system than in the DDC system. The type of cooling system did not affect piglet weight after standardization, mortality, number of piglets weaned per sow, and estrus return. The use of an NPC system can reduce the effects of higher environmental temperatures better than the DDC system. The NPC system allowed for greater feed intake, piglet and litter weight gain, weight of piglets and litter at weaning, and milk production compared with the DDC system.

Introduction The puerperium is a period in a woman's life after childbirth, during which systemic changes occur. The woman's body returns to its pre-pregnancy condition. It lasts about 6 weeks. Having a baby and placenta causes changes in the concentration of pregnancy hormones, fluctuations that can negatively affect the behavior of women. In addition, the Covid-19 pandemic may interfere with the clinical condition of the pregnant woman, causing her mental health to deteriorate. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was the assessment of the level of knowledge about health behaviors and puerperium of various social groups in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and methods The survey covered 603 respondents from the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship from February to April 2021. 18 subjects were excluded from the study due to incomplete completion of the questionnaire. Ultimately, the analysis was conducted on the data of 584 respondents. The analyzes included women and men aged 19-45, who were divided into four groups. The first group included 130 obstetricians, the second 86 midwives, the third 50 teachers, and the fourth 318 students of the JKU. The Bioethics Committee of the JKU approved the study. Statistical analysis was performer. Results The respondents' knowledge about puerperium was 78.6%. Midwives had the most information, while obstetricians had the least. Participants in all 4 groups have a satisfactory level of knowledge about the duration of the puerperium, the principles of prophylaxis and hygiene in puerperium and feeding the newborn. The respondents obtain their knowledge from books and magazines.

ABSTRACT: Adding ionophores to ruminant diets is a strategy to manipulate ruminal fermentation and improve milk yield. This study evaluates the effects of narasin supply to lactating ewes on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, and performance of the lambs. Thirty lactating Santa Inês and Santa Inês × Dorper ewes fed a basal diet containing 50 % coastcross hay and 50 % concentrate were randomly assigned to two treatments: control (CON; without ionophores) or NAR (addition of 13 mg narasin kg–1 DM). From the 2nd to 10th week of lactation, DMI of ewes was determined, and once a week, their milk production and composition was measured over a 3-h interval. At the 10th week of lactation, lambs were weaned and their average daily gain (ADG) and starter DMI continued to be evaluated for two more weeks. Narasin supply did not affect weight and DMI of ewes. Ewes fed NAR had greater feed efficiency for milk production and displayed tendency for higher milk yield. Narasin supply reduced milk protein levels, but it did not affect other milk component levels. Ewes fed NAR had greater production of milk urea nitrogen and showed tendency for higher production of fat and total solids. Starter DMI of lambs was not affected by treatments; however, there was a tendency for greater weaning weight for NAR lambs. At the end of experiment, no differences were observed in the performance of lambs. The supply of 13 mg narasin kg–1 to lactating ewes improved milk yield efficiency and tended to increase the weaning weight of their lambs.

Objective. The objective of this work was to calculate descriptive statistics of milk yields. Materials and methods. 6733 milk controls were carried in the morning, afternoon and total/day milkings produced by 21 goats saanen, alpina americana and togenburen breeds in a semi stable system located in the Ocaña region, Norte de Santander; Results. Milk yield (milliliters) in the morning, afternoon and daily total was 564.99±242.38, 259.30±112.81 and 824.29±350.07. Also, it was observed that in the non-parametric statistical tests of the probability distribution of the phenotypic expression of the morning, afternoon and daily total yield, they presented highly significant normalities (p

Objective: to identify breastfeeding patterns, survival of exclusive breastfeeding and factors associated with its interruption, in the first six months of life of babies seen by Lactation Consulting. Method: a prospective cohort, with 231 mother-babies in a Baby-Friendly Hospital. An initial questionnaire was applied after 24 hours of birth, after consulting, as well as a follow-up questionnaire, applied by telephone at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days, with sociodemographic and obstetric variables, maternal habits, father’s schooling, birth data and baby feeding. Survival Analysis was carried out. Results: at 180 days of age, exclusive breastfeeding was 12.7% and the probability was 19.6% in the analysis of the survival curve. The factors associated with its interruption were smoking during pregnancy (HR 1.66; CI 1.05 - 2.61), age ≥ 35 years old (HR 1.73; CI 1.03 - 2.90), difficulty in breastfeeding after hospital discharge (HR 2.09; CI 1.29 - 3.41), search for professional assistance (HR 2.45; CI 1.69 - 3.54) and use of a pacifier (HR 1.76; IC 1.21 - 2.58). Conclusion: lactation consultancy contributed to the improvement of the exclusive breastfeeding rates, although there are opportunities for advances.

Introduction: In Colombia, despite the implementation of initiatives such as breastfeeding counseling (BFC), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates are low. Objective: To understand the experience of a group of nursing mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding counseling provided at Women and Children Friendly Institutions (WCFI) in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materials and methods: Qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were administered to 19 breastfeeding mothers who were provided with exclusive breastfeeding counseling (EBFC) at 3 WCFI between August 2016 and January 2017. Units of meaning (UM) were identified through a comprehensive analysis performed in NVivo 10 and based on the reading of the textual transcripts of the interviews and the identification of essential structures in the mothers’ narratives associated with the experience they had while being counseled at three moments (gestation, delivery/immediate postpartum, and puerperium). Results: The average age was 23 years. Only 37% of the mothers exclusively breastfed their children until they were 4 months old. Nine UMs were identified. During gestation and the immediate postpartum period, participants received instructions on how to breastfeed but were not provided with EBFC by healthcare staff. During the puerperium, the mothers' families and support networks provided them with help and guidance regarding breastfeeding. Conclusion: It is possible that the legal provisions on breastfeeding counseling and initiatives such as the WCFI are not being complied with in the country, as there are obstacles that hinder their proper execution. Thus, it is necessary to propose and develop effective strategies for the training of breastfeeding counselors among health personnel.

ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three sources of vegetable oil in the diet of lactating goats on production in 120 days of lactation and the effect of these sources and lactation stage on fortnightly composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk at 20, 50, 80, and 110 days of lactation. A completely randomized design was adopted and 32 Anglo Nubian goats were used, distributed in four treatments: control diet and diets with inclusion of 30 g/kg of dry matter of diet of canola, sunflower, or soybean oil. The dairy production was 182.75 kg, and there was no difference for treatments. Among the constituents, only urea nitrogen was influenced by treatment and presented lower content for control treatment. Day of lactation had an effect on lactose. Defatted dry extract and somatic cell count had a quadratic effect with minimum values around 100 and 33 days of lactation, respectively. The content of urea nitrogen, also with a quadratic effect, was higher at 93 days of lactation. For protein, there was an interaction between treatments and period and, at the end of lactation, its content was increased. The inclusion of vegetable oils promoted reduction in total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid. The proportions MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA, the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, and the relation hypocholesterolemic fatty acids:hypercholesterolemic fatty acids improved with oil addition in animal diets. The addition of vegetable oil to diets for lactating goats improve the fatty acid profile with no impairment on milk production and composition, and the milk from early stages of lactation has better nutritional quality of the lipid fraction.

