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Introduction and objective. Receiving a cancer diagnosis can lead to significant mental distress, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive medical care that includes psychological support. Effective psycho-oncological therapy can help patients find fulfillment regardless of their prognosis, while also improving overall outcomes and treatment adherence. This article aims to review the medical literature on the mental health challenges faced by cancer patients and to explore potential treatment modalities. Review methods. Implementing Google Scholar and PubMed, a literature analysis was conducted, with particular attention paid to terms like "psychooncology," "anxiety," "depression," "cancer," "grief," and "PTSD." The period of consideration for articles was from 2017 to 2024. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Grief, anxiety, PTSD, despair, and other mental health problems can arise after receiving a cancer diagnosis. In order to improve treatment adherence and survival rates, psychological well-being must be addressed. Empirical evidence indicates that psychological disorders can hinder adherence to therapy and elevate the risk of death from cancer. Furthermore, as families often endure significant stress throughout the disease, psychological care is beneficial to both patients and their relatives. It is possible to enhance adherence and reduce symptoms by using an integrated strategy that takes into consideration both physical and mental health. Conclusions. An essential part of holistic cancer care is psycho-oncology, which enhances patients' general health and quality of life. Psycho-oncological therapy must be incorporated into standard cancer care in order to improve treatment outcomes and assist patients in overcoming their condition.

CRC occupies one of the leading positions among gastrointestinal malignancies and is a significant problem in Europe since it is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer. Recent developments in diagnostic techniques have led to higher chances of early diagnosis and survival; nevertheless, CRC is highly likely to relapse in the survivorably younger individuals. The importance of the current chemotherapy treatment and potential key therapeutic targets are identified in this review so that the molecular alterations causing drug resistance in CRC can be studied.Current literature formed the basis of this review by reviewing the molecular processes that underlie CRC, with emphasis on the mutational alterations in genes such as SENP1, KRAS, APC, TP53, and BRAF that play critical roles in CRC and resistance to treatment. Chemotherapy for CRC, targeting therapies, and immuno therapies have been discussed particularly with reference to their effectiveness for treatment and overcoming resistance.Genomic alterations in some important genes are involved in the onset of CRC and also determined the response to therapies. The KRAS mutations are associated with the resistance to EGFR inhibitors; however, BRAF mutations require BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Lack of MMR system SSR as a trigger for MSI-H status suggests a better response to immunotherapies. In addition, new molecules including SENP1, which involved the DNA repair pathway, and combination using CDK4/6 inhibitors are currently under development to overcome resistance and enhance the patients’ benefits.Colorectal cancer is still a problem, primarily because of its genetic character and high rates of recurrence. Even though chemotherapy and targeted therapies offer helpful results, the problem of resistance stands in the way. Subsequent studies should aim at symptomatic treatment outcomes and combine different drugs in order to enhance long-term treatment outcomes.

The paper aims at developing recommendations for improving procedural laws and guiding case law related to reasons for a supreme court to overrule its universally binding legal opinions with a particular emphasis on relevant Ukrainian legal context as a perfectly illustrative example. This research purpose prompts the reliance on a set of appropriate scientific methods of descriptive and comparative law research including the comparative analysis itself as a fundamental instrument for review of relevant legal material, as well as the structural, analytical and law-in-context scientific methods. The paper covers, in particular, a)Ukrainian statutory framework and case law regulating of the Supreme Court of Ukraine's departure from its legal opinions; b)concepts of overrulingprecedents of the highest courts of the most developed countries with common law legal system; c)current views of scientific community and prospects of development of the relevant case lawon Supreme Court of Ukraineoverruling its legal opinions.The authors maintain that it is extremely important to substantiate compelling reasons for a supreme court to review its vision of the correct application of the Law, exposing the reasons for considering the previous one defective, to the extent that it leads tofundamental negative consequences

