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Abstract Background and objectives Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization is a common and generally safe procedure in the operating room. However, inadvertent puncture of a noncompressible artery such as the subclavian artery, though rare, may be associated with life-threatening sequelae, including hemomediastinum, hemothorax, and pseudoaneurysm. Case report We describe a case of the successful endovascular repair of right subclavian artery injury in a 75-year-old woman. Subclavian artery was injured secondary to ultrasound-guided right internal jugular vein catheterization under general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. Conclusion Under general anesthesia several factors such as hypotension can mask the signs of subclavian artery injury. This case report indicates that clinicians should be aware of the complications of central venous catheterization and take prompt action.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the optimal duration of creep feeding that improves the growth performance and fecal score of piglets and the performance and estrus interval of sows. Sixteen sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) and their litters were used in this 24-day trial. Dietary treatments were: Treatment 1, in which creep feed was not provided; treatment 2, in which creep feed was provided at the 7th day of life (day 7 to weaning); treatment 3, in which creep feed was provided at the 14th day of life (day 14 to weaning); and treatment 4, in which creep feed was provided at the 21st day of life (day 21 to weaning). There was no difference in body weight or loss, backfat thickness or loss, or estrus interval among treatments in the sows. Piglets in treatment 2 had higher body weight (BW) than pigs of treatments 1, 3, and 4. In addition, piglets in treatment 3 had higher BW than those of treatments 1 and 4. From birth to weaning, piglets of treatments 2 and 3 had higher average daily gain than those of treatments 1 and 4. There was no difference in fecal score of piglets among treatments. Piglets fed creep feed initiated from the first week have higher BW and average daily gain at weaning compared with those initiated from the second and third weeks, indicating that a longer duration of creep feeding improves the growth performance of piglets.

ABSTRACT The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of molasses as a substitute for corn in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal noxious gas emission, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 120 [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 54.21±2.62 kg were used in this experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 dietary treatments on the basis of BW and sex (10 replicate pens per treatment with four pigs per pen: two gilts and two barrows in each pen). The experiment was divided into two phases: 0-5 weeks and 6-10 weeks. Dietary treatments were as follows: control, basal diet; control + 2.5% cane molasses; and control + 5% cane molasses. No significant differences were observed in terms of growth performance, nutrient digestibility, red blood cells, and white blood cells in blood characteristics, fecal noxious gas emission, and meat quality in this study. However, blood lymphocytes were higher with control + 2.5% cane molasses than with control at the end of the 10th week. Molasses can be considered an alternative for corn at the level of 2.5% without any negative influence in finishing pigs.

ABSTRACT Seventy five pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial body weight of 23.3±1.40 kg were used in the present study to investigate the influence of supplementation of a Bacillus spp. combination as probiotic (0%, 0.01%, and 0.02% with basal diet) in growing-finishing pig diets on performance parameters with a feeding trial period of 16 weeks. Growth performance was analyzed at the start and at weeks 6, 12, and 16 of the experimental period. The entire experiment using probiotic supplementation in the diet revealed significant differences in average daily gain and gain:feed, but no effects on average daily feed intake. The result showed significant effects on digestibility of dry matter (0.002), nitrogen (0.069), and energy (0.099) at week 16; and number of fecal Lactobacillus (0.082, 0.041), E. coli (0.097, 0.052), and blood glucose (0.001, 0.049) at weeks 6 and 16. Dietary supplementation with Bacillus spp. probiotic resulted in a significant linear effect on sensory evaluation of meat color, drip loss at day 3, and carcass weight in pigs. In contrast, there was no significant difference in blood metabolic profiles and noxious gas emissions in this experiment. Dietary combination of Bacillus spp. can be used as a probiotic for enhancing the growth performances and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of blends of dietary protected organic acid supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, faecal microflora, and gas emission on sows and piglets with emphasis on their modes of action to improve pig performance. A total of 12 sows with an average initial body weight (BW) of 252.40±11.7 kg were used in this trial. Growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility of sows and piglets fed protected organic acid were evaluated. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (CON); CON + 0.1% protected organic acid; and CON + 0.2% protected organic acid. The BW and back fat of sows was checked four days prior to farrowing and at the weaning day to calculate BW loss and back fat loss during that period. Inclusion of 0.2% protected organic acid provided a greater digestibility than CON diets throughout the experimental period in lactating sows. Dietary supplementation with 0.2% protected organic acid led to a higher white blood cell and lymphocyte concentration than CON treatment in sucking piglets. Immunoglobulin G concentration observed was greater in protected organic acid groups in lactating sow and sucking piglets. Increased faecal Lactobacillus counts with decreased E. coli concentrations were observed with the diets of protected organic acid fed to lactating sows. The E. coli counts were decreased in weaning piglets. The faecal H2S contents were decreased in 0.2% protected organic acid diets during farrowing on day 1. Dietary supplementation with protected organic acid blends beneficially affects the nutrient digestibility, ileal noxious gas (NH3 and H2S) emission, as well as intestinal microbial balance in lactating sows.