ABSTRACT Objective: to create and validate a visual educational technology content for lactation physiology learning. Method: a methodological study that contemplated the stages of content creation and validation guided by the conceptual model of Knowledge Translation into action. The creation took place in partnership with the educational technology center of the project’s home institution. The validation was attended by 27 judges with experience in the obstetric, neonatal, pediatric or maternal and child areas and in the theme of breastfeeding. Results: an educational technology covered animation and video techniques to locate, respectively, elements of lactation physiology and the population involved. An Overall Content Validity Index of 0.84 was obtained. Conclusion: the visual educational technology for lactation physiology learning has been validated in content as a tool to introduce the theme and mediate health education actions that can have a positive impact on breastfeeding.

Introduction. During decades, milk production in the Nariño state has depended on the Holstein breed. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate a model of milk production that allows to decrease production costs and in turn improves the compositional quality of the milk. Objective. This study aimed to compare milk production and compositional quality of Holstein (HO) and the crossbreed between Kiwi Cross (KC) x HO. Materials and methods: Monthly milk production in HO cows (n=30) and the ones from the F1 of the KC x HO cross (n=40), was measured by adjusting the day in milk (DIM) and milk production by third of lactation, fat, protein and total solids. For the period between October 2016 and May 2017, 9,809 dairy production records were analyzed. Results: Maximum production was 25.8 ± 0.53 vs. 23.2 ± 0.53 l day-1 for HO vs. KC cows (p

Introduction: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavor enhancer, but its actions in health are a debated issue. Its effects on the Psychoneuroendocrine-immune system are not known. Objective: To determine the effect of monosodium glutamate on body mass, reproduction and lactation in Balb / c mice and their offspring. Materials and methods: 20 mice in the neonatal period are administered subcutaneous GMS 4mg / kg diluted in 10 microliters of distilled water and others with 0.9% NaCl. At 90 days the Lee Index is calculated to determine the body weight, then they are paired in 4 groups of 5 mice where males and females are interbreed with GMS and 0.9% NaCl. The weight of the offspring in these crosses is compared to indirectly assess lactation. Results: 100% of mice treated with MSG are obese because they have a Lee Index higher than 0.300. The females with GMS give birth to less than 4 offspring while the females (NaCl) mate with males (GMS) have an average offspring of 4-5 offspring. The weight of the offspring born of parents treated with MSG is lower than those not treated. Conclusions: MSG administered subcutaneously in murine neonates induces obesity. Reproduction and lactation are affected in those treated with MSG since the number of offspring and the body weight of their offspring is lower than that of the untreated.

La curva de lactancia puede ser definida como la expresión del comportamiento productivo del rebaño caprino. Conocerla resulta una herramienta de selección. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de estudiar el comportamiento productivo de cabras Saanen en condiciones semi intensivas mediante diferentes modelos matemáticos para describir así su curva de lactancia, caracterizar la evolución de la producción de leche y analizar su variación asociadas con el número de lactancia y el número de cabritos al parto. Se utilizaron registros de datos de lactancias correspondientes a 182 animales. De cada animal fue relevado el número de partos, el tipo de parto y la producción individual diaria a partir del tercer día pos parto hasta el final de lactancia (270 días). El modelo de Cappio-Borlino fue el que mejor ajuste presentó. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos en cuanto al momento en el que se alcanza el pico de producción se observa que, además de ser numéricamente menor, las cabras de primer parto son las que lo manifiestan más tardíamente respecto a las multíparas. A su vez, los animales con partos dobles si bien presentaron una mayor producción láctea al principio de la lactancia, la persistencia fue menor respecto a los de partos triple. SUMMARY. Determination of lactation curve for Saanen goat milked in the north of Argentina. The lactation curve can be defined as the expression of the productive behavior of the goat herd. Knowing it is a selection tool. The objective of this work was to study the productive behavior of Saanen goats under semi-intensive conditions using different mathematical models to describe their lactation curve, characterize the evolution of milk production and analyze the variation associated with lactation number and the kids size. Data records of 182 animals were used. From each animal, we recorded: calving number, litter size and the individual daily production from the third day after parity until the end of lactation (270 days). The Cappio-Borlino model was the best fit. When analyzing the results obtained regarding the moment in which the production peak is reached, it is observed that, in addition to being numerically smaller, the goats of first calving are the ones that show it later with respect to the multiparous. In turn, the animals with double births, although they presented a higher milk production at the beginning of the lactation, the persistence was lower than goats with triple births.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of production factors on milking frequency and the latter’s effect on animal welfare in robotic milking. The experiment was performed with Holstein Friesian cows housed in free-stall barns. To assess the impact of production factors, body condition score, milk yield, and concentrate intake were determined. To determine the effects of the milking frequency on welfare, the locomotion and teat-end scores and serum cortisol level were evaluated. Three experimental groups were formed according to the daily average milking frequency: 1.0 to 1.9, 2.1 to 2.9, and above 3.0 milkings per day. The decrease in milking frequency during lactation was related to the reduction in concentrate intake and milk yield. The increase in milking frequency was related to the reduction in the milk flow and the increase in milking duration. Milking frequency was affected by concentrate intake, locomotion problems, milk yield, and lactation stage. The cortisol level and teat-end conditions were not affected by milking frequency. Milking frequency impacts milk flow, duration of milking, and milk composition; however, there is no effect on the indicators of animal welfare.

Introduction: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavor enhancer, but its actions in health are a debated issue. Its effects on the Psychoneuroendocrine-immune system are not known. Objectives: To determine the effect of monosodium glutamate on body mass, reproduction and lactation in Balb / c mice and their offspring. Methods: 20 mice in the neonatal period are administered subcutaneous GMS 4mg / kg diluted in 10 microliters of distilled water and others with 0.9% NaCl. At 90 days the Lee Index is calculated to determine the body weight, then they are paired in 4 groups of 5 mice where males and females are interbreed with GMS and 0.9% NaCl. The weight of the offspring in these crosses is compared to indirectly assess lactation. Results: 100% of mice treated with MSG are obese because they have a Lee Index higher than 0.300. The females with GMS give birth to less than 4 offspring while the females (NaCl) mate with males (GMS) have an average offspring of 4-5 offspring. The weight of the offspring born of parents treated with MSG is lower than those not treated. Conclusions: MSG administered subcutaneously in murine neonates induces obesity. Reproduction and lactation are affected in those treated with MSG since the number of offspring and the body weight of their offspring is lower than that of the untreated.

Objective: to analyze puerperal breast temperature using infrared thermography. Method: study performed at the Human Milk Bank of a Hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. A lactating mother with bilateral engorgement in the external breast quadrants was randomly selected and the temperature was measured.Results: A soft mammary lobe was found, with thermal asymmetry of 1.5ºC, compared to the contralateral region, however no thermal asymmetry was identified in the general temperature between the breasts. Conclusion: this case suggests that thermal asymmetry in the puerperal breast is related to the volume of milk in the lobes and not to dysfunctions or pathologies in these lobes. The study indicates possibilities for deepening the understanding of lactational physiology with the amplification of the sample group evaluated in this study. Thermography is a technique suitable for lactating mothers, however requires an appropriate room, time for acclimatization and knowledge of the mammary anatomy.

Background: The establishment of breastfeeding may sometimes be stressful. We aimed to analyze the sense of coherence in lactating women to determine the general resistance resources during lactation and the professional interventions that promote a high sense of coherence., Methods: A search of studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese on lactating women's sense of coherence was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and CINAH databases published between May and November 2022. Study quality and risk of bias were examined according to ICROMS and STROBE criteria., Results: We identified 316 studies, of which eight -all of adequate quality- were included, three qualitative and five quantitative. A high level of maternal sense of coherence was related to longer duration, self-efficacy, attachment, and enjoyment of the breastfeeding experience. The main general resistance resources were to receive social support, particularly from partners, mothers, and health professionals. The interventions that favored the sense of coherence were mainly those related to a close, empathic, personalized, comprehensive, and family-centered professional support., Conclusions: The detection of the level of sense of coherence in lactating mothers may help identify women with a higher risk of weaning and establish professional intervention strategies that improve the breastfeeding experience.