Objective. To understand the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) experiences of migrant women and girls of reproductive age (15–49 years) from the Northern Triangle of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras) during their journey to the United States. Methods. A descriptive, qualitative research design included 39 in-depth interviews with migrant women and unaccompanied migrant girls from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras from January to June 2022. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results. Migrant women and girls lack information and resources to manage their SRH during migration. The SRH of those traveling with smugglers is compromised due to their limited access to menstrual pads, water and sanitation services; the risks of transactional sex and sexual violence; the high risk of sexually transmitted infections; the inability to report sexual violence; the lack of access to SRH and prenatal services; and limited knowledge about their sexual and reproductive rights. Conclusions. There is a significant need for improved interventions during the predeparture phase of migration to inform migrant women and girls about the SRH risks they may encounter and to provide information and resources to support their SRH throughout their journey. Special attention should be directed towards trying to reach girls and women who will travel with smugglers.

Objective. To identify sexual risk behaviors and barriers to sexual and reproductive health care (SRH) among Venezuelan female sex workers living in the Dominican Republic. Methods. This was a mixed-methods study using four focus group discussions (FGDs) and a cross-sectional quantitative survey with Venezuelan migrant female sex workers. The study was conducted from September through October 2021 in two urban areas (Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata) in the Dominican Republic. Information collected from the FGDs was analyzed using thematic content analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. Data analysis was conducted from 30 November 2021 to 20 February 2022. Results. In all, 40 Venezuelan migrant female sex workers with a median (range) age of 33 (19-49) years participated in the FGDs and survey. The FDGs identified barriers to SRH services, including immigration status and its implications for formal employment and health access, mental wellbeing, quality-of-life in the Dominican Republic, navigating sex work, perceptions of sex work, SRH knowledge, and limited social support. Findings of the quantitative analysis indicated that most participants reported feeling depressed (78%), lonely/isolated (75%), and having difficulty sleeping (88%). Participants reported an average of 10 sexual partners in the past 30 days; 55% had engaged in sexual practices while under the influence of alcohol; and only 39% had used a condom when performing oral sex in the past 30 days. Regarding AIDS/HIV, 79% had taken an HIV test in the past 6 months, and 74% knew where to seek HIV services. Conclusions. This mixed-methods study found that nationality and social exclusion have a multilayered influence on migrant female sex workers, sexual risk behaviors, and access to health care. Recommendations for effective evidence-based interventions to address sexual health knowledge need to be implemented to address risky sexual behaviors, improve access to SRH, and reduce affordability barriers.

Resenha de: FURTADO, Júnia. O quebra-cabeças africano: como um embaixador português, um geógrafo francês, um escritor inglês e um pirata imaginário transformaram a cartografia da África e abriram as portas para o imperialismo. Belo Horizonte: Miguilim, 2022. 509 p.

Jednym z dążeń józefinizmu było utworzenie autonomicznego Kościoła narodowego, połączonego z Rzymem. W realizację tego zadania wpisywał się nurt „antyzakonny” w polityce kościelnej Austrii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ustawodawstwa austriackiego (w omawianym okresie) dotyczącego kwestii zakonnych. Należy pamiętać, że są to przepisy wydane przez panujących cesarzy, a nie instrukcje, komentarze, zalecenia wydawane przez Gubernium we Lwowie. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują przepisy Marii Teresy oraz Józefa II. Pierwsza podkreślała nie tylko suwerenność państwa wobec Kościoła, ale także nadrzędność i prawo kontroli w sprawach, które powinny być domeną władzy cywilnej. Interesom państwa miały być podporządkowane wszystkie dziedziny życia i instytucje, włączając w to również zakony. Z kolei Józef II swoją reformą objął całą dziedzinę życia zakonnego, także tę wewnętrzną, gdzie posuwał się do regulowania zbyt drobiazgowych kwestii. W swoich przepisach chciał odseparować zakony od wpływu kurii rzymskiej, a oddać je pod władzę biskupów krajowych, na których rząd mógł wywierać większy wpływ.

The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled “Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules” refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people.

