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The use of water hyacinth’s dried matter (Eichhornia crasippes) as a support matrix for nano-MnO2 and its application for the removal of indigo carmine (IC) was studied. Different pretreatment processes were tested and results indicated that an acid-alkali pretreatment is an efficient method to binding nanoparticles (NPs) to cellulosic matrix. In adittion, the MnO2 NPs were synthesized by sonochemical reduction of MnO4- using different methods (ultrasonic horn system, ultrasonic bath and reaction with ethanol), where the influence of the precursor concentration was observed. The synthesized material was further characterized by ATR-IR, AAS, XRD, SEM, nitrogen isotherms adsorption, EDS, and pHpzc. The IC removal capacity of the nanostructured material, the chemical nature of the degradation products and the effect of various parameters (temperature, pH, initial IC concentration, among others) were explored in water samples. After this process, the material, obtained by the ultrasonic bath method, was able to remove 97.6% of IC color in five min, without losing dye degradability efficiency for several consecutive cycles. Through this approach, environmental dangerous effluents from many commercial activities such as textile industry can be efficiently removed with low cost, using synthesize process biodegradable nanocomposite materials.

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de obstrucción ureteral como complicación de la histerectomía vaginal (HV) o laparoscópica asistida vaginal (HLAV) con culdoplastía de McCall. Evaluar la factibilidad, seguridad y eficacia de la prueba con índigo carmín y de la cistoscopia intraoperatoria de rutina, para determinar la indemnidad ureteral. Método: Estudio prospectivo de 56 pacientes sometidas a HV o HLAV con culdoplastía de McCall, entre enero de 2003 y mayo de 2006, en la Unidad de Ginecología del Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia de Clínica Las Condes. La media de edad fue 48 años (rango: 38 a 74), IMC 25 (rango: 21 a 34), paridad 2 (rango: 0 a 3 partos). Se consideró prueba positiva de indemnidad ureteral a la salida del colorante a vejiga por ambos meatos. Resultados: Sólo 1 (1,8%) de las 56 pacientes registró una obstrucción ureteral (uréter derecho). Se reposicionaron los puntos constatándose la segunda prueba con índigo carmín positiva, verificando indemnidad ureteral. Conclusión: La prueba de índigo carmín con visualización cistoscópica intraoperatoria, es un método factible, seguro y eficaz, para determinar la indemnidad ureteral. En todas aquellas cirugías ginecológicas con alto riesgo de obstrucción ureteral, la cistoscopia intraoperatoria con prueba de índigo carmín negativa, permite realizar una solución rápida y fácil durante el mismo tiempo operatorio, evitando una posible pérdida renalObjective: To determine the frequency of ureteral obstruction like complication of the vaginal hysterectomy (VH) or laparoscopic attended vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) with McCall's culdoplasty. To determine the feasibility, security and effectiveness of the indigo carmine test observed by routine intraoperative cistoscopy to identify the ureteral indemnity. Method: Prospective study of 56 patients submissive VH or LAVH with McCall's culdoplasty between January 2003 and May 2006, in the Unit of Gynecology of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Clínica Las Condes. The median age was 48 years old (rank: 38 to 74), BMI 25 (rank: 21 to 34), parity 2 (rank: 0 to 3). Positive test of ureteral indemnity was defined as the exit of blue coloration by both ureteral meatus. Results: Only 1 (1.8%) of the 56 patients registered a ureteral obstruction (right ureter). The McCall sutures were replaced being stated the second indigo carmine test positive verifying ureteral indemnity. Conclusions: The indigo carmine test observed by cistoscopy is a feasible, safe and effective method to determine the ureteral indemnity. In all those gynecological surgeries with a high risk of ureteral obstruction, the intraoperative cistoscopy with negative indigo carmine test allows a fast and easy solution during the same operating time, avoiding a possible kidney loss

Chromium and sulfur co-doped nanometer TiO2 hollow glass microspheres (Cr/S/TiO2-HGM) were synthesized by a sol-gel method. Characterization used X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), N2 adsorption-desorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photodegradation of indigo carmine in an aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the Cr/S/TiO2 containing 0.60% (atomic ratio) chromium and 1.2% (atomic ratio) sulfur calcined at 500 ºC for 2 h had high catalytic efficiency under visible light irradiation. The floating Cr/S/TiO2-HGM catalyst had greater photocatalytic activity than Cr/S/TiO2 powder. Therefore, Cr/S/TiO2-HGM is a promising, high-performing, visible-light-driven, and more reusable photocatalyst.