Pregnancy is one of the most important and difficult moments that a woman goes through throughout her life. It is a period of great need for macro and micronutrients to meet the demands of the developing fetus and avoid deficiencies, in order to obtain the best possible result. Nowadays, most women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant know the importance of getting the required amount of certain types of nutrients (proteins, fats, folate, etc.), as well as avoiding certain compounds (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, etc.) to avoid possible complications during pregnancy. In recent years, with the greatest scientific evidence available, it has been shown how some of these nutrients could have a more relevant role than previously believed in the optimal outcome of pregnancy. One of these nutrients being choline. Choline supplementation during pregnancy has been shown to be a non-pharmacological treatment capable of improving both physical (growth) and mental (memory) qualities of the new individual. Choline has been known as an essential nutrient since 1998 and several studies have shown its effectiveness in rodent models. The existence of recent publications that deal with its application in humans makes it necessary to carry out a systematic review. In this systematic review of the scientific evidence available from 2012 to the present that deals with the application of a higher intake of choline through supplementation as a treatment to improve pregnancy outcomes, its main objetive is to determine the effects that a nutritional intervention through choline supplementation in pregnant mothers can have on children's cognition. For this, 9studies have been analyzed where the treatment given to pregnant women is revealed, this being choline supplementation in different modalities (choline chloride, choline bitartrate, and phosphatidylcholine) and the different effects produced in the children of these mothers who have resulted from these treatment modalities. We conclude by stating that choline supplementation during pregnancy appears to be effective in improving or increasing cognition in children., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

ABSTRACT Sustainable production of adequate quantities of food to support a growing human population is a worldwide goal. Under current feeding conditions in the United States, dairy cattle convert dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen with 25% efficiency. The remaining 75% is excreted, which contributes to air and water quality problems and reduces economic performance of the industry. Efficiency could be improved to 29% if protein was given to just meet current NRC requirements. Additional improvements may be achievable, but only with improved knowledge of amino acid (AA) requirements. The current metabolizable protein requirement model overestimates true requirements due to lack of knowledge of AA supply and requirements and to intrinsic limitations in system data and assumptions. Existing protein supply models based on passage and degradation rates are biased, which undermines predictions of AA supply. The use of an equation driven solely by protein solubility of each ingredient in the diet with no consideration of the effects of passage rate yielded unbiased predictions with significant improvements in precision. However, this still leaves a problem in predicting the AA composition of the ruminally undegraded protein (RUP). Current models generally assume that RUP AA composition equals the parent ingredient composition, but assessments of RUP AA composition indicate that this is false. Thus, bias is being introduced into predictions of the absorbed AA supply, which hampers derivation of estimates of AA digestion and absorption from the small intestine. Emerging isotope-based methods hold promise in allowing assessment of AA availability from individual ingredients in vivo, which will allow construction of a database of true ingredient AA bioavailabilities. These efforts will eventually allow development of more robust predictions of AA supply. On the AA requirement side, numerous data indicate that the efficiency of metabolizable protein use for lactation is variable and maximally 45%, whereas most models assume an efficiency of 65% or greater. The efficiencies of individual AA are centered on the protein efficiency value with those lower in efficiency, likely being provided in large excess. A better representation of the use efficiency of individual AA would allow improvements in overall animal N efficiency. Variable efficiency is driven by regulatory mechanisms that control protein synthesis in response to the supply of energy and individual AA and circulating concentrations of hormones and these drivers act independently and additively. Under this theory, protein synthesis can respond to nutrients other than the one identified as most limiting. Reflecting this regulation in our requirement models will allow better prediction of AA efficiency and enable construction of diets that minimize excess of individual AA by optimizing the energy and hormonal signals to improve N efficiency. Models of such an interacting system have been developed and shown to be superior in performance to models based on current paradigms.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation in lactation diets on the productive and reproductive performance of pluriparous sows and their litters. Seventy-six sows of the same genetic line were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with 19 replicates. The experimental unit was the sow and its respective litter. Treatments comprised a control diet (no L-arginine supplementation) and other three diets obtained by top dressing the control diet with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of L-arginine. L-arginine supplementation had no effect on any performance variables, body condition, milk production, or weaning-estrus interval. There was a quadratic effect on percentage of protein and fat in milk as well as on the daily production of these components. Protein and fat percentage declined during lactation. Adding L-arginine to the diet had a quadratic effect on piglet weight at 13 and 21 days, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.64% and 0.71%, respectively. L-arginine supplementation had a quadratic effect on the weight gain of piglets during the first 13 days and on total period of lactation, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.60% and 0.70%, respectively. Supplementing lactation diets with 0.70% of L-arginine, corresponding to 45 g day−1, improves the weight gain of piglets by improving the nutritional quality of sow milk.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of the risk of under or overnutrition and the food intake pattern vis à vis the recommendations of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the Colombian Family Welfare Institute., Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in healthy women receiving care in two hospitals of eastern Antioquia, with food and nutrition security in accordance with the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA), in the first trimester of breastfeeding, assessed between 2021 and 2022. The clinical record was used as the source of information. The sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric characteristics, as well as dietary and micronutrient intake, were measured. Descriptive statistics were used. The prevalence of deficient or excessive energy intake and the food consumption score (FCS) are presented. The EVINDI v5, PC-SIDE v1.0, Stata 16.1 and Jasp 0.16.4 software packages were used., Results: Overall, 30 breastfeeding women were included. The prevalence of the risk of deficient energy intake was 43 %, while the risk of excessive intake was 16 % and the risk of protein deficiency was 98 %. Intake exceeding the reference value for saturated fats was 86 %, and 72 % for simple carbohydrates. The consumption pattern was characterized by exceeding the recommendations for sugars (FCS = 1.29), milk and dairy products (FCS = 1.09), grains, roots, plantains and tubers (FCS = 1.04). Recommendations for the intake of fats (FCS = 0.70), meats, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds (FCS = 0.49), fruits and vegetables (FCS = 0.41 were not met., Conclusions: The food intake pattern identified is far from meeting the national guidelines, limiting macro and micronutrient intake and contributing to the intergenerational malnutrition cycle. Additional research in the country is essential in order to identify other intake patterns and drive political action.

Objective: To know the prevalence of CMPA with the scale in patients of the pediatrics external consultation in the Municipal Institute of Pension of Chihuahua in period from march to may 2022, Series of cases., Methods: A search was carried out on CMPA consultations in the period from March to May 2022, permission and informed consent was requested to access the clinical file and retrospectively, an analytical, observational, non- experimental, descriptive study was carried out., the COMISS scale was applied, and formulated a series of cases., Results: The prevalence of CMPA is 0.3%. CMPA positive patients did not have statistically significant differences with the suspects in terms of age, gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, atopy or tobacco. Presenting a series of cases., Conclusions: The prevalence of CMA with the use of COMISS was 0.3%, lower than the prevalence worldwide. The wider use of this scale is suggested to be considered in order to achieve a more accurate diagnosis., (Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.)