“Particular Churches, in which and from which, the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration” (canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law). In December 2016, the Bishop of Tarnów convened the 5th Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów. The main purpose of a Synod – in the opinion of the Bishop of Tarnów – was to demonstrate the spiritual, pastoral and material heritage of the Christ’s Church in the Diocese of Tarnów; to revive faith, hope and love in the personal and community relationship with Christ in the Church; and to indicate new pastoral ways in the changeability of the world towards the unchangeability of Christ. Taking this into consideration the article analyzes the following issues: the definition of a synod; the purpose of a synod; convocation of and presiding over a diocesan synod; the preparation of a synod; Pope Francis about synodality, and finally “The Church is our neighbour” – a synod as an expression of love for the Church.

To what extend the circulation of scientific knowledge was shaped by the European imperial geopolitics in the late-eighteenth century? Recruited to fulfill tasks increasingly considered essential to the very workings of imperial administrations, scientific practitioners of the time paradoxically seem to make use precisely of this encroachment in state apparatuses to secure some degree of autonomy for their nascent field. Thus, every material form of circulation of scientific information must be ultimately understood as an act of political consequences. Here we present these ideas through the analysis of two concrete scientific artifacts, which can exemplify the circulation of scientific information inside and across empires: two atlases, one terrestrial and one celestial (the latter being a version of Flamsteed’s famous atlas of 1729, by way of intermediate French editions), produced in Portugal at the turn of the nineteenth century. Discarding the simple assumption that such cartographic artifacts might have a “utilitarian” use to Portuguese imperial administration, we aim to insist on their political and communicative nature, grounded on their modes of participation in trans-imperial pathways of circulation of knowledge, people, practices, and models of scientific authority (entangling Britain, France, and the Americas in multiple time scales). We also highlight how the atlases contribute to the affirmation of new patriotic science in Portugal, and explore the markedly didactic vocation of both objects, which also stress the question of the recruitment and reproduction of a new kind of imperial elite.

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

La entrevista recorre distintos temas transversales a la obra de la dramaturga, escritora y performer Lola Arias, desde Mi vida después (2009) hasta Futureland (2019), como el uso de los archivos públicos y personales, la tensión entre arte y política, la relación entre experiencia e historia, y su perspectiva acerca del espacio teatral, el trabajo con lo biográfico y la traducción.

This article analyses the last four synods of the diocese of Tarnów, highlighting their structure and course. Diocesan synods grow out of the needs of the particular Church; they shape the ecclesial reality most clearly by the formulated disciplinary, pastoral and spiritual proposals, reaching the very basic ecclesiastical and social environments. Each synod has its specific meaning in the history of the diocese, and its impact is certainly not limited to the formulated proposals. A diocesan synod has a very important function in the process of formation of the particular Church. The synods of the Diocese of Tarnów were the place of meeting of and dialogue between the bishop, the clergy and the laity of the Church in Tarnów. The present article discusses five points : ”Legal grounds”, “First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1928”, “Second Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1938”, “Third Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1948”, “Fourth Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1986”.

The mission of the Church is evangelisation and not acquisition of capital. It is good if the Church has sufficient financial means necessary to fulfil its mission. The Catholic Church has the inherent right, independently of any secular power, to acquire, retain, administer and alienate temporal goods, in pursuit of its proper objectives (can. 1254 of the Code of Canon Law). In order to fulfil its mission in the world, the Church needs to be supported by appropriate material goods and the freedom to administer them. The Code of Canon Law of 1983 introduced a new regulation regarding ecclesiastical property, so as to make sure that the Church could better suit the concept of a “poor Church” that, being in the need of economic resources to achieve its goals, focuses on the instrumental task of such resources: so that the faithful fulfilled their duty in the form of helping in maintaining the Church and its works as part of their fundamental rights and obligations related to the temporal goods; so that spiritual goal of ecclesiastical offices was emphasised and the revenues received were justly distributed. The Polish Episcopal Conference on 25 August 2015 approved the Instruction on the Administration of Ecclesiastical Temporal Goods. In the present article four points will be discussed: The right of the Church to the acquisition, holding and alienating of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the acquisition of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the administration of temporal goods and contracts; the Remuneration for priests.

