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Resumen: Introducción: Las infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales forman parte de la formación específica de los médicos especialistas en Dermatología y Venereología en España. El presente estudio pretende analizar la carga que suponen dichas patologías en la actividad dermatológica pública y privada del sistema de salud español. Material y método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal de dos períodos de tiempo describiendo los diagnósticos realizados en consultas externas dermatológicas, obtenidos a través de la encuesta anónima DIADERM, realizada a una muestra aleatoria y representativa de dermatólogos. A partir de la codificación de diagnósticos CIE-10, se seleccionó toda la patología relacionada (36 diagnósticos codificados en los dos períodos), que se clasificó en 12 grupos. Resultados: Tan solo el 3,16% de los diagnósticos globales fueron de infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales. Los 3 grupos diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron las lesiones por virus del papiloma humano anogenital, seguido de los molluscum contagiosum y las dermatosis anogenitales inflamatorias. Con significación estadística, y comparando con el global de diagnósticos, los seleccionados constituyeron más habitualmente el motivo de consulta primario y, en el ámbito privado, fue más frecuente que viniesen derivados de otros especialistas. Conclusión: Las infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales tienen un peso muy limitado en la asistencia dermatológica en España, a pesar de que la inclusión del diagnóstico de molluscum contagiosum sobreestima estos diagnósticos. La ausencia de inclusión de centros y consultas monográficas de ITS en la muestra aleatoria contribuye a la infrarrepresentación de estas parcelas de la especialidad. Es importante hacer un esfuerzo decidido por potenciarlas con consultas y centros monográficos. Abstract: Background and objective: Predominantly sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infestations and other anogenital dermatoses are covered in the training of specialists in dermatology and venereology in Spain. This study aimed to analyze the proportion of the dermatology caseload these diseases account for within the public and private dermatological activity of the Spanish health system. Material and methods: Observational cross-sectional study of time periods describing the diagnoses made in outpatient dermatology clinics, obtained through the anonymous DIADERM survey of a representative random sample of dermatologists. Based on diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, 36 related diagnoses were selected, and classified into 12 groups. Results: Only 3.16% of diagnoses corresponded to STIs and other anogenital dermatoses. The most common diagnostic group was anogenital human papillomavirus infection, followed by molluscum contagiosum, and inflammatory anogenital dermatoses. Lesions with these diagnoses were usually the main reasons for first visits in the National Health Service. In private practice, the diagnoses usually came after referrals from other physicians. Conclusions: STIs and other anogenital dermatoses account for a very small proportion of the dermatology caseload in Spain, although the inclusion of molluscum contagiosum diagnoses overestimates these conditions. The fact that no STI centers or monographic STI consultations were included in the random sample of dermatology partly explains the under-representation of these areas of the specialty. A determined effort to support and promote monographic STI centres and clinics should be made.

In this paper, a control scheme to regulate the speed in an electric vehicle with two electric motors in the rear axle. In order to make a turn in the vehicle a differential speed in the motors is needed. A detailed mathematical model of the electric vehicle is included, comprising the dynamics of the components in the system, as well as their interconnections. An inverse kinematic controller is presented to calculate the required speed references for the motors. Taking into account the references, a robust sliding mode controller is presented, to guarantee the stability of the complete system. The proposed control scheme was tested in closed - loop through simulations to prove the performance. The results show a good performance under different perturbations, such that parameter variations and external disturbances, in this case, driver mass and road slope. Furthermore, the discretization and a proposal to implement the control scheme controller in an embedded system are presented.