Pigs are more sensitive to high environmental temperatures explained by the inability of sweating and panting properly when compared to other species of farmed livestock. The evaporative cooling system might favor the thermal comfort of animals during exposure to extreme environmental heat and reduce the harmful effects of heat stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensible heat loss and thermoregulation parameters from lactating sows during summer submitted to two different acclimatization systems: natural and evaporative cooling. The experiment was carried out in a commercial farm with 72 lactating sows. The ambient variables (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) and sows physiological parameters (rectal temperature, surface temperature and respiratory rate) were monitored and then the sensible heat loss at 21days lactation was calculated. The results of rectal temperature did not differ between treatments. However, the evaporative cooling led to a significant reduction in surface temperature and respiratory rate and a significant increase in the sow's sensible heat loss. It was concluded that the use of evaporative cooling system was essential to increase sensible heat loss; thus, it should reduce the negative effects of heat on the sows' thermoregulation during summer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of opioids as first and second line agents to adequately treat pain requires systematization in different clinical syndromes which course with acute pain. This study aimed at discussing recommendations for the use of opioids in acute postoperative pain, neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain and pain during gestation and lactation.CONTENTS: This review has addressed the use of opioids in frequent chronic and acute painful syndromes, in gestation and lactation, discussing indications, drugs used, doses, risks, complications and recommendations.CONCLUSION: Opioids for acute postoperative pain have been broadly studied and are established for minor medium and major surgeries. Recommendations for the use of opioids in neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain are restricted to second line treatment and require further discussions. Few studies have investigated the interaction of opioids with physiologic changes typical of gestation and the repercussions of the use of such agents to treat acute and chronic pain in the short and long term.

Twenty-four Saanen goats (15 multiparous and 9 primiparous) from 21 days prepartum to 200 days in lactation were used to evaluate milk yield and composition. Animals were randomly distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (3 diets × 2 parity orders) and fed a 40:60 forage:concentrate diet composed of soybean meal, soybean meal + dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, plus ground corn, mineral supplement and corn silage. The protein source did not influence the body weight of pre and postpartum goats. Prepartum, postpartum and postpeak dry matter intake (DMI) were not altered by diets. However, goats fed the diet containing dry yeast as protein source had lower DMI in late lactation. Milk yield and feed efficiency were not affected by diets. Milk components, acidity and somatic cell count were not influenced by diets during all lactation phases. However, fat and total solid contents postpartum were higher for primiparous goats and somatic cell count postpeak was lower for multiparous goats. Dry yeast can be used to replace soybean meal in diets for lactating Saanen goats.

Este estudo objetivou identificar a duração mediana e os fatores associados à interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno. Envolveu uma coorte de nascimento de 531 crianças acompanhadas até os dois anos de idade em dois municípios do Recôncavo da Bahia, Brasil. Utilizaram-se a análise de sobrevivência e o modelo multivariado de Cox. A duração mediana foi de 74,73, 211,25 e 432,63 dias, respectivamente, para o aleitamento materno exclusivo, misto complementado e total. A ausência materna ao pré-natal elevou em 173% (HR = 2,73; IC95%: 1,89-3,93) o risco de diminuir a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, em 83% (HR = 1,83; IC95%: 1,06-3,16) o risco da adoção do aleitamento misto complementado e em 38% (HR = 1,38; IC95%: 1,06-1,81) o risco da descontinuidade do aleitamento materno. O trabalho materno fora do domicílio e a área de residência urbana aumentaram o risco para interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno. A ampliação do acesso ao pré-natal e da rede de proteção às mães que trabalham fora do domicilio e àquelas que residem na área urbana poderia aumentar a duração da amamentação no Recôncavo da Bahia.This study aimed to identify the median duration of breastfeeding and associated factors in a cohort of 531 infants in two municipalities in the Recôncavo region, Bahia State, Brazil. Breastfeeding duration was estimated by survival analysis and its associations by the Cox ultivariate model. Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding, mixed breastfeeding with complementary feeding, and total breastfeeding was 74.73, 211.25, and 432.63 days, respectively. Lack of prenatal care increased the risk of shortening exclusive breastfeeding by 173% (HR = 2.73; 95%CI: 1.89-3.93), of adopting mixed breastfeeding with complementary feeding by 83% (HR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.06-3.16), and of discontinuing breastfeeding entirely by 38% (HR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.06-1.81). Both maternal employment and residence in an urban area increased the risk of early breastfeeding cessation. Expansion of access to prenatal care and the safety network for employed mothers living in urban areas could increase breastfeeding duration in the target region.

O objetivo desta revisão foi investigar alguns fatores de risco e de proteção para câncer de mama e analisar se as evidências científicas estabelecidas pelo World Cancer Research Fund e American Institute for Cancer Research e publicadas em 2007 foram confirmadas por estudos mais recentes. Em maio de 2010 foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos coorte e caso-controle publicados entre 2007 e 2010, nas bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram selecionados 27 artigos, sendo 13 caso-controles e 14 coortes. As práticas de lactação e de atividade física constituem fatores de proteção para o câncer de mama, e o consumo de bebida alcoólica, fator de risco. Observa-se relação diretamente proporcional entre o aumento da circunferência da cintura, do peso ao longo da vida adulta e da estatura, e risco de câncer de mama na pós-menopausa. A associação entre gordura corporal e câncer de mama é contraditória, na pré- e na pós-menopausa. Até o presente momento, é possível inferir que a melhor forma de prevenção do câncer de mama é a amamentação e a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável.This review aimed to investigate risk and protective factors for breast cancer and to analyze whether scientific evidence from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, published in 2007, was confirmed by new research. In May 2010 we reviewed cohort and case-control analytical studies from 2007 to 2010 in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We selected 27 articles (14 case-control and 13 cohort studies). Breastfeeding and physical activity were protective factors against breast cancer, and alcohol consumption was a risk factor. A direct proportional relationship was observed between larger waist circumference, weight throughout adulthood, and height and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The association between body fat and breast cancer is contradictory in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. According to the accumulated evidence, breastfeeding and healthy lifestyle are the factors most strongly associated with breast cancer prevention.

A descriptive study with a qualitative approach with the objective of verifying if the breast implant affects breastfeeding, in the view of women who have experienced the situation. The subjects of the research were four women with breast implants who had children after breast augmentation and were attended at the Human Milk Bank of Maringá University Hospital., between 2005 and 2007. Three thematic units emerged from the interviews: the breast implant and breastfeeding, confidence in the surgeon, and problems in breastfeeding. None of the participants associated the fact of possessing a breast implant with difficulties in breastfeeding and only one associated mastitis with the mastopexy carried out at the same time as the breast augmentation. All had contacted the Human Milk Bank to solve problems common to nursing mothers, with or without previous surgical interventions. It was concluded that, probably, the implantation of breast implants does not exercise negative influence on breastfeeding.