Introduction: Premalignant gastric lesions have an increased risk to develop gastric cancer., Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of systematic endoscopy that includes chromoendoscopy with a double dye staining technique for the detection of dysplasia in patients with premalignant gastric lesions., Patients and Methods: This longitudinal, prospective study was performed in patients with gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia who were referred for endoscopy less than 6 months after the initial diagnosis. The second endoscopy was performed in three phases: phase 1, exhaustive and systematic review of the mucosa with photographic documentation and biopsies of suspicious areas; phase 2, chromoendoscopy with a double dye staining technique using acetic acid 1.2% and indigo carmine 0.5%; phase 3, topographic mapping and random biopsies., Results: A total of 50 patients were included. Nine (18%) had atrophic gastritis, 38 (76%) had intestinal metaplasia, and 3 (6%) had low-grade dysplasia. Systematic endoscopy with chromoendoscopy using a double dye staining technique detected more patients with dysplasia (9 versus 3, p<.05), and a larger number of biopsies with the diagnosis of dysplasia were obtained. This occurred for visible (6 vs. 0, p<.05) and non-visible lesions (6 vs. 3, p=NS). In one patient, initial low-grade dysplasia was not detected again in the systematic endoscopy, giving a global endoscopic performance for the detection of lesions of 92%., Conclusions: Patients with premalignant gastric lesions have synchronous lesions with greater histological severity, which are detected when systematic endoscopy is conducted with indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEEH y AEG. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Endoscopy is the better test to detect premalignant lesions, but its main problem is the sampling error., Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of endoscopic biopsies using narrow band imaging (NBI) vs. chromoendoscopy for diagnosing gastric intestinal metaplasia., Methods: Forty one patients were studied with conventional endoscopy, NBI magnification endoscopy and chromoendoscopy (3% acetic acid, 0.6% indigo carmine) for examination of gastric antrum. Biopsies were taken randomly from the antrum, body and incisura angularis. Additional biopsies were taken from areas with villous or crypt pattern according to NBI and chromoendoscopy examination (targeted biopsies)., Results: 240 biopsies were taken, 205 randomized biopsies and 35 targeted biopsies. Intestinal metaplasia was found in 25 randomized biopsies and 9 directed samples (12% vs. 25.7%). The NBI and chromoendoscopy had sensitivity of 70% vs. 77%, specificity of 97% vs. 98%, with diagnostic accuracy of 96% vs. 97%, respectively. Random biopsies and targeted biopsies had a sensitivity of 91% vs. 74%, specificity of 51% vs. 95%, and diagnostic accuracy of 93% vs. 86%, respectively. The intra-observer variability showed a k value of 0.86 (range 0.74 to 0.99)., Conclusion: Targeted biopsies are more specific than random biopsies to detect gastric intestinal metaplasia. NBI and chromoendoscopy may be used similarly to guide biopsies.

Introduction and Aim: Endoscopic polipectomy and its further histopathologic study are current gold standard in diagnosis of colorectal polyps is. It was proposed that colonoscopy with high resolution videoendoscopes with or without magnification combined with indigo carmin dye (ICD) could distinguish between adenomatous and nonadenomatous polyps according to their pit pattern. The aim of this study was to establish sensitivity and specificity of chromoendoscopy with ICD using conventional videoendoscopes and fiber-endoscopes with videocamera, to make a differential diagnosis of polyp histology and their possible role in colon cancer screening., Patients and Methods: Step 1: Using previous trial data, the first 20 polyps < = 1 cm was retrospectively correlated with their known histology to determine the pit pattern of each histologic type; this data was used in the step 2 patients. Step 2: 46 patients with colorectal polyps were enrolled in this prospective study. Polyps were sprayed with 0.4% ICD, after that the polyps were sorted into adenomatous or non, they were all removed and submitted for histophatologic evaluation., Statistical Analysis: The chi square method was used., Results: 19 patients were evaluated with videoendoscopes (group 1) and 27 with fiberendoscopes (group 2); in seven cases the pattern of the polyps could not be identified and the patients were excluded. Group 1: coincidence prediction/histology 94.7% (p < 0.0001), sensitivity 100% and especificity 88%. Group 2: coincidence prediction/histology 65.8% (p < 0.05), sensitivity 86% and especificity 60%., Conclusions: Adenomatous and non-adenomatous polyps can be distinguished by chromoendoscopy with high sensitivity and specificity. However, because fiberendoscopy could ot be identify pit pattern in 15.2% and has a low negative predictive value we do not recommend to use it. Nevertheless, the results obtained with ideo-endoscopes involve potential usefulness in colon cancer screening and possible decrease in their risks and costs.