A parish is a certain community of the Christian faithful constituted in a particular church, whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor ( parochus ) as its proper pastor ( pastor ) under the authority of the diocesan bishop. This article takes up the idea of entrusting the parish to an institute or society. The entrusting of a parish can be made either perpetually or for a specific, predetermined time. In either case, it is to be made by means of a written agreement between the diocesan bishop and the competent superior of the institute or society, which expressly and accurately defines, among other things, the work to be accomplished, the persons to be assigned to the parish, and the financial arrangements.

The objective of this work was to obtain transgenic tomato plants expressing the PfCP-2.9 protein (a chimera of the antigens MSP1 and AMA1 of Plasmodium falciparum). Cotyledons of seven-day-old tomatoes, cultivar Summers, were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic expression in the T0 plants was verified in the DNA extracted from fruits. PCR analysis was used to test the presence of the gene of interest in the T1 generation. Reverse transcriptase PCR provided evidence of gene expression at the RNA level, and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of the protein of interest in the T1 plants. This is the first report of successful transformation with the expression of a malaria antigen (PfCP-2.9) in transgenic tomato plants from the T0 and T1 generations.O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter plantas transgênicas de tomate que expressem a proteína PfCP-2.9 (uma quimera dos antígenos MSP1 e AMA1 de Plasmodium falciparum). Cotilédones de tomate, cultivar Summers, com sete dias de idade, foram transformados via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A expressão transgênica nas plantas T0 foi verificada no DNA extraído dos frutos. A análise por PCR foi utilizada para testar a presença do gene de interesse na geração T1. A evidência da expressão do gene no RNA foi constatada por meio da PCR de transcriptase reversa, e a análise "Western blot" confirmou a presença da proteína de interesse nas plantas T1. Este é o primeiro relato de transformação bem sucedida com a expressão de um antígeno da malária (PfCP-2,9) em plantas transgênicas de tomate da geração T0 e T1.

The objective of this work was to obtain transgenic tomato plants expressing the PfCP-2.9 protein (a chimera of the antigens MSP1 and AMA1 of Plasmodium falciparum). Cotyledons of seven-day-old tomatoes, cultivar Summers, were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic expression in the T0 plants was verified in the DNA extracted from fruits. PCR analysis was used to test the presence of the gene of interest in the T1 generation. Reverse transcriptase PCR provided evidence of gene expression at the RNA level, and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of the protein of interest in the T1 plants. This is the first report of successful transformation with the expression of a malaria antigen (PfCP-2.9) in transgenic tomato plants from the T0 and T1 generations.

During this year’s homily on Holy Thursday Pope Benedict XVI explored the subject of priestly obedience. He drew attention to some European priests’ incitement to disobedience which ignored the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church. This article argues for the importance and role of priestly obedience in the Catholic Church. Firstly, it identifies the nature of obedience through a close examination of the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Secondly, it identifies Pope Paul VI teaching on obedience through the magisterium of the Church. Finally, the nature of obedience in the Code of the Canon Law from 1983 onwards as well as practical manifestations of obedience pursuant to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples is discussed.

Si bien la utilización de tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICs) está presente en los principales esfuerzos de modernización de la administración pública de los últimos años, paradójicamente este fenómeno no ha concitado la debida atención de aquellos que se dedican a estudiar los procesos de reforma del sector público. En este sentido, y desde una mirada que combina elementos de la ciencia política y de la administración, el presente trabajo pretende analizar los avances y desafíos que implica la utilización de TICs para mejorar la gestión pública, a partir del caso del municipio de Morón, en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). La estrategia metodológica de la investigación está basada en un estudio instrumental de caso, en el cual el caso interesa no sólo por sí mismo sino principalmente para comprender en general los desafíos y oportunidades que los gobiernos locales enfrentan para hacer un uso intensivo de las TICs orientado a fortalecer la gestión pública local