Seleção para características do crescimento pode ser feita após ajustadas funções de crescimento para todos os animais sob seleção. Porém, a curva de crescimento de fêmeas é influenciada pelas gestações e lactações subsequentes. Neste trabalho, métodos são descritos para selecionar uma função que ajuste a curva de crescimento de fêmeas bovinas considerando-se os efeitos de variação de peso corporal devido a gestação e a lactação. Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, constituindo-se de 15.271 observações de pesos de 103 fêmeas, sendo 43 Nelore, 10 F1 Guzerá x Nelore, 29 F1 Red Angus x Nelore, 5 F1 Marchigiana x Nelore e 16 F1 Simental x Nelore. Comparou-se o ajuste das funções de Brody, Gompertz, Logística, Von Bertalanffy e Michaelis-Menten reparametrizada (MMr) aos efeitos do ganho de peso em função da idade, sendo adicionado a todas as funções o ganho de peso durante a gestação e a perda de peso na lactação de fêmeas da raça Nelore e Cruzadas. Ao ajustar as funções, observou-se um Coeficiente de Determinação Múltiplo Ajustado variando entre 0,7552 e 0,9267. Observou-se o menor Quadrado Médio do Resíduo e o Desvio Médio Absoluto para a função de MMr. Para descrição da curva de crescimento em função da idade das fêmeas, deve ser ajustada a função de MMr.Selection for growth characteristics can be done after fitting growth functions for all breeding animals. However, in the female population the growth curve is influenced by gestation and subsequent lactations. In this work methods are described to select a function that fits a growth curve of bovine females considering the varying effects of body weight due to gestation and lactation. Data from the Paraná Agronomic Institute (IAPAR) were used consisting of 15.271 weight observations of 103 females distributed as 43 Nelore, 10 F1 Guzerá x Nelore, 29 F1 Red Angus x Nelore, 5 F1 Marchigiana x Nelore and 16 F1 Simental x Nelore. The function adjustment of Brody, Gompertz, Logística, Von Bertalanffy and Michaelis-Menten reparametrized MMr were compared to the effects of weight gain as a function of age, adding to all functions the weight gain during gestation and the weight loss in the lactation of Nelore and crossbreed females. It was observed an Adjusted Coefficient of Multiple Determination varying from 0.7552 to 0.9267. Lower Residue Mean Square and Absolute Mean Deviation were observed for the MMr function. The MMr function must be adjusted in order to describe the growth curve as a function of the female age.

Introduction: The nutritional status of micronutrients in lactating adolescent women is crucial to guarantee an adequate secretion of these in breast milk and, consequently, an adequate nutritional status of children. Hence, more attention should be given to micronutrient status of adolescent mother who breastfeed. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of multimicronutrients supplementation upon nutritional status of iron, copper, zinc and calcium of lactating adolescent mother from low socioeconomic status in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. During 60 days, 36 adolescents were allocated into two groups: supplemented group (SG) with 17 volunteers, receiving daily multimicronutrients supplement and the placebo group (PG) with 19 volunteers, receiving an inert compound. Plasma iron, copper, zinc and calcium and hemoglobin were determined at 7, 11 and 15 of the postpartum weeks (PPW). The effect of supplementation was analyzed by analysis of variance, comparing the differences between groups and within groups. Results: The average age of volunteers was 17.1 ± 0.8 for the supplemented group and 16.3 ± 1.4 for the placebo group. We observed an increase in the mean concentration of zinc (p < 0.05) and hemoglobin (p < 0.05) in the SG during the study (60 days), while the PG showed reduction (p < 0.05) in the mean concentration of copper between the 7th and 11t h PPW. Conclusion: The results of this study show that supplementation with multimicronutrientes exerted positive effect on hemoglobin, copper and zinc.Introducción: Debido a lo estado nutricional relativo a los micronutrientes de la nutriz ser de fundamental importancia para la adecuada secreción de leche materna, y en consecuencia un adecuado estado nutricional de los niños, se debe prestar una mayor atención a la situación de los micronutrientes de la madre lactante. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la influencia de la suplementácion con multimicronutrientes en lo estado nutricional de lo hierro, cobre, zinc y lo calcio de madres lactantes adolescentes de bajo nivel socioeconómico en Rio de Janeiro/Brasil. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con un ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado con placebo. Durante 60 días, 36 jóvenes lactantes fueron estudiadas y distribuidas en dos grupos: el grupo suplementado (GS) con 17 voluntarias que recibieron un compuesto con multimicronutrientes y el grupo placebo (GP), con 19 voluntarias que recibieron un compuesto inerte. En todas las participantes del estudio se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de hierro, cobre, calcio y zinc y de hemoglobina con 7, 11 y 15 semanas después del parto (SDP). El efecto de los suplementos se analizó por test de comparación de medias (Anova two way) entre los grupos y dentro de los grupos. Resultados: La edad media de las voluntarias fue de 17 ± 0,8 años para el GP y 16,3 ± 1,4 para el GP. Se observó un aumento en las concentraciones medias de zinc y hemoglobina (p < 0,05) en el GS durante el estudio (60 días) y la reducción (p < 0,05) de cobre entre las 7ª y 11ª SDP en el GP. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la suplementación con multimicronutrientes tiene un efecto positivo en las concentraciones de hemoglobina, cobre y zinc.

Contexto: A Relactação é um termo utilizado para mulheres que já estiveram grávidas em algum momento da vida e querem voltar a produzir leite para alimentar um bebê, biológico ou não. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer o número de mulheres que consegue relactar com sucesso, após terem sido submetidas à prática da relactação. Metodologia: Estudo de revisão integrativa de pesquisas primárias encontradas nas principais bases de dados como MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS e Revista de Enfermagem Referência, onde 10 investigações foram incluídas na amostra para conhecer o número de mulheres que conseguiram relactar, após terem sido submetidas aos processos desta técnica. Resultados: Diante de um universo de 1.295 mulheres que se submeteram à Relactação, 1.135 conseguiram voltar a produzir leite, representando 87,6 % do total. Conclusão: Conclui-se que as hipóteses de sucesso são altas e justificam os esforços despendidos pela mãe, pelo lactente, família e sociedade. Cabe aos profissionais utilizar as informações evidenciadas para a construção de estratégias ricas em argumentos pró-aleitamento, não para persuadir, mas para ajudar as mães a manter as suas decisões e re-estabelecerem a produção láctea em favor de si e do seu bebê.Contexto: La Relactación es un término utilizado para las mujeres que ya estuvieron embarazadas en algún momento de su vida y quieren volver a producir leche para alimentar a un bebe, biológico o no. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el número de mujeres que logra volver a lactar con éxito, tras haberse sometido a la práctica de la Relactación. Metodología: Estudio de revisión integrativa de investigaciones primarias encontradas en las principales bases de datos como MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS y Revista de Enfermería Referência, donde 10 investigaciones fueron incluidas en la muestra para conocer el número de mujeres que logró volver a lactar tras haberse sometido a los procesos de esta técnica. Resultados: Frente a un universo de 1.295 mujeres que se sometieron a la Relactación, 1.135 lograron volver a producir leche, representando 87,6 % del total. Conclusión: Se concluyó que las hipótesis de éxito son altas y justifican los esfuerzos despendidos por la madre, por el lactante, familia y sociedad. Cabe a los profesionales utilizar las informaciones evidenciadas para la construcción de estrategias ricas en argumentos pro-lactancia, no para persuadir, sino para ayudar a las madres a mantener sus decisiones y restablecer la producción láctea a favor de ellas mismas y de su bebe.Context: Relactation is a term used to describe women who have been pregnant at any time and want to produce milk to breastfeed a baby again, biological or not. Objective: The goal is to find out the number of women that can relactate after undergoing a Relactation process. Methodology: This is an integrative review of primary investigations found in main data bases such as MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS and Journal of Nursing Referência, of wich 10 studies were included in the sample in order to identify the number of women who can succeed after undergoing this technique. Results: From the universe of 1.295 women, 1.135 relactated successfully, i.e. 87,6 % of the total. Conclusions: We conclude that the possibilities of success are high and justify the efforts undertaken by the mother, baby family and society. Health workers can use the information provided in this study to build strategies with strong arguments in favor of breastfeeding, not with the purpose of persuading, but mainly to help mothers to keep to their decisions and to re-establish lactation.

