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In the rapidly evolving gut and gastroenterological research field, postbiotics, a fermentation byproduct, are emerging as a cutting-edge alternative in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical environment. These functional bioactive components, which include muropeptides, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), teichoic acids, polysaccharides, cell-free supernatants, short-chain fatty acids, enzymes, bactericidal antibiotics, and vitamins, play an important role in immune system development. This review explores the intricate pathways through which gut microorganisms produce metabolites that contribute to the health-promoting properties of postbiotics. Postbiotics have a variety of appealing qualities, including anticancer, antibacterial, and immunological actions. Their multiple effects include influencing immunological responses, decreasing cancer cell growth, and preventing bacterial infections. Their presence in dairy and plant-based meals is noteworthy, as it provides a perfect matrix for fermentation and a varied range of antibacterial chemicals. This article delves into enhancing understanding of the concept of therapeutic properties of postbiotics in promoting human health.

This study employed the systematic literature review to investigate to what extent digital smart wearable technology was used in measuring VO2MAX to support athlete performance and public health. To achieve the goal, data were obtained from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search was conducted in September 2024 using the following keywords: (Smart Wearable OR Wearable Technology AND VO2MAX OR VO2 Max OR Cardiorespiratory Fitness AND Athlete Performance OR Sports Performance OR Athletic Performance AND Public Health OR General Population OR Health Monitoring). The articles were selected by considering predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. For example, to be included in this review, the articles should be published in Scopus-indexed journals. Additionally, the publication period should be from 2019 to 2024. Based on this timeframe, 1,110 articles were found. Furthermore, they were screened again in multiple stages, and 16 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were selected. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The results confirmed that wearable technology played an important role in athlete performance optimization through real-time monitoring of VO2MAX. The device enables exercise adjustments based on metrics such as heart rate and diurnal variations, which can improve exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury. Interestingly, it also contributes significantly to improving public health by promoting active lifestyles, monitoring health parameters, and supporting self-health management, especially for the elderly and individuals with chronic diseases. Nonetheless, technical challenges, such as measurement accuracy, data synchronization issues, and user education needs, must be addressed for wearables to be optimally utilized. With proper development, wearable technology has great potential to improve athlete performance and public health. Keywords: Role, Digital Technology, Smart Wearable, VO2MAX, Athlete Performance, Public Health

Abstract This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in ruminants slaughtered at the abattoir in district Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was determined to be 72.92% based on faecal examination. Among the ruminant species, goats exhibited a significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence of parasitic infection (78.63%) compared to cattle, buffalo, and sheep. Additionally, female ruminants showed a significantly higher (P

Manual therapy (MT) is a dynamic entity progressing rapidly. The current trend stimulates a direction toward higher specificity in the research. This is the first bibliometric review to identify the trends in MT in the last ten years (till 2023). The Scopus database was selected to retrieve the bibliographic records. Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix), PowerBI, MS Excel, and MS Access were used to visualize and analyze the results. 1208 relevant studies were included in the analysis. Publishing has a rising character. The four-author articles are the most common, while only 68 are single-author studies. In 2021, the highest number of publications (n=178) was published. The Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies has published the highest number of publications (75). The USA is the most prolific country in publishing (361 studies) and total citations (4869). Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Spain) is the most productive and cited institution. Fernández-De-Las-Peñas C. is the most productive, and Mark D. Bishop is the most cited author. The USA, Australia, Canada, and European countries have the most frequent collaborations. MT was the most common research focus from 2017 to 2019. The topics of exercise therapy, musculoskeletal therapy, physical therapy, and physiotherapy have been the focus of research in the context of MT lately. The present study reported the research-related trends in MT applying bibliometric methods and identified the most productive countries, institutions, and researchers over the past decade. These findings are intended to assist the researchers in better orientation in the research field and to specify the trends for future research studies. Keywords: Manual therapy; physiotherapy; research trends; bibliometrics; thematic evolution; research collaboration

