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In certain societies, patriarchy has excluded for long time women from the domain of culture and politics, by exploiting an androcentric discourse : a woman cannot be a heroine-narrator, nor have her own story to tell, nor a public life, nor play politics in the same way as a man. In few words, she is deprived of any civil rights. The present work highlights the deconstruction of such a hermeneutic heresy by the committed feminist Maria Teresa León in Memoria de la melancolía, her life story where, through the reconstruction of social codes, sheds light on another image of a multidimensional and exceptional Spanish woman from the Spain of the Second Republic, the civil war, the Franco dictatorship and exile. Theories of autobiography and feminist theories of egalitarianism from the 1950s allow us to understand that feminism, advocated through the life of this political and literary woman, constitutes a vibrant testimony to imbibe the conquest of freedooms and of the emancipation of woman in a field essentially dominated by a phallocratic system. It also emerges from this analysis that, in the face of misogynistic stereotypes, she expresses full and complete idea of creative, brillant, conquering, rebellious woman, who enjoys the right to school, to work and to politics since her fight is based on the emergence of a world that is passionate about greater social justice, the development of people and all other social marginalized people.

La violencia económica, mirada desde la mujer que ha sido víctima, ha tenido mayor trascendencia desde la expedición de la Ley 1257 de 2008, sin embargo, ha sido objeto de excepcionales pronunciamientos judiciales, administrativos, y se ha omitido analizar desde otros factores que terminan incidiendo en la misma y generando nuevas violencias, como la inasistencia alimentaria. Aspectos como el divorcio, la disolución de la sociedad marital de hecho, la ruptura sentimental de una relación de noviazgo bajo la cual se ha procreado descendencia, y en términos generales la suspensión de la vida en común de los padres son la causa por las que se denomina como una nueva forma de violencia económica, aspectos a los cuales se les deben sumar, los sentimientos egoístas, egocéntricos y faltos de sentido común del alimentante o inmadurez e insensatez de uno de los progenitores. El legislador se ha quedado corto al momento de definir las diferentes formas de violencia económica de las que puede ser víctima una persona y ha desconocido la inasistencia alimentaria como integrante de esta, por lo que es necesario replantear las diferentes concepciones que al respecto ha tenido la jurisprudencia, la doctrina y el derecho comparado, a efecto de determinar la oportunidad y necesidad de la inclusión de la inasistencia alimentaria, como factor generador de violencia económica.

Today’s global media infrastructures involve not just media, but the continual extraction and circulation of data across digital platforms, with health data being an important data domain. The extraction and use of health data raises particular human rights issues. This paper reviews, fist, the basic risks to individuals from unconstrained collection, use and transfer of their personal health data; second, the implications of the fast-growing health data sector for social power generally; and third, the wider implications if current trends related to commercial exploitation of personal health data are not interrupted. A new global debate is needed to address these trends and their basis in a highly unequal political economy which benefis the same countries that profied from historical colonialism. We articulate here — in new ways — the challenges addressed by the 1980 MacBride Report, but for a very differently confiured world.

This article addresses three major issues: firstly, the current framework of interpretation regarding the use of fear and the economic crisis with instruments for proposing cuts; secondly, the general situation of our country with a number of figures on inequality and exclusion; and thirdly, proposals for social intervention in crisis situations reflecting interventions, for example in evictions.

TWAIL is both a political and intellectual movement and, therefore, has multiple perspectives. While the first academic conference of TWAIL was held at Harvard Law School in March 1997, Third World perspectives of international law are part of a long tradition of critical internationalism. In this essay we will try to explain the meaning of the movement according to its most important scholars, and the TWAIL concern to the human rights discourse. It can be said that according TWAIL the historical model of human rights cannot respond to the needs of the Third World except if there is a radical rethinking and restructuring of the international order, abandoning the efforts to universalize an essentially European corpus of human rights.