ABSTRACT Eighteen sows were used to determine the effect of dietary valine:lysine (val:lys) ratios on lactation performance in primiparous sows and litter performance. Sows, raised in individual pens, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental diets containing different standardized ileal digestibility (SID) val:lys ratios of 0.80 or 0.85. Corn-soybean-wheat-based diets were formulated to achieve the dietary treatments (0.86% or 0.87% SID lysine, and 0.69% or 0.74% SID valine). All diets were formulated to have 3,450 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. The experiment lasted 24 d. At the end of the experiment, body weight loss, backfat loss, average daily feed intake, and days to return to estrus were not affected by the different dietary val:lys ratios. Furthermore, no difference was observed in number of piglets weaned, piglet survival rate, weaning litter weight, litter weight gain, piglet weaning body weight, piglet gain, or piglet daily gain between the two dietary treatments. However, increasing the dietary val:lys ratio increased arginine and threonine concentrations in the milk. Dietary val:lys ratios of 0.80 and 0.85 do not affect the lactation performance of primiparous sows nursing large litters, but increase the arginine and threonine concentrations in milk as the dietary val:lys ratio are increased.

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of plant extracts on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune blood characteristics in growing pigs. A total of 80 [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.31±2.15 kg were used in a 6-wk experiment. Pigs were allotted to one of four treatments (1 - Control (CON) (basal diet); 2 - PE1 (CON + 0.05% plant extracts); 3 - PE2 (CON + 0.10% plant extracts); and 4 - PE3 (CON + 0.15% plant extracts)) in a randomized complete block design according to sex and initial BW. The PE1 and PE2 treatments provided a greater average daily gain than the CON treatment. From weeks 0 to 6 the pigs fed diets PE2 and PE3 showed greater apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter than those fed the CON diet. Pigs fed the plant-extract treatments had a reduction in total mercaptan emission on day 3 compared with control treatment. On day 5, fecal acetic acid content was decreased with increased blood WBC (white blood cells) and lymphocyte counts and serum IGF-1concentration by plant extract supplementation compared with the control treatment. All the results showed a 95% significance level. Supplementation of plant extracts can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs, decrease fecal gas emission, and increase immune components such as WBC and lymphocytes, and serum IGF-1 concentration in growing pigs.

There are several keys explored to explain the effective Korea’s export-led development model. Korean government promoted the private sector’s specialization in most of the strategic industries although subsidizing them by public financing. Although the Korean economy suffered setback in 1980, 1998, and 2009 for external shocks and internal problems, there always remained strong fundamentals to help the economy spring back up thanks to the achievements through R&D and human resources. The government-business communications and the industry-academic-research centers tripartite collaboration more facilitated the model than brought in improper or collusive relationship. Korean export industries have intensive forward and backward linkages with the other domestic sectors. Although the Korean economy has been highly dependent on trade, its vulnerability to external shock has not materialized seriously because its export structure is diversified.

The economic relationship between South Korea and Latin America has accelerated since the 1990s, and deepened in the 21st century. While this relationship is characterized by ‘inter-industrial trade’ because of their complementary industrial structures, South Korea has the largest share of its exports to the region out its total exports, among the countries of the Asia-Pacific. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of Korean-Latin American trade in the 21st century is owed to the sustained growth of Latin American economies with consumer demand, infrastructure, and inputs and spare parts, to the free trade agreements between South Korea and its Latin American trade partners, Korean direct investments and development cooperation programs. These new dimensions of relationships are part of a new paradigm. However, since in the Latin American region three different development strategies exist, it is required on the part of the Korean side a more sophisticated policy toward the region. The future of Korean- Latin American economic relations depends on better mutual understanding of the respective interests, which are based on recognition of different development experiences.

Some 1,033 Koreans left Jemulpo (Today Inchon) port for Mexico in April 4, 1905, and arrived about 40 days later in Merida, Yucatan. They were first Korean immigrants to Mexico, arranged by a Japanese colonial company but actually sold as slaves to work in twenty-four henequen farms in nearby Chench, Za-Chil, etc. Frustrated with the miserable life there and suffering from the tumultuous Mexican Revolution (1910-1917), many of them attempted to escape and ultimately moved to Cuba. It is estimated that more than two thousand Korean descendants from the first immigrants live in Mexico and about eight hundred in Cuba. The immigration was the first contact between Mexico and Korea.

A teoria cibernética de Wiener, da década de 1940, originou pesquisas e influenciou vários campos científicos, incluindo a antropologia. Atualmente, a cibernética está praticamente esquecida como uma ciência, mas deixou importantes resíduos para a cultura. Esses resíduos, dentre outros provenientes do discurso técnico e cientifico, são meios criativos para as reavaliações do consenso social acerca dos significados das coisas. Resultados de um processo de reinvenção cultural, o ciborgue e o ciberespaço são referências emblemáticas de uma nova ordem do real que projeta o sistema antigo de interpretação da realidade sob novas formas, restringidas pelas dadas possibilidades históricas e culturais de significação.The Wiener's cybernetics theory, from 1940's, has inspired researches and has influenced many scientific fields, including anthropology. Nowadays, the cybernetics is almost forgotten as a science but it has left important residues for the culture. These residues, amongst others from scientific and technical discourse, are creative means for the revaluations of social consensus about the meanings of things. As results of cultural process of reinvention, the cyborg and the cyberspace are emblematic references of a new order of real, which projects the old interpretational system of reality in new forms, constrained by its given historical and cultural possibilities of signification.