Handball calls for a variety of athletic skills, but throwing force is crucial for passing, scoring, and gaining momentum. Plyometric training uses explosive exercises that increase muscular contraction speed and force to improve power and speed. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether adding plyometric workouts to handball players' training regimens can enhance their throwing ability to a noticeable degree. The research utilized an experimental design with a pretest-posttest methodology for a single group. The Sambas district handball team, which consisted of 15 athletes, picked the participants, who were between the ages of 17 and 22. Plyometric training was the intervention, and it was done in three sessions a week for four weeks. The Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlo strength test was used to gather data, and SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. The research showed that the mean throwing power and speed had significantly increased, with improvements of 2.07 between the pretest and posttest values of 19.93 and 22.00, respectively. The significance value obtained was 0.000, indicating a statistically significant enhancement. The plyometric training was found to be highly effective in enhancing the explosive strength and neuromuscular coordination required for powerful and fast throws in handball. In conclusion, the findings suggest that incorporating plyometric training into the training programs of handball players can substantially improve their throwing performance. Coaches and trainers are recommended to integrate plyometric exercises to maximize the athletic potential of their players. Keywords: plyometric training, handball, throwing power, throwing speed, explosive strength, athletic performance

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a most common form of dementia and results in memory loss, disorientation, impaired thinking and changes in personality as well as mood. The dementia cases mostly turn into the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Another disease, the Parkinson’s disease (PD), mainly affects dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. A series of previously synthesized quinolone-triazole hybrids were investigated and evaluated for their anti-acetyl cholinesterase and against monoamine oxidase reactive properties through in silico characterization. The ground state electronic properties were determined by electron density of the compounds through DFTs (density functional theory) calculation. The geometries of all compounds were optimized using Becke-3-parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method and 6-311g basis set. Docking studies were conducted using the AutoDock and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software and the results of the potent derivatives found to be encouraging. The data confirmed that all the compounds have drug-like properties and was further confirmed by ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties.

This research explores the interconnectedness between readiness, the adoption of online teaching, attitude, and behavioral intention concerning Online Distance Learning (ODL) within the realm of hospitality and tourism instruction. The study framework intergrates the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and Technology Readiness (TR) dimension. The data, collected through purposive sampling and online surveys from 248 instructors, was analyzed using Partial-least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the study's model and hypotheses. The outcomes reveal that factors such as effort expectancy (EE), performance expectancy (PE), and social influence (SI) directly impact instructors' attitudes towards ODL. Additionally, the study establishes that technical, pedagogical, and lifestyle readiness are robust indicators for enhancing instructors' behavioral intention towards ODL. Intriguingly, the sole distinction between the theoretical and practical class arises in the interaction between instructors' technical and lifestyle readiness regarding behavioral intention. The pragmatic implications of this study underscore the significance of instructors' attitude and technology readiness in driving the adoption of ODL within the hospitality and tourism instruction domain. Furthermore, the study's findings offer valuable insights to policymakers, aiding them in developing effective methodologies for practical class teaching within the ODL framework and aligned with the dynamic environment of online learning.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to explore whether flaxseed could be used to ameliorate various CVD biomarkers. In the first phase, flaxseed’s nutritional composition was performed. In the second phase, a 32-day efficacy trial was conducted on 20 Sprague Dawley rats. All physical and biochemical tests were performed on the initial and final days. Results revealed that blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cells, and platelets were increased. Having significant clinical findings, a marketable flaxseed-supplemented muffin recipe was developed using flaxseed-supplemented flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 12%, and 20%. Farinographic investigations of flaxseed-supplemented flour revealed its improved baking potential through more excellent water absorption and dough development time. The flaxseed-supplemented muffins revealed a significant rise of 15% in protein, 60% in fiber, 23% in ash, 60% in healthy vegetative fats and sensorial parameters.