The Code of Canon Law of John Paul II sets forth in can. 998 as follows: “The anointing of the sick, by which the Church commends to the suffering and glori fi ed Lord the faithful who are dangerously ill, so that he may support and save them, is conferred by anointing them with oil and pronouncing the words prescribed in the liturgical books”. Through this sacramental entrusting of a sick person, the Church shows redemptive action taken by the Christ himself, who shall support the sick person with the power of God’s grace in suffering, impatience, fear, and above all in physical and spiritual weakness as well as in experienced doubts and weakening in faith. A family and persons ministering the sick (priests, hospital chaplains) should earlier take care of proper instructing about the nature of anointing of the sick and adequate preparation of the sick to receive this grace from the healing Christ. This may take place through conversation, catechesis, supporting with words of faith and common prayer, arousing a wish to receive the Christ in the mystery of anointing. This article consists of seven points: 1. The letter from James as the starting point of the discussion; 2. Several historical facts; 3. Catechism of the Catholic Church concerning the sacrament of the anointing of the sick; 4. Sacramental grace; 5. Who should and can receive the sacrament of the anointing; 6. People responsible for the better reception of the sacrament by the sick; 7. Conclusion.

La presente revisión de tema ojo seco está orientada a médicos no oftalmólogos. Se realiza un repaso de la anatomía del sistema lagrimal y fisiología básica de la película lagrimal. Se define el concepto de ojo seco, su importancia epidemiológica y su sintomatología. Se realiza un detallado análisis de la clasificación etiológica definiendo las diferencias entre hipolacrimea asociada o no a síndrome de Sjögren y ojo seco evaporativo de causa intrínseca y extríniseca, con énfasis en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes. Se entrega una visión que da cuenta de la complejidad, envergadura y condición multifactorial de este problema de salud visual y se hace énfasis en la necesidad de identificar de manera integral el tipo de ojo seco para poder instalar un tratamiento basado en la corrección del mecanismo subyacente y no a través de aproximación sintomática de la terapia.

O artigo evidencia a importância das práticas cartográficas no âmbito das instituições militares portuguesas nos finais do século XVIII. Enfoca, especialmente, a atuação da Sociedade Real Marítima e Militar, fundada em 1798, para executar, difundir e controlar a produção cartográfica sobre os domínios portugueses. Os mapas e os roteiros geográficos preparados pelos cartógrafos da Sociedade no curso das expedições de reconhecimento e demarcação territorial conformaram a matriz espacial fixada nas primeiras décadas do século XIX, após o estabelecimento da corte portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro no ano de 1808. Visto a partir deste ângulo, consideramos que as projeções cartográficas idealizadas pelos reformadores ilustrados portugueses constituíram um instrumento de governabilidade do futuro Império do Brasil.

Este artigo analisa a formação do mito da ilha Brasil e suas representações na cartografia dos séculos XVI e XVII, além das formas de apropriação e reapropriação posterior desse mito com fins diplomáticos.This article analyses the formation of Brazil's island myth and how it was represented in the XVI and XVII cartography. It also discusses how this myth was used and reused for diplomatic porpoises.

El principal propósito del sistema GPS es el de determinar la posición y la velocidad de un objeto fijo, o móvil, sobre la superficie terrestre o próximo de ella, utilizando señales de 24 satélites en órbita terrestre. Debido al efecto de la ionosfera en la propagación de las ondas electromagnéticas, transmitidas por los satélites GPS en 1575,42 y 1227,60 MHz, es posible deducir el contenido eletrónico total (TEC), utilizando los mismos datos de GPS que normalmente son utilizados en navegación. El TEC es el número de electrones libres a lo largo de la trayectoria de la onda electromagnética, entre cada satélite y el receptor. El TEC es un importante parámetro geofísico que tiene, también, aplicaciones en la corrección de medidas de navegación con receptores de frecuencia única. Este trabajo presenta la metodología que fue utilizada para obtener las variaciones diurnas y latitudinales del TEC vertical, sobre la región brasileña, con el uso de datos de receptores de doble frecuencia del «Global Positioning System». También son mostrados algunos resultados preliminares y se propone un nuevo método de obtención del atraso instrumental. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2000.39.1.300

Proclaiming God’s Word is one of the most important tasks of the Church. God’s Word is the gift to the whole Church. It is first of all the presbyters who take part in the forwarding of this Word. Proclamation of God’s Word is the duty and the right stemming from accepted by them sacrament of ordination. Magisterium of the Church, especially Apostolic exhortation Verbum Domini dealing with God’s Word in the life and mission of the Church, talks in several passages about issues connected with proclamation of this Word by presbyters. The papal document gives tips for the priests, relating to preaching sermons, praying with Liturgy of Hours, conducting services based on God’s Word and relating to the value of silence, celebratory proclamation of God’s Word in the church, biblical ministry, the place of God’s Word in religious instructions and priest’s life.