El estudio se realizó con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la restricción del contacto hembra-cordero en la duración del anestro posparto. Se utilizaron 28 ovejas Pelibuey adultas con sus crías. Un día después del parto, las hembras se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos condiciones de manejo. Amamantamiento restringido a 17 h/día (RS; n=17 ovejas; n=21 corderos), separación oveja-cría por 7 h/día (8:00 a 15:00 h). Amamantamiento continuo (US; n=11 ovejas; n=13 corderos), contacto e interacción oveja-cordero 24 h/día. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas en las ovejas, del parto a los 105 días posparto y se determinó la concentración de progesterona por radioinmunoanálisis. Las ovejas y los corderos se pesaron cada 15 días y se registró la mortalidad durante el experimento. El intervalo parto - primera ovulación en las hembras, se analizó con un ANOVA; el peso al destete y la ganancia diaria de peso en los corderos se evaluaron con un Análisis de Covarianza y los cambios de peso en las hembras con un análisis multivariado para mediciones repetidas en el tiempo. La proporción de hembras ovulando a los 105 d posparto y la mortalidad de los corderos se evaluaron con una prueba de x2. El anestro posparto en RS (83.2 + 5.5 días) fue mayor (P

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho ponderal de bezerros do nascimento aos 189 dias de vida. Foram utilizados 95 bezerros (55 Aberdeen Angus e 40 Hereford) manejados em campo nativo. A produção de leite das vacas foi estimada pelo método pesagem-mamada-pesagem, e o desempenho ponderal dos bezerros foi avaliado em intervalos de 21 dias a partir do nascimento. A parição foi dividida em época 1 (setembro) e época 2 (outubro). Para análise foram incluídos no modelo estatístico como efeitos fixos a raça das vacas, o sexo dos bezerros à época de parição, a ordem de parto e a gestação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, adotando-se 0,5 como nível crítico de probabilidade. A raça das mães influenciou o peso dos bezerros ao desmame, o ganho médio diário e a eficiência das vacas com 191,90 e 163,02 kg; 0,78 e 0,64 kg; e 45,24 e 39,40% para Aberdeen Angus e Hereford, respectivamente. Vacas multíparas superaram as primíparas nos pesos dos bezerros ao nascimento e ao desmame e no ganho médio diário. A época de nascimento afetou os pesos do bezerro ao nascimento e ao desmame, o ganho médio diário e a produção total de leite, cujos valores para setembro e outubro foram, respectivamente, 31,15 e 37,19 kg; 183,63 e 171,29 kg; 0,76 e 0,67 kg; e, 1605,04 e 1378,78 kg. Setembro foi o melhor período para peso do bezerro ao desmame, ganho médio diário e produção total de leite, enquanto outubro foi melhor apenas para o peso do bezerro ao nascimento. O desempenho dos bezerros não é influenciado pelo sexos nem pela prenhez da vaca.This research aimed at evaluating ponderal performance of the calves from birth to 189 days of age. Ninety-five calves were used (55 Aberdeen Angus and 40 Hereford), grazing natural pasture. Milk production of cows was estimated by the weight-suckled-weight method, and ponderal performance of the calves was evaluated in 21-day intervals from birth. Calving season was divided at time 1 (September) and time 2 (October). For analyses, it was included in the statistical model as fixed effects, breed of the cows, calf sex in the calving season, calving order and pregnancy. Data were submitted to statistical analyses, adopting 0.5 as critical levels of probability. Breed of the dams influenced calves weaning weight, average daily weight gain and cow efficiency, with 191.90 and 163.02 kg, 0.78 and 0.64 kg, and, 45.24 and 39.40%, for Aberdeen Angus and Hereford, respectively. Multiparous cows were superior to primiparous on weight of the calves on birth and on weaning on average daily weight gain. Calving season affected weights of the calves on birth and on weaning, average daily weight gain and total milk production with the following values for September and October: 31.15 and 37.19 kg; 183.63 and 171.29 kg; 0.76 and 0.67 kg; and, 1,605.04 and 1,378.78 kg, respectively. September was the best time for calf weight at weaning, average daily weight gain and total milk production, while October was better only for birth weight. Performance of calves is not influenced by their sex neither by pregnancy.

Sows produce a larger number of fetuses than before and these fetuses possess genetic potentials to grow faster than before. Recent comparison shows that a porcine fetus is 40% heavier than 40 years ago. Thus the nutritional management of sows has been updated to reflect these genetic changes. Our recent study quantified nutritional needs for sows to support the growth of fetuses and mammary glands during gestation. Amino acid needs for fetal growth and mammary growth during late gestation (d 70 to farrowing) significantly greater than those needs during early gestation (until d 70). Considering these increases, daily requirement of true ileal digestible Lys for a primiparous sows increases from 7 g (until d 70) to 15 g (d 70 to farrowing). Required qualities of proteins (i.e., amino acid ratios) also change with an advance of pregnancy as maternal, fetal, and mammary tissues have their unique amino acid compositions. Thus, if the feed does not provide sufficient amounts and qualities of proteins, sows can be under a severe catabolic status during late gestation, especially during late gestation. Sows under a conventional feeding program had increased litter weight variations at farrowing (19%) compared with early gestation (3.0%). Our recent study also shows that sows under a conventional feeding program have a dramatic increase in a systemic oxidative stress during late gestation compared with early gestation when measured by plasma α-tocopherol (56% decrease), plasma retinol (57% decrease), and DNA damage in white blood cells (125% increase) which were sustained until the early lactation period. Increased oxidative damages in sows negatively affect the growth and health of fetuses as well as postpartum growth. Sow feeding during late gestation should reflect the changed needs for amino acids and antioxidants. Phase feeding or top dressing could be a practical solution to provide sufficient nutrients during late gestation.Matrizes produzem maior número de fetos que antes, e esses fetos possuem potencial genético para crescer mais rapidamente que antes. Comparação recente mostra que um feto suíno é 40% maior que há 40 anos. Assim, o manejo nutricional das fêmeas foi atualizado para refletir essas alterações genéticas. Nosso estudo recente quantificou as necessidades nutricionais de porcas para suportar o crescimento do feto e da glândula mamária durante a gestação. Aminoácidos são mais necessários para o crescimento fetal e crescimento mamário durante a gestação tardia (d 70 a parição) do que durante a gestação precoce (até 70 d). Considerando estes aumentos, a exigência diária de lisina digestível ileal verdadeira de porcas primíparas aumenta de 7 g (até 70 d) a 15 g (70 d a parição). Qualidades de proteínas exigidas (ou seja, relação de aminoácidos) também mudam com antecedência de gravidez, como materno e fetal, e tecidos mamários têm suas próprias composições de aminoácidos. Assim, se a alimentação não fornecer quantidade suficiente e qualidade de proteínas, as fêmeas podem estar sob severo estado catabólico durante a gestação tardia. Matrizes sob um programa de alimentação convencional apresentaram variações no peso ao parto (19%) em comparação à gestação precoce (3,0%). Nosso estudo recente também mostra que as porcas sob um programa de alimentação convencional apresentaram aumento severo de estresse oxidativo sistêmico na gestação tardia em comparação à gestação precoce, quando medido por plasma alfa-tocoferol (diminuição de 56%) e retinol plasmático (redução de 57%), e dano de DNA em células brancas do sangue (aumento de 125%), que foram mantidas até o período de lactação. Aumentos de danos oxidativos em porcas afetam negativamente o crescimento e a saúde dos fetos, bem como o crescimento pós-parto. A alimentação de porcas durante a gestação tardia deve refletir as necessidades de mudança para aminoácidos e antioxidantes. A fase de alimentação ou cobertura poderia ser uma solução prática para fornecer nutrientes suficientes durante a gestação tardia.