This study aimed to synthesize novel compounds as more effective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors. For this purpose, 2-(3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (3) was reacted with 3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzaldehyde through the glyoxal reaction to produce a series of imidazole-based 1,2,3-triazoles 5a-f. The synthesized compounds were structurally confirmed using IR, 1H, and 13C NMR techniques. To evaluate their potential as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II enzyme, the synthesized compounds were tested via in vitro enzyme inhibition assay. Among the derivatives, compounds 5f and 5a exhibited the most promising inhibitory potential, with IC50 values of 0.025 ± 0.001 and 0.032 ± 0.003 µM, respectively. Both 5a and 5f derivatives have comparable inhibitory potential but 5f was found to be more potent than 5a: Molecular docking analysis revealed that compounds 5a and 5f displayed excellent binding scores of -8.0 and -8.4 kcal mol-1, respectively. The results were further validated by MD simulations. The RMSD analysis revealed the average values of 3.20 Å for the ligand-protein complex, 1.38 Å for the apoprotein, and 7.15 Å for the ligand molecule. Based on the chemical stability and biological importance, the compound 5f was identified as potential lead candidates for the development of more effective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors.

A interação entre os diferentes atores sociais que produzem e consomem a informação científica, que codificam e decodificam essas linguagens para que a comunicação seja efetiva, além das especificidades dessas relações, estão representadas na Espiral da Cultura Científica, um modelo de comunicação da ciência desenvolvido pelo linguista Carlos Vogt há 20 anos. Repensar a espiral a partir da emergência de uma nova doença respiratória causadora de uma crise de saúde pública mundial nos faz refletir sobre a relevância, não só da circulação das informações científicas na esfera pública, mas também do modo com que se deu a apropriação desse conhecimento e seu desenvolvimento contínuo a partir de interações ciência e sociedade. Vogt atua há três décadas fomentando a Divulgação Científica no Brasil. Aos 80 anos completados em fevereiro deste ano, ele tem sido incansável em projetos ambiciosos e pioneiros voltados para ampliar o acesso público ao conhecimento científico. Nesta entrevista, Vogt retoma o conceito da Espiral da Cultura Científica à luz das novas conexões estabelecidas entre ciência e sociedade com a pandemia de Covid-19 quando houve uma ampliação ao acesso público ao conhecimento científico.

Context: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a severe public health crisis worldwide.Aims: To analyze the SARS-CoV-2 isolates of Surabaya and predict ORF1ab polyprotein epitopes through the bioinformatics approach for vaccine candidate development. Methods: Three genomic sequences of Surabaya isolates were obtained from the GISAID, NCBI and PDB Gen-bank databases and MEGA-11 software were used to understand the transformations in the isolates. The IEDB and VaxiJen, AllerTop, and ToxinPred web servers were used to predict B-cell epitopes and analyze their antigenicity, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, respectively. Moreover, these epitopes were linked by EAAAK for 3D modeling, refinement, and validation through Swiss-Model, Galaxy Refine, and RAMPAGE web tools. Results: The Surabaya isolates, RSDS-RCVTD-UNAIR-49-A, 54-A, and 42-A, had 10, 20, and 16 mutations in nucleotides and depicted a phylogenetically close relationship to isolates of Egypt, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, respectively. A total of 71 sequential Orf1ab B-cell epitopes were predicted, and only three peptides were found to be antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. These epitopes were linked with the EAAAK linker to develop a 3D refined and validated structure. This construct was docked with TLR-3 receptor by the Cluspro webserver and found a high affinity of ORF1ab+TLR3 due to 15 hydrogen bonds. The construct demonstrated good humoral and cellular immune responses in the C-ImmSim server, and cloning in the expression vector pET28a (+) yielded a colon of 846bp. Conclusions: ORF1ab B-cell epitopes could be useful for developing effective vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Context: The current COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted health and socio-economic status worldwide. The only way to combat this situation is to develop an effective vaccine and immunize people around the globe. Aims: To construct a multi-epitope spike glycoprotein-based vaccine from the SARS-CoV-2 Surabaya isolate using a bioinformatics approach. Methods: The spike protein was submitted to IEDB, VaxiJen, AllerTOP, and ToxinPred webservers to predict antigenic, non-allergic, non-toxic, B- and T-cell epitopes. To develop a multi-epitope vaccine, an adjuvant cholera toxin B subunit was linked to B-cell and B-cell with T-cell through EAAAK and GPGPG linkers, respectively. The designed vaccine 3D structure development, refinement, and validation were done through PHYRE2, Galaxy Refine, and RAMPAGE webservers. Moreover, the Cluspro-2.0 webserver was used for the molecular docking of the vaccine designed with TLR3. The vaccine+TLR3 complex was docked with Surfactant protein A as a control to validate the docking results. Finally, immune-simulation and in silico cloning of the vaccine were carried out by C-ImmSim webserver and SnapGene software, respectively. Results: A multi-epitopic vaccine containing B and T-cell was developed using 392 amino acids with a molecular weight of 40825.59 Da. The docking and immunogenicity results of the vaccine met all established parameters for constructing a quality vaccine. Furthermore, the optimized sequence of the vaccine was successfully cloned in expression vector pET 28 a (+) that yielded a colon of 2724 bp. Conclusions: The vaccine’s immunogenicity demonstrates its effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further confirmatory testing may therefore be performed as soon as possible in the public interest.