The Catholic Church’s teaching on the development of the nations is generally included in two documents: Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI and Sollicitudo rei socialis by John Paul II. This year marks the 25th anniversary of publishing the Encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, hence the motive for writing this article. A characteristic feature of the teaching of John Paul II, which we fi nd in this Encyclical, is the ethical dimension of development. The Pope repeatedly drew attention to the inequitable distribution of material goods in the world. He stressed that “True development, in keeping with the speci fi c needs of the human being – man or woman, child, adult or old person implies, especially for those who actively share in this process and are responsible for it, a lively awareness of the value of the rights of all and of each person. It likewise implies a lively awareness of the need to respect the right of every individual to the full use of the benefits offered by science and technology” Sollicitudo rei socialis 33. This article consists of the four following issues: 1. Populorum Progressio and a new analysis on the development of the nations; 2. The main motive for the publication of Sollicitudo rei socialis; 3. The concept of development in the teaching of John Paul II; 4. Topicality of the papal document – 25 years later.

O artigo explora dimensões geopolíticas da toponímia, registradas em documentos cartográficos, desde as reformas empreendidas pelo consulado pombalino em meados do século XVIII, até às primeiras décadas do século XIX, em meio ao processo de afirmação do Estado imperial pós-colonial.

Hicimos una intercomparaci6n entre los parámetros de altura hmF2, hpF2 y hmF2(M(3000)) deducidos de la curva h'(f) para identificar las condiciones y tendencias, si existiesen, bajo las cuales el hmF2, de acuerdo con el análisis de la altura verdadera de POLAN, podría ser mejor representado por cualquiera de los otros dos parámetros que son obtenidos por consideraciones simples. El análisis es efectuado para una estaci6n de latitud baja y otra ecuatorial, y para dos meses diferentes, representativos del verano y equinoccio locales. El análisis muestra que ambos, el hpF2 y el hmF2(M(3000)), son casi coincidentes durante la noche y dan una muy buena estimación del hmF2 (de acuerdo con el código POLAN), implicando que cualquiera de ellos puede ser usado para representar Ia altura del pico de la capa F2, dentro de la misma precisión. Sin embargo, durante el día el hpF2 da valores generalmente más altos que el hmF2(M(3000)), siendo la diferencia más pronunciada durante los meses de diciembre (verano local). Durante el día se observa también que el valor estimado de hmF2(M(3000)) supera el de hmF2 (obtenido de POLAN) en la estaci6n ecuatorial, y es inferior al mismo en la estaci6n de latitud baja, mientras que el valor de hpF2 es, en general, superior en ambas localidades.