OBJETIVO: verificar a associação entre a disfunção oral e os fatores socioeconômicos, variáveis relacionadas à mãe e ao recém-nascido com o desempenho da mamada, durante as primeiras 48 horas de vida. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, analítico, realizado em uma maternidade pública do Recife-PE. Foram entrevistadas todas as mães de crianças nascidas a termo entre abril e julho de 2008, perfazendo 588 binômios mãe/recém-nascido. A avaliação do sistema sensório motor oral do neonato e avaliação da mamada foram elaboradas, codificando-se como zero quando o item era "esperado/normal" e um quando "não esperado/de risco". A soma total dos itens "não esperados/de risco" resultou em um Índice de Disfunção Oral e um Índice de Avaliação da Mamada. RESULTADOS: verificou-se que 57,3% dos binômios mães/recém-nascidos apresentavam alteração da mamada, 43,9% apresentavam 1 e/ou 2 alterações e 13,4% maior número de alterações. A frequência de disfunção oral foi de aproximadamente 30%. Na análise de regressão logística entre as variáveis incluídas, apenas a disfunção oral manteve-se associada significativamente com o insucesso da mamada. Crianças com maior número alterações da função oral apresentaram chance 4 vezes maior de ter alteração da mamada. CONCLUSÕES: sendo as disfunções orais uma das causas para o não estabelecimento da lactação, estas devem ser identificadas precocemente, visto que podem ser corrigidas, evitando o desmame. As maternidades devem possuir equipe capacitada no manejo do aleitamento, com um profissional que dê atenção especial às alterações do sistema sensório motor oral.PURPOSE: to check the association between oral dysfunction and socioeconomic factors, variables related to the mother and to the newborn as well breastfeeding performance during the first 48 hours of life. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, analytical, carried out at a public maternity of Recife (PE - Brazil). All mothers of full-term newborns were attended between April and July 2008, totaling 588 mother/infant pairs. The assessment of the oral motor sensory system of the child and breastfeeding performance were developed, coded as a zero when the item was "expected / normal" and one where "not expected and risk." The total sum of the items "not expected and risk" resulted in an Index of Oral Dysfunction and an Index of Breastfeeding Performance. RESULTS: it was found that 57.3% of the mother/infant pairs had change of feeding, 43.9% had 1 and/or 2 changes and 13.4% greater number of changes. The frequency of oral dysfunction was approximately 30%. In logistic regression analysis among the included variables, just the oral dysfunction remained significantly associated with the failure of breastfeeding. Children with many changes in oral function showed a 4 times greater chance to get feeding alteration. CONCLUSIONS: oral dysfunction is one of the causes for non-establishment of lactation, and should be identified early, as it may be corrected, thereby avoiding weaning. The maternity staff should be trained in breastfeeding management, with a healthcare professional that offers special care for abnormalities in the oral motor sensory system.

Flaxseed intake has increased owing to beneficial effects to health and prevention of diseases. Provided that it's an important source of lignan, a phytoestrogen, the present study aimed at evaluating the possible effect of the intake of this seed during lactation upon prostate, sexual hormones and lipidic profile of the offspring in adult life. Material and methods: 16 female Wistar rats were used. After delivery, they were divided into two different groups to receive one of the following diets during lactation: Control group (CG), with a casein based diet and Flaxseed group (FG), with a flaxseed based diet containing 25% flaxseed. At weaning, male pups received commercial chow until adult life (170 days old), when they were sacrificed. Results: No differences were perceived concerning offspring food intake and body weight at 170 days. There was a reduction in total cholesterol levels (FG = 45.71 ± 8.96 mg/dL; CG = 63.43 ± 15.69 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and triglycerides (FG = 54.29 ± 11.10 mg/dL; CG = 79.86 ± 25.68 mg/dL, p = 0.03). Also, no alterations were observed in prostatic morphology, testosterone or estradiol levelsin the two groups analyzed. Conclusion: Flaxseed intake during lactation did not produce histological alterations in prostatic alveolus or in sexual hormones, but programmed to a reduction in lipid profile in adult life with decreased cardiovascular risk.El consumo de la linaza ha aumentado debido a los efectos beneficiosos para la salud y la prevención de enfermedades. Siendo una importante fuente de lignanos, un fitoestrógeno, el presente estudio evaluó los efectos de la administración de esta semilla durante la lactación en la próstata, las hormonas sexuales y perfil lipídico de loshijos en la vida adulta. Material y métodos: Fueron utilizados 16 ratones Wistar hembras. Después del parto fueron divididas en dos grupos recibiendo durante la lactación las siguientes dietas: Grupo Control (GC), con ración a base de caseína y Grupo Linaza (GL), con ración a base de caseína conteniendo 25% de semilla de linaza. En el destete, las crías machos pasaron a recibir ración comercial hasta la edad adulta, cuando fueron muertos a los 170 días de vida. Resultados: No fueron verificadas diferencias sobre el consumo alimentario y peso corporal de los animales a los 170 días. Hubo una reducción en los niveles de colesterol total (GL = 45,71 ± 8,96 mg/dL; GC = 63,43 ± 15,69 mg/dL, p = 0,02) y triglicéridos (GL = 54,29 ± 11,10 mg/dL; GC = 79,86 ± 25,68 mg/dL, p = 0,03). Además, no se observaron alteraciones en la morfología de la próstata, la testosterona o los niveles de estradiol en los dos grupos analizados. Conclusión: La administración de la semilla durante la lactación no promueve alteraciones histológicas en los alvéolos de próstata o en las hormonas sexuales, pero programado para una reducción en el perfil lipídico en la vida adulta con una disminución del riesgo cardiovascular.