Abstract Well-known as a food additive, glucomannan has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. However, glucomannan is easily gelled, which limited its use in high concentration. To reduce the gel formation ability of glucomannan, acetylation was conducted. This work aims to study the effect of acetylation on physicochemical properties of glucomannan. Acetylation was performed in heterogeneous system which glucomannan was immersed in ethanol (96%) with various concentrations of glucomannan (5-25%) and acetic acid (5-99%). This modified glucomannan was subsequently used as an encapsulation matrix for producing iron beads. The results showed that higher concentration of acetic acid in acetylation impacted on higher solubility and viscosity of glucomannan. The transmittance intensity of Infrared (IR) spectra and morphology of glucomannan were changed due to the acetylation and encapsulation process. The highest viscosity of the matrix (484.33 cP) led to the highest Encapsulation Yield (EY) (53.3%). Gompertz’s model fitted to describe the release profile of iron in all samples (R2>0.92) that showed the burst phenomena in the initial release. This work found that acetylated glucomannan had higher solubility and has a potency to protect the iron taste during oral consumption as it releases slower in neutral pH solution.

The genre of metapoetry thematizes the fictional elements – the inspiration of a poet, his poetic process, meta-poetic metaphors, the role of the poet in society, and intertextual references – partaking in the making of poetry explicitly or implicitly carried through a poem within a poem technique. This paper presents Eva Müller-Zettlemann’s theoretical pronunciation of meta-poetic elements, i. e., poetic inspiration, poetic process, and meta-poetic metaphors, at play in the metalyrics of Taufiq Rafat from his anthologies Arrival of the Monsoon: Collected Poems 1947-78 (1985) and Half Moon: Poems 1979-1983 (2008). Rafat’s inspiration is the South-Asian terra firma and lived experience that makes him infuse the regional sensibility through a poetic process of perceiving and penning down immediately. His meta-poetic metaphor involves the invention of an image of cultural genesis that informs the process of poetic creativity. Moreover, the study also considers the explicit expression of the role of the poet in society and the functions of poetry in Rafat’s poems, otherwise a prose phenomenon. Thus, the paper analyzes the conscious expression of the construction of South-Asian singularity inspired by the cultural kernel in content and form in Rafat’s metalyrics.