Resumen: Más de 30 millones de personas consumen diariamente antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) en el mundo y este consumo se ve incrementado año tras año. Aunque los AINE poseen propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias, sus eventos adversos gastrointestinales son bien reconocidos. En nuestro país no existía un consenso respecto al diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la gastropatía y la enteropatía por AINE, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología reunió a un grupo de expertos para establecer recomendaciones de utilidad para la comunidad médica. En este consenso se emitieron 33 recomendaciones. El consenso destaca que el riesgo de toxicidad gastrointestinal de los AINE varía según el fármaco empleado y su farmacocinética, lo cual debe ser considerado al momento de su prescripción. Los factores de riesgo de complicación gastroduodenal por AINE son: antecedente de úlcera péptica, edad mayor de 65 años, dosis altas del AINE, infección por Helicobacter pylori y presencia de comorbilidades graves. Los síntomas y el daño gastroduodenal inducido por AINE son variables, ya que puede cursar asintomático o manifestarse como anemia por deficiencia de hierro, hemorragia, estenosis y perforación. La cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia son métodos diagnósticos directos en la enteropatía por AINE. Respecto a la prevención, se recomienda prescribir la dosis mínima necesaria de un AINE para obtener el efecto deseado y durante el menor tiempo. Por último, los inhibidores de la bomba de protones representan el estándar de oro para la profilaxis y tratamiento de los efectos gastroduodenales, mas no son útiles en la enteropatía. Abstract: More than 30 million persons worldwide take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on a daily basis, and annual consumption is increasing. In addition to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs also produce well-known gastrointestinal adverse events. There is no consensus in Mexico on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy and enteropathy, and so the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a group of experts to establish useful recommendations for the medical community. Thirty-three recommendations were formulated in the present consensus, highlighting the fact that the risk for NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity varies according to the drug employed and its pharmacokinetics, which should be taken into account at the time of prescription. The risk factors for gastroduodenal complications due to NSAIDs are: a history of peptic ulcer, age above 65 years, high doses of NSAIDs, Helicobacter pylori infection, and the presence of severe comorbidities. The symptoms and gastroduodenal damage induced by NSAIDs vary, ranging from an asymptomatic course to the presentation of iron-deficiency anemia, bleeding, stricture, and perforation. Capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy are direct diagnostic methods in NSAID enteropathy. Regarding prevention, the minimum dose of an NSAID needed to achieve the desired effect, administered for the shortest period of time, is the recommendation. Finally, proton pump inhibitors are the gold standard for the prophylaxis and treatment of gastroduodenal effects, but they are not useful in enteropathy. Palabras clave: Gastropatía, Enteropatía, Antiinflamatorio, No Esteroideo, Úlcera, México, Keywords: Gastropathy, Enteropathy, Anti-inflammatory, Nonsteroidal, Ulcer, Mexico

Background and objective: Predominantly sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infestations and other anogenital dermatoses are covered in the training of specialists in dermatology and venereology in Spain. This study aimed to analyze the proportion of the dermatology caseload these diseases account for within the public and private dermatological activity of the Spanish health system. Material and methods: Observational cross-sectional study of time periods describing the diagnoses made in outpatient dermatology clinics, obtained through the anonymous DIADERM survey of a representative random sample of dermatologists. Based on diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, 36 related diagnoses were selected, and classified into 12 groups. Results: Only 3.16% of diagnoses corresponded to STIs and other anogenital dermatoses. The most common diagnostic group was anogenital human papillomavirus infection, followed by molluscum contagiosum, and inflammatory anogenital dermatoses. Lesions with these diagnoses were usually the main reasons for first visits in the National Health Service. In private practice, the diagnoses usually came after referrals from other physicians. Conclusions: STIs and other anogenital dermatoses account for a very small proportion of the dermatology caseload in Spain, although the inclusion of molluscum contagiosum diagnoses overestimates these conditions. The fact that no STI centers or monographic STI consultations were included in the random sample of dermatology partly explains the under-representation of these areas of the specialty. A determined effort to support and promote monographic STI centres and clinics should be made. Resumen: Introducción: Las infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales forman parte de la formación específica de los médicos especialistas en Dermatología y Venereología en España. El presente estudio pretende analizar la carga que suponen dichas patologías en la actividad dermatológica pública y privada del sistema de salud español. Material y método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal de dos períodos de tiempo describiendo los diagnósticos realizados en consultas externas dermatológicas, obtenidos a través de la encuesta anónima DIADERM, realizada a una muestra aleatoria y representativa de dermatólogos. A partir de la codificación de diagnósticos CIE-10, se seleccionó toda la patología relacionada (36 diagnósticos codificados en los dos períodos), que se clasificó en 12 grupos. Resultados: Tan solo el 3,16% de los diagnósticos globales fueron de infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales. Los 3 grupos diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron las lesiones por virus del papiloma humano anogenital, seguido de los molluscum contagiosum y las dermatosis anogenitales inflamatorias. Con significación estadística, y comparando con el global de diagnósticos, los seleccionados constituyeron más habitualmente el motivo de consulta primario y, en el ámbito privado, fue más frecuente que viniesen derivados de otros especialistas. Conclusión: Las infecciones e infestaciones de transmisión predominantemente sexual y otras dermatosis anogenitales tienen un peso muy limitado en la asistencia dermatológica en España, a pesar de que la inclusión del diagnóstico de molluscum contagiosum sobreestima estos diagnósticos. La ausencia de inclusión de centros y consultas monográficas de ITS en la muestra aleatoria contribuye a la infrarrepresentación de estas parcelas de la especialidad. Es importante hacer un esfuerzo decidido por potenciarlas con consultas y centros monográficos.