En Chile el consumo de EPA y DHA es mucho menor a las recomendaciones internacionales. Para mejorar el aporte de omega-3 en el embarazo y lactancia desarrollamos una bebida láctea fortificada con 60 mg de DHA y 14 mg de EPA por 200/ml. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar su efecto en embarazo, parto y recién nacido, composición lipídica de los glóbulos rojos y de la leche materna. Se estudió una cohorte de embarazadas que recibieron dos Kg/mes del nuevo producto (GE n = 175) o la misma cantidad de la leche en polvo que distribuye el Ministerio de Salud (GC n =177). Se analizó consumo de la bebida láctea y otros alimentos fuentes de EPA y DHA y las características del embarazo, parto y recién nacido. En una submuestra de cada grupo se analizó al ingreso y a los 60 días la composición de los ácidos grasos de membranas del glóbulo rojo de la madre y de la leche materna a los 2 meses post parto. El 16 y 53% de la muestra no consumía pescado o mariscos respectivamente y menos del 25% consumía pescado en forma semanal. La intervención aumentó el aporte diario de DHA de 48,8 mg (IC 38,7 - 57,5) a 147,8 mg (IC 128,4 - 167,9) (p < 0,001). El GE tuvo mayores niveles de DHA en los fosfolípidos de la membrana del glóbulo rojo materno: 17,9% (IC 12,9 - 23,0) versus 11,1% (IC10,2 - 13,0) p < 0,002 y aumentó en 50% la concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 en la leche materna (p 0,06). Se observó menor prevalencia de partos pretérminos en el GE (2,8 vs 10,6%), aunque sin significación estadística. La bebida láctea logró un aumento significativo del consumo de DHA en el embarazo y lactancia y una mejoría de la composición de ácidos grasos en el glóbulo rojo y leche materna, sugiriendo que es una buena estrategia de intervención en esta población.EPA and DHA consumption in Chile is markedly below international daily intake recommendations. For improvement of such low intake level, we developed a fortified powdered dairy drink, containing 60 mg/serving of DHA and 14 mg/serving of EPA. Objectives: to evaluate the effects of DHA consumption during pregnancy, parturition, and in the newborn, on lipid composition of red blood cell membranes and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk during lactation. One hundred and seventy five (175) pregnant women received 2 kg/month of the fortified powdered dairy drink (GE), and 177 received the regular milk provided by the Ministry of Health (GC). We monitored daily intake of the dairy drink and all other sources of DHA and EPA in the diet, and measured general biological indicators during pregnancy, parturition, and in the new born. On a subsample of 14 women on each group (GE and GC), we measured fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes after 0 and 60 days of consumption with the fortified dairy drink, and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk after 2 months of lactation. Of all women in the study, 16% had no consumption of fish, and 53% had no consumption of sea food. Less than 25 % of all women had fish on a weekly basis. Consumption of the fortified dairy drink tripled intake of DHA, from 48.8 mg/day (CI 38.7-57.5) to 147.8 mg/day (CI 128.4-167.9) (p

Introducción y objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia y duración de la lactancia materna (LM). Describir la evolución del peso en el primer año de vida y la demanda de consultas al pediatra en relación al tipo de lactancia. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal. Datos retrospectivos. Se recogió una muestra aleatoria de historias clínicas de niños nacidos entre 2000 y 2005. Se estimó la prevalencia de lactancia natural al inicio, a los tres y seis meses. Se elaboró un índice de deserción para la duración. Se comparó el peso medio y el número de consultas al pediatra con el tipo de lactancia. Resultados: Iniciaron la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) un 63,5 % (IC 95%: 58,6-64,5). A los seis meses permanecen un 22,6 % (IC 95%: 18,4-26,9). Un 80,5% (IC 95%: 75,4-84,6) comienzan lactancia materna total -exclusiva o mixta- (LMT). El 43,4 % de los niños que empezaron con LME abandonaron a los tres meses y el 64,4% a los seis; mientras que los de LMT tienen índices de deserción menores, un 26,5% y un 54,4% a los tres y a los seis meses, respectivamente. Los niños con lactancia materna mixta (LMM) suelen tener un peso medio mayor. Los alimentados con la LME hasta los seis meses, consultan al pediatra, un promedio de 4,5 veces durante el primer año. Los de lactancia artificial en unas 6,5 ocasiones. Ambas medias son significativas estadísticamente (p < 0,007). Conclusiones: La lactancia materna en esta población se aparta de las recomendaciones de la OMS. Los resultados apuntan a que la LME conlleva una evolución del peso del niño más adecuada y una menor morbilidad, al menos en el primer año de vida.Objective: To estimate the prevalence and the average length of Lactation. To describe the development of the weight during the first year of life and the demand of paediatric consultations in relation to the type of lactation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using retrospective data. There was gathered a random sample of clinical histories of born children between years 2000 and 2005. There was estimated the prevalence of breast-feeding from the beginning until three and six months. An index of global desertion was elaborated. The average weight and the number of paediatric consultations were related to the type of lactation. Results: The children initiate exclusive breastfeeding (MEL) in a 63.5% (CI 95%: 58.6-64.5). 22.6% amount them (IC 95%: 18.4-26.9) remained it until six months age. After three months of MEL 43.4% of the subjects gave up exclusively lactation. At the age of six months only 33.6% remained with MEL. Mixed form of lactation (MTL) was kept in 80.5% of the subjects (IC 95%: 75.4-84.6). Children included in the program of MTL (exclusive or mixed) have a minor index of desertion (26.5% and 54.4% up to three and six months, respectively). A higher weight was detected in children with mixed lactation. Those on the MEL up to six months consulted the paediatrician 4.5 times a year, whereas children with artificial lactation did it 6.5 times during their first year of life. There were statistically significant differences found (p < 0.007). Conclusions: Percentage of lactation in the group studied is far from recommended levels (WHO). Exclusive breastfeeding (MEL) entails a suitable weight development, as well as a minor morbidity in the first year of life.

Recently published data concerning dietary intake of fat and food sources of (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in Brazil are reviewed together with data on biochemical indices of PUFA status during pregnancy and lactation and PUFA composition of breast milk in Brazilian adolescents and adults. Potential inadequacies of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status among Brazilian pregnant and lactating women have not yet been thoroughly evaluated. The data reviewed show that dietary intake of food sources of n-3 LCPUFA is low and possibly deficient in Brazil, and that biochemical indices of maternal DHA status and breast milk DHA content are low compared to the international literature. These data indicate inadequate DHA status among Brazilian women during pregnancy and lactation, but this evidence needs confirmation through comprehensive and specific population-based studies.Son revisadas informaciones publicadas recientemente sobre la ingestión de tipos de grasas alimenticias y fuentes de alimentos de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) n-3 en Brasil, junto con índices bioquímicos del estado nutricional para AGPI en gestantes y nutrices y la composición en AGPI en la leche de mujeres brasileras adultas y adolescentes. Posibles inadecuaciones del estado nutricional del ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) en las gestantes y nutrices brasileras aún no fueron investigadas con amplitud y profundidad suficientes en Brasil. Los datos considerados muestran que la ingestión dietética de fuentes de alimentos de AGPI-CL n-3 en Brasil y baja e insuficiente. Así mismo, los índices bioquímicos del estado nutricional materno para el DHA y la proporción de DHA en la leche de mujeres brasileras adultas y adolescentes son bajos, cuando se comparan con datos internacionales. Estos datos indican posible estado inadecuado para el DHA en gestantes y nutrices brasileras, pero estas evidencias merecen confirmación por medio de estudios poblacionales amplios y específicos.São revistas informações publicadas recentemente sobre a ingestão de tipos de gorduras alimentícias e fontes alimentares de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa (AGPI-CL) n-3 no Brasil, juntamente com índices bioquímicos do estado nutricional para AGPI em gestantes e nutrizes e a composição em AGPI no leite de mulheres brasileiras adultas e adolescentes. Possíveis inadequações do estado nutricional do ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) nas gestantes e nutrizes brasileiras ainda não foram investigadas com abrangência e profundidade suficientes no Brasil. Os dados considerados mostram que a ingestão dietética de fontes alimentares de AGPI-CL n-3 no Brasil é baixa e insuficiente. Além disso, os índices bioquímicos do estado nutricional materno para o DHA e o teor de DHA no leite de mulheres brasileiras adultas e adolescentes são baixos, quando comparados com dados internacionais. Estes dados indicam possível estado inadequado para o DHA em gestantes e nutrizes brasileiras, mas estas evidências merecem confirmação por meio de estudos populacionais abrangentes e específicos.