This study examines how mobile technology adoption influences customers' intention to book hotel rooms via smartphone. This study empirically incorporated perceived enjoyment and perceived value in the modified Technology Acceptance Model (m-TAM) and tested it as a unified model. Partial Least Square-Structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to estimate the proposed research framework based on the survey data collected from 386 travellers who booked hotels via their smartphones. The structural model confirms perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and perceived price value significantly influence consumers' behavioural intentions toward mobile hotel booking. This study confirms that TAM can be extended and employed to predict and explain the acceptance of the new technologies in service industries. This study also provides valuable theoretical contributions in developing and testing related theories and practical implications to hotel operators, online travel agencies (OTAs), and hospitality technology suppliers.

Abstract In the present study, anthelmintic activities of Arundo (A.) donax L., Areca (Ar.) catechu L., and Ferula (F.) assa-foetida L. were determined. Leaves of A. donax L., latex of F. assa-foetida L. and seeds of Ar. catechu L. in different solvent fractions were subjected to in vitro (egg hatch assay; EHA, and adult motility assay; AMA) and in vivo (faecal egg count reduction test; FECRT) tests of anthelmintic activity using Haemonchus contortus model. In the AMA, crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAME) and ethyl acetate fractions of F. assa-foetida at 10 hr post-treatment showed maximum mortality of H. contortus at 12.5-50 mg mL-1. In the EHA, CAME of F. assa-foetida was identified as a potent ovicide based on its low LC50 (16.9 µg mL-1), followed in order by Ar. catechu and A. donax. Results from the FECRT also showed the extract of F. assa-foetida L. to be more effective than those of Ar. catechu L. and A. donax L., against the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed better anthelmintic activities against the adult worms in vitro, while CAME of these plants were better than their crude powders in vivo. It is recommended to document and investigate indigenous knowledge of possible medicinal plants to plan scientific trials that may justify their endorsement.

Abstract Background: Waste-land weeds present around the fields exert their allelopathic influence on crops through their leaf leachates and rhizospheric soils. Objective: A study was conducted to investigate the phytotoxic action of four common waste-land weeds Parthenium hysterophorus L., Achyranthes aspera L., Lantana camara L. and Withania somnifera L. through their aqueous extracts and rhizospheric soils against winter crops Avena sativa L., Cicer arietinum L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Triticum aestivum L. Methods: Experiments were conducted in Agronomy laboratory in College of Agriculture at the University of Sargodha. In first experiment, 5% (w/v) water extract from entire plant of each weed was applied to germinating seeds of crops whereas in second experiment, crop seeds were subjected to the rhizospheric soil of each weed for germination test. Results: Results revealed that aqueous extracts of weeds were more phyto-inhibitory compared to their rhizospheric soils. Minimum germination percentage (42.5%), germination index (7.4), seedling vigor index (665.3), root length (3.27 cm), seedling length (14.15 cm) and seedling biomass (74.2 mg) of crops were recorded in response to aqueous extract of P. hysterophorus. Root growth of the crops was affected more compared to the shoot growth. Minimum germination percentage was observed in A. sativa (13.3) by the action of L. camara aqueous extract. Rhizospheric soil of L. camara and P. hysterophorus resulted in minimum germination percentages (57.5 and 58.3, respectively) and seedling vigor indices (1472.5 and 2008.4, respectively) of crops. The lowest germination (30%) and germination index (3.7) was observed for T. aestivum seeds germinated in the rhizospheric soil of W. somnifera. Among crops, A. sativa and C. arietinum were more susceptible to the aqueous extracts whereas T. aestivum to rhizospheric soils of weeds. Conclusions: It can be concluded that waste-land weeds especially P. hysterophorus and L. camara negatively affect the crops by their allelopathy.