Objective: the purpose of this study was to report the authors' experience in the diagnosis, management, and clinical outcome of intestinal ischemia with pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and hepatic-portal-mesenteric venous gas (HPMVG). Experimental design: a retrospective analysis. Method: the medical records of 12 cases of intestinal ischemia with PI and HPMVG spanning the last 10 years were reviewed. Clinical characteristics, imaging study results, surgical findings, histological findings, management, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results: of the 12 cases that were evaluated, 9 patients presented with abdominal distension, three, with abdominal pain, five, with shock on admission, and six, with fever. Most patients (83%) had a history of diabetes mellitus. Dilated loops of bowel were identified on plain film radiography in 9 of 12 of patients. Only 3 cases were initially suspected of having abnormal gas over the RUQ or intramural intestine. All patients underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT). Nine patients were diagnosed with ischemic changes of the intestine (2 cases had colon involvement), and 3 patients were found to have a gangrenous intestine. While all patients underwent segmental resection of the intestine, ten of 12 patients died post-operatively. Conclusions: abdominal CT findings of PI and HPMVG in intestinal ischemia do not appear to either directly correlate with the gross findings or predict clinical outcome. The clinical outcome of patients affected with this condition was poor, even following surgical intervention. A positive clinical outcome may depend on the severity and extent of the underlying disease(s).

Los Uvares disseminated gold epithermal deposit, in the central part of the Cabo San Lucas Block (CSLB) near the tip of Baja California peninsula, occurs in a cataclastically deformed tonalite intruded by alaskite and mildly faulted diorite dikes. Potassium-argon (K-Ar) isotopic ages on hornblende separates from relatively unaltered intrusive rocks at Los Uvares are: 137 ± 6 Ma (tonalite) and 128 ± 5 Ma (diorite). The K-Ar ages are internally consistent with the relative ages of diorite and tonalite from field relationships, suggesting a Cretaceous magmatic event. These ages are older than previous ages found for similar plutonic rocks in the CSLB (ranges of 109-42 Ma). It seems likely that the Los Uvares deposit occurs in an intrusive complex that represents an older phase (not previously reported) of the Cretaceous-Tertiary magmatic pulse in the CSLB. Fission-track ages onapatites in the diorite dikes range from 80 to 100 Ma. Fission-track data suggest that hydrothermal activity at Los Uvares ended by ~80 Ma, and that cooling/erosion followed.

El yacimiento epitermal de oro diseminado de Los Uvares, localizado en la parte central del bloque Cabo San Lucas (CSLB) en la parte sur de la península de Baja California, ocurre en una tonalita cataclástica intrusionada por alaskita y diques parcialmente fracturados de diorita. Las edades isotópicas de potasio-argón (K-Ar) en hornblendas separadas de rocas intrusivas relativamente no alteradas en Los Uvares son: 137 ± 6 Ma (tonalita) y 128 ± 5 Ma (diorita). Las edades K-Ar son internamente consistentes con las edades relativas de la diorita y la tonalita derivadas de las relaciones de campo e indican un evento magmático Cretácico. Estas edades son más antiguas que las determinadas previamente para rocas similares del CSLB (rango: 109-42 Ma). Existen varias posibles explicaciones para la diferencia de edades; sin embargo, es muy probable que el yacimiento de Los Uvares ocurra en un complejo intrusivo que representa una fase más antigua (no reportada previamente) del pulso magmático Cretácico-Terciario del CSLB. Las edades de trazas de fisión en apatitas de los diques de diorita varían de 80 a 100 Ma. Estas edades sugieren que la actividad hidrotermal en Los Uvares culminó hace ~ 80 Ma, para posteriormente continuar con las etapas de enfriamiento/erosión. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1999.38.1.897