This research begins by doing a review about the state of art of population on the streets, with the purpose to analyze the public policy‟s application established trough the law 1641 in 2013, inside the executed actions of the development plans during the government periods between 2007 to 2016 in Bucaramanga, Santander. Likewise, it will deploy the law‟s correlation regarding to the fundamental rights established by the Colombian political constitution in 1991 and contrast of the lineaments that rest in the paper versus a reality, that this community is living

This investigation project is looking to find an answer to the following question; what are the dynamics of victimizationover indirect victims of the Colombian armed conflict? In order to reach this, it was made an interdisciplinary search about the concept of indirect victim. Then, some interviews were done of the indirect victims, -which were obtained from an archive named Oral Archive of the Victim’s Memory (AMOVI) from the Industrial University of Santander (UIS) -and these were analyzed. The result is the manifestation of a set of special facts of indirect victims, that show the particularity of this population which leads to a different deal and way to repair them.

Despite the importance of animals to South Africa, animal law is not yet recognized a separate distinct area of law. In an attempt to rectify this, the article provides a high level introduction to this highly complex field. By providing background and context into historical and current injustices regarding humans and animals, it alleges that the current legal system has failed to provide adequate protection to either group. By analyzing the existing regulatory framework and case law, it lays out the realities of obtaining better protection for animals in law. It then argues why it is particularly critical for the country to consider animal interests both individually and collectively with human interests by providing examples of how these interests intersect in practice. It suggests an approach for future protection efforts and concludes by providing some opportunities going forward for animal law reform in South Africa.

Hammurabi (1730-1688 a. C.), rey de Babilonia, promulgó, probablemente en el año 40 de su reinado, un conjunto de leyes que, para su mejor conocimiento, ordenó grabar en estelas de piedra y repartirlas por las capitales de su imperio. Sin embargo, pocas veces se hace alusión a la monumentalidad de esta obra de arte que sustenta un corpus legislativo de gran alcance. Así nace el trabajo que se presenta, con el objetivo de referenciar dicho código como obra monumental del arte y el derecho. Para ello se consultaron diversas bibliografías y se realizó una búsqueda utilizando recursos disponibles en internet sobre el tema. Los métodos utilizados fueron el histórico-lógico, análisis y síntesis e inducción-deducción. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el Código de Hammurabi constituye una obra monumental del Arte y el Derecho, con valor literario.

En este artículo se discuten algunas de las propuestas planteadas en la discusión contemporánea sobre la justicia. En la primera parte se exponen la teoría de la justicia en el plano internacional de John Rawls. En la segunda parte se discute el planteamiento de los derechos humanos de Jürgen Habermas y se cuestionan los argumentos de estos autores para oponerse a la idea cosmopolita de una transformación del orden internacional a partir de las exigencias de justicia económica global. En la última parte se muestran los límites y perspectivas de la propuesta de justicia global de Thomas Pogge This paper discusses some of the proposals existing in the contemporary debate about justice. In the first part, John Rawls’ theory of justice at the international level is presented. In the second part, Jürgen Habermas’ human rights approach is presented along with a discussion questioning the arguments advanced by these authors to oppose the cosmopolitan idea of a transformation of the international order on the basis of the demands of global economic justice. Finally, the last part shows the limits and views of Thomas Pogge’s global justice proposal

El siguiente artículo recoge algunos aspectos de la investigación que sobre el Goce Efectivo de Derechos (Informe GED) elaborara el Observatorio Departamental de Desplazamiento Forzado de Antioquia en 2011. En esta entrega, la tercera de una serie de cuatro, se recogen algunos contenidos, metodologías de la medición, diseño de indicadores y resultados que arrojara el informe GED. En particular, en este aparte se exponen aspectos relativos a la atención de la población víctima del desplazamiento en términos del respeto a su integridad y las garantías para obtener un tratamiento acorde al enfoque diferencial. Así mismo, se tratan los diseños y resultados de la medición de los indicadores sociales sobre garantías de subsistencia mínima y alcance de la cobertura de ingresos económicos y educación en la población de estudio.Abstract:The following article contains some aspects of the research that about the effective enjoyment of rights (EER report) developed by the State Observatory of Forced Displacement in Antioquia in 2011. In this installment, the third in a series of four, the measurement methodologies, the design of indicators, and the results which the EER report will produce, are included. In particular, in this supplement, aspects relating to the care of the victims of displacement in terms of respect for their integrity and guarantees to obtain a treatment according to the differential approach. It also shows the design and the results of the measurement of the social indicators about the warranty of minimum sustenance and the scope of the coverage of the economic income and education, in the population under study.