Abstract Background: Parthenium hysterophorus L., commonly known as parthenium weed, poses severe economic and environmental hazards to the agro-ecosystems of Pakistan. Objective: To estimate the yield loss and critical competition period of this weed in the spring sown maize crop. Method: Field studies were conducted at an agronomic research area in the College of Agriculture at the University of Sargodha in Punjab-Pakistan during two consecutive year spring seasons (2014 and 2015). Treatments were comprised of viz., control plots (weed free), and parthenium competition durations of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), as well as weedy check for the full growing season of the crop. Results: Study results showed that the prolongation in parthenium competition duration from 2 WAE to the full crop season resulted in an increase in dry weight up to 541% and 450% in the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Plant height, stem diameter, biological yield, 1000 grain weight and grain yield decreased significantly at 2 or more WAE parthenium competition periods. The maximum reduction in plant height (8.8 and 11.3%), stem diameter (30.6 and 12.7%), cob number m-2 (35.8 and 33.9%), grain rows cob-1 (26.6 and 29.4%), 1000 grain weight (15 and 9.8%), grain (34.1 and 39.1%) and biological yield (31.4 and 27.9%) were recorded with the longest parthenium competition duration (6 WAE) during the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Conclusion: Based upon the results above, it is concluded that the critical competition period of parthenium in spring maize, as determined by a three-parameter logistic model, is 17 to 28 and 16 to 26 days after crop emergence during the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Therefore, this weed must be controlled during these periods in order to avoid significant grain yield loss.

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the Chinese traditional sourdough fermentation. A gradual decrease in pH values was observed throughout the fermentation process. A considerable increase in LAB and yeasts counts was noticed during the primary stage of fermentation with the corresponding increase in amino acids, glucose, lactic acid and acetic acid. During the secondary fermentation stage, LAB count started decreasing slowly, while yeast count still increased, and reached to the maximum value. However, glucose, amino acid, lactic acid and acetic acid contents decreased slightly. PCR-DGGE results identified nine bacteria, six yeasts and one mold species during the whole fermentation process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis were the predominant species. These results would help to understand the LAB and yeasts influence on the metabolic process during the fermentation of steamed bread by Chinese traditional sourdoughs.

The objective of this study was to explore and compare the effects of particle size distribution (PSD) on physicochemical, functional thermal and structural properties of extruded (ECP) and raw (RCP) chickpeas powders. Chickpea powders were obtained by flour fractionating through standard sieves of various particle sizes: 80, 120, 160, and 200 mesh (

The antioxidant potential of 100% and 80% methanol extracts from the seeds of three barley varieties (Jou 83, Jou 87 and Haider 93) was assessed. The extract yields from barley seeds ranged from 3.23% (Haider 93,100% methanol) to 5.31% (Jou 83, 80% methanol). The total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 values) and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation of barley seed extracts (BSE) were determined to be 88.1-145.7 mg/100g, 90.8-168.6 μg/mL and 62.6-74.6%, respectively. The antioxidant effectiveness of BSE was also assessed by stabilizing sunflower oil (SFO) with BSE at a concentration of 600 ppm (oil weight basis). The stabilized (treated with extract) and the control (without extract addition) SFO samples were subjected to accelerated (oven heating at 60ºC for 30 days, 8 h heating cycle/day) storage. These were analyzed at regular intervals for the extent of oxidative changes according to the measurements of their contents of peroxide value, para-anisidine value, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes. Generally, the 80% methanol extract of barely seeds demonstrated better antioxidant action than the 100% methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of BSE was also found to be considerably varied among the varieties tested. The present results suggest that antioxidant extracts from barely seeds might be used to protect vegetable oils from oxidation.

The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the government’s social security cover on support and healthcare and its impact on quality of life of elderly in Brazil. We examine discursively in a qualitative study the State’s political commitment towards ageing issues; ageing seen as a social problem; and the government policies to ensure the quality of life in Brazil. Our main finding was that Brazilian’s elderly protection laws will cease to be a myth when these same elders are aware that they need to participate at all levels of government in the preparation of plans and policies and also to put them into practice. In this way the older person will have mastery over what is management and will be prepared to manage conflicts between individual interests and the policies of the government.