W naturze człowieka jest zakorzeniona tendencja do zrzeszania się, po to, by osiągnąć wspólne cele. Pośród Rzymian to dążenie było manifestowane już od czasów monarchii i identyfikowało się w zakładaniu stowarzyszeń - collegia. Religia była jednym z fundamentalnych motywów zakładania stowarzyszeń. Stąd nie brakowało religijnych grup (collegia, amicitia, convictus, curia, magisterium, schola, sodalitium, etc.), które dysponowały miejscem sprawowania kultu oraz miały swoją strukturę hierarchiczną. W Imperium Rzymskim nie brakowało także stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych - Collegia tenuiorum. Tenuiores, byli to ludzie dysponujący niewielkimi zasobami ekonomicznymi, którzy zrzeszali się, czcząc jakieś bóstwo i zapewniając sobie w ten sposób godny pochówek. Do stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych zaliczano także Collegia domestica. Należeli do nich niewolnicy i libertyni bogatych rodzin, którzy płacąc miesięczne składki do wspólnej kasy i czcząc bożki larów, zapewniali sobie pochówek we wspólnym miejscu. Collegia chrześcijańskie pojawiają się także jako stowarzyszenia o charakterze religijnym. Nie brak autorów, jak m.in. Wilken, Benko czy De Rossi, którzy uważali, że pierwsze grupy chrześcijańskie imitowały model stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych. Kościół począwszy od III w. posiadał cmentarze i domy, które mógł wykorzystywać dla swoich celów. Większość grup chrześcijańskich w dużej mierze było jednak uzależnionych od osób bogatych, którzy pełnili funkcje patronów. Mówiąc o stowarzyszeniach w pierwszych wiekach chrześcijaństwa, nie sposób pominąć stowarzyszeń kapłańskich. Pierwsze z nich spotykamy w Jerozolimie. Dzieje Apostolskie opowiadając okoliczności powołania „Siedmiu”, milczą na temat pochodzenia prezbiterów. Ci pojawiają się, kiedy Kościół antiocheński przekazuje im pieniądze dla ofiar głodu, jaki panował wówczas w Judei. Prezbiterzy jawią się jako depozytariusze i administratorzy owej kolekty. Na soborze w Jerozolimie prezbiterzy wykonują także funkcję sędziów rozstrzygających sporne kwestie. Z kolei w epoce po-apostolskiej jawią się oni jako senat Boży i otaczają biskupa. Stowarzyszenia, w jakich zrzeszali się pierwsi chrześcijanie, nie były strukturą nową w znaczeniu oryginalności, nie były czymś wymyślonym przez chrześcijan. Ci jednak dokonując ich adaptacji, nadali im nowy wymiar.

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REIS, João José de Silva, Eduardo. Negociação e conflito: a resistencia negra no Brasil.

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The advent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain genotyping has allowed differentiation between disease relapse and exogenous re-infection. We report here a remarkable case of multiply recurrent tuberculosis in a patient living with HIV. Between 1995 and 2009, a young HIV-infected intravenous drug user, who was reluctant to comply with anti-retroviral treatment, underwent at least five tuberculosis episodes caused by three distinct M. tuberculosis strains sharply differentiated by drug susceptibility profile, genotype and infectious source. Eventually, the patient died during a relapse of tuberculosis due to a notorious multidrug-resistant outbreak-strain, which infected him during a prolonged hospitalization in the epicentre of such outbreak. Whether recurrent tuberculosis is due to a new infection or to reactivation of a previous one is a century-long controversial question. In our patient, both conditions alternated throughout his 15 years of living with HIV. Cases such as this might not be exceptional in certain underprivileged suburban areas of Argentina and should raise concern over three pending issues in tuberculosis control policies, namely secondary preventing therapy, institutional infection control and patient follow-up throughout the health network system.

Durante los últimos años, varios estudios han demostrado que la morbilidad y la mortalidad asociados con la esterilización tubaria concurrente con el aborto inducido no son más altas que las encontradas en esterilizaciones efectuadas en ausencia de embarazo. Desde marzo de 1975 hasta mayo de 1977 fueron esterilizadas 341 mujeres por su voluntad mediante laparoscopia, en el Instituto de Obstetricia y Ginecología de la Universidad Austral de Chile. De ellas, 99 (29.0%), fueron esterilizadas inmediatamente después del legrado uterino realizado como tratamiento de un aborto inevitable o incompleto. Las otras 242 mujeres fueron esterilizadas durante su periodo de intervalo (a lo menos seis semanas después del último parto o aborto). Una perforación simple y única de la pared abdominal con el laparoscopio fue el procedimiento planeado para la esterilización de todas las mujeres pertenecientes a este estudio e igualmente para todas ellas la oclusión tubaria se hizo mediante electrocoagulación y sección de ambas trompas. Los resultados mostraron que en dos casos por fallas técnicas no puedieron ser esterilizadas por laparoscopio debido a abesidad en uno, habiendo necesidad de laparotomía. Estos dos casos fueron excluídos del análisis posteriormente por variar procedimiento. El porcentaje de complicaciones fue el doble más alto en el grupo de intervalo (14.2 %). La complicación más frecuente en ambos grupos sangrado de trompas lo cual fue controlado por electrocoagulación.