The right of States, for a variety of reasons, to expel aliens hasnever been disputed by the European Court of Human Rights insofar as aState party to the European Convention on Human Rights continues, quite naturally, to exercise its sovereignty over its territory. However, this right has to be reconciled with the obligation of States parties to the European Convention on Human Rights not to expose aliens and, more generally, persons under their jurisdictionto a risk of violation of the provisions of the Convention. Yet, guaranteeing that no human right recognized as such by the Convention be violated in case of expulsion is too heavy a task for States to assume. Imposing such an obligation would end up in invalidatingthe sovereign right of States to expel aliens. The Court ofStrasbourg retains primarily the risk of Article 3 of the Convention being violated in expulsion cases, a provision according to which inhuman or degrading punishments or treatments and, of course, acts of torture are strictly prohibited. The Court’s case-law, abundant aswell as rich in nuances, results in rather a thorough examination of the human rights situation in any country towards which a alien will be (or has already been) expelled.

The article describes what we have learned about psychosocially and psycho-legally treating female victims of sexual violence in Colombia’s armed conflict. Sexual violence has characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of violence against women: the strong tendency for victims to remain silent “invisiblizes” the crime. This silence arises from the sense of guilt and shame that stem from cultural imaginaries and patriarchal ideologies which maintain that women can avoid being raped and assumes that somehow they provoked the attack if they were. This strong cultural prejudice makes women keep quiet and not report the crime. In the armed conflict, sexual violence has been systematically used as an effective weapon, but one that has been silenced and is neither admitted by its victims nor its perpetrators. The psychosoical treatment of sexual violence in the conflict should consider the issues of gender, human rights, and political position in order to help victims stop seeing themselves as such and become, instead, citizens who demand their rights.

This paper discusses some of the proposals raised within the contemporary debate about normative models for a new international order. In the first part, the argumentative strategies of political realism, of John Rawls’ liberalism and of Jürgen Habermas’ deliberative model are presented. These authors’ objections to the cosmopolitan idea of a transformation in the international order based on the demands for global economic justice are debated. In the last part, the text shows that the proposal f global justice presented by Thomas Pogge is insufficient because, although it shows the implication of the global economic order in the increase of poverty and formulates a global redistributive proposal, it does not consider the problem of the transformation of the prevailing system of power relations within the current capitalist order.

This article aims to analyze the school education offer inside the prison system of São Paulo, based on the thoughts proposed by Foucault (1986) about prison, its aims and functioning mechanisms. What would be the possible place for education inside e prison? These are some questions that surround this debate and draw the central boards of a history which can be qualifi ed, at least, as hesitating, about prison education. In order to found this debate, we discuss the prison education as part of the Education of Young and Adults, its relation to the Human Rights, is legal and administrational outlines and, specifically, the case of school education inside de Women’s Prison of the Capital. Keywords: Education. Prisons. Human rights. Este artigo busca analisar a oferta da educação escolar no sistema prisional de São Paulo com base nas reflexões propostas por Foucault (1988) acerca da prisão, seus objetivos e mecanismos de funcionamento Qual seria o lugar possível da educação em uma prisão? Estas são algumas interrogações que permeiam este debate e traçam os contornos centrais de uma história que pode ser qualificada, no mínimo, como “hesitante”, em torno da educação prisional. Para fundamentar este debate discute-se a educação prisional como uma modalidade da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, sua relação com os Direitos Humanos, seus contornos legais e administrativos e, especificamente, o caso da educação escolar na Penitenciária Feminina da Capital. Palavras-chave: Educação. Prisões. Direitos humanos.

This article deals with developments following a period of social conflict resulting from the dispossession of Rarámuri communities in the Copper Canyon of the Sierra Tarahumara by several tourism entrepreneurs. The planning of the “Aventuras” Tourist Park generated expectations and speculation that led private individuals to try to forcibly displace the Rarámuri communities. These communities organized and responded with lawsuits in the courts, most of which have been won. In this research we analyze the process of negotiation with the state government that occurred after the first victories of the communities and the arrival of a state government sympathetic to their demands. During the period studied, the recognition and exercise of the communities' human rights experienced paradigmatic advances at the national level, however, they also faced unforeseen obstacles and State inertia that have not allowed the satisfaction of the communities' demands. The establishment of the Park's Consultative Council and the construction of the regional airport are standpoints for the analysis of this sui generis situation in the region.