El yacimiento de oro de Los Uvares es un yacimiento relativamente pequeño (-500,000 toneladas con un promedio de 3 gramos de oro por tonelada) localizado en el complejo cristalino de Cabo San Lucas, al sur de la península de Baja California. Los modelos genéticos previamente sugeridos para este depósito son: pórfiroaurífero y dique-falla tonalítico (Escandón, 1983; Romero, 1986). Sin embargo, la evidencia petrográfica sugiere que Los Uvares es un yacimiento de oro diseminado relacionado con una falla (Carrillo, 1990; Carrillo y Huyck, 1990). Una comparación del depósito de Los Uvares con yacimientos pórfiro cuproauríferos, de falla de bajo ángulo (detaclunent), tipo Carlin y epitermales indica que Los Uvares presenta similitudes con los yacimientos epitermales de oro. El modelo presentado en este trabajo puede ser usado como una guía para la exploración de más yacimientos de este tipo en la península de Baja California.

Los Uvares gold deposit is a relatively small ore deposit (~500,000 tons of ore averaging 3 grams of gold per ton), lo¬cated in the crystalline complex of the Cabo San Lucas block in southern Baja California peninsula. Previous proposed ge¬netic models for Los Uvares gold deposit are: porphyry gold, and tonalite dike-fault (Escandón, 1983, Romero, 1986). However, the petrographic evidence suggests that Los Uvares is a fault-related disseminated gold deposit (Carrillo, 1990; Carrillo and Huyck, 1990). A comparison between the Los Uvares deposit with porphyry gold-copper, detachment-fault, Carlin type and epithermal deposits suggests that the Uvares is most similar to epithermal gold deposits. The model presented here could be applied as an exploration tool for other deposits in the Baja California peninsula.

Desde su descubrimiento, se ha postulado, y en algunos casos comprobado, que los factores tróficos juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo, mantenimiento y regeneración del sistema nervioso. El conocimiento y la manipulación de estas sustancias ha servido para: a) formular nuevas teorías acerca de la etiología de varios desórdenes neurodebeneraivos y b) desarrollar nuevas altemativas terapéuticas para estas entidades. En la presente revisión, resumimos los principales efectos de diferentes factores tróficos sobre las neuronas dopaminérgicas de la substantia nigra en desarrollo, cuya degeneración en el adulto ocasiona la mayoría de los síntomas observados en la enfermedad de Parkinson.

Introducción: Las neuronas sensoriales de los ganglios de la raíz dorsal (GRD) del ratón adulto, son un modelo interesante en el estudio de la infección in vitro por virus de rabia. Su importancia radica puesto que es una de las vías que tiene el virus para llegar a sistema nervioso central. El virus de la rabia usualmente entra por la mordedura de un animal infectado, inicialmente llega al músculo, replicándose localmente, pasa a terminales nerviosas adyacentes, sube a través del sistema nervioso periférico y llega a los ganglio de la raíz dorsal. Durante el transporte del virus no hay síntomas y la enfermedad sólo se inicia con la llegada del virus al sistema nervioso central, donde la replicación del virus es seguida por su transporte en sentido centrífugo, teniendo un particular e inexplicable tropismo por las glándulas salivares y lacrimales. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de infección del virus de la rabia en neuronas GRD. Metodología: Cultivos de neuronas de GRD de ratón adulto fueron inoculados con virus de rabia cepa CVS, siendo observada la ultraestructura en tiempos progresivos de infección desde 5 minutos hasta 60 horas. Los resultados obtenidos en los que no se observaron viriones, nos llevaron a hacer un marcaje con inmunoperoxidasas para evidenciar este proceso. Para corroborar los resultados obtenidos fue necesario comparar ultraestructuralmente y con la técnica de inmunoperoxidasas la infección en tejido cerebral de ratones adultos inoculados experimentalmente. Resultados: Este estudio nos permite afirmar que la producción de partículas virales en neuronas de ganglio de raíz dorsal de ratón adulto, cultivadas in vitro, e inoculadas con virus de rabia es escasa, comparada con la gran cantidad de antígeno viral observada en vesículas de 0,5 mm localizadas en el citoplasma de estas mismas células. Los resultados más importantes del estudio revelan que las neuronas sensoriales de ratón adulto son susceptibles a la infección demostrada mediante técnicas de inmunofluorescencia e inmunoperoxidasa, pero tienen una baja producción de viriones. La ultraestructura de las neuronas infectadas revela matrices sugestivas de ser ribonucleoproteína viral y la inmunomicroscopía electrónica muestra vesículas de 0,5 mm con precipitados de DAB, indicando la presencia de antígenos del virus de rabia en ellas.

Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a malignant urothelial carcinoma with a high mortality rate. Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death and functions in suppressing tumor growth and progression. However, few studies focus on ferroptosis and BLCA., Materials and Methods: We explored the potential oncogenic roles of ferroptosis-related genes in BLCA based on multiple public datasets. We then used univariate and multivariate cox regression to build a new survival model based on ferroptosis-related genes to predict the survival of BLCA., Results: We found that 23 ferroptosis-related genes had a strong correlation with each other in BLCA. Eight ferroptosis-related genes, CDKN1A, HSPA5, NFE2L2, MT1G, FANCD2, CISD1, TFRC, NCOA4, had a significantly different expression and heat-map. HSPA5 and CISD1 have a statistically significant difference in OS and DFS. Besides, CISD1 had an ideal nomogram to predict the 1-3-5-year OS (C-index: 0.701, P < .001). Furthermore, HSPA5 and CISD1 had a lower DNA methylation rate than normal tissue and HSPA5 had a positive connection with TMB (P = .02). In addition, HSPA5 participated in the DNA replication and P53 signaling pathway, and CISD1 mediated the oxidative phosphorylation and positive regulation of the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway., Conclusion: Ferroptosis-related genes had a strong correlation with BLCA, notably, HSPA5 and CISD1 may play a role in inducing ferroptosis to suppress bladder tumorigenesis and CISD1 can be a novel prognostic biomarker as well as an effective target for diagnosis and treatment in BLCA., (Copyright © 2022 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high morbidity and mortality. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of microRNA (miRNA) may be associated with the susceptibility to develop certain malignant tumors., Aim: To study the association between SNPs of miRNA and hepatocellular carcinoma in peripheral blood samples., Material and Methods: Three SNPs in miRNA were studied in peripheral blood samples of 498 patients with HCC and 520 controls., Results: A significant association was observed between rs13299349 in miRNA3152 and HCC. AA genotype or A allele were significantly associated with increased risk of HCC. A allele was associated with the size and number of tumor foci. There was also a relationship between rs10061133 in miRNA449b and HCC. The G allele was significantly associated with increased risk of HCC compared with A allele., Conclusions: This study links rs13299349 in miRNA3152 and rs10061133 in miRNA449b with the risk of developing HCC.

Objective: To determine the effects of lead exposure on the time elapsed to become pregnant., Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 142 women residing in Mexico City between 1997 and 2001, who were already participating in a study to evaluate effects of lead exposure on reproductive health. Measurements of lead in bone were performed when women were first admitted to the program. Information on lead exposure and other variables of interest was obtained through a questionnaire. Participants were followed up to assess the relationship between the time required to become pregnant and lead exposure. Statistical analysis consisted of Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models., Results: Of the total number of women in the program, 42 got pregnant: 34 before the first year of follow-up, and 8 at a later date. The mean value for lead concentration in blood was 9.3 micrograms/dl. The mean values for lead concentration in patella and tibia were 16.0 y 11.0 micrograms Pb/g of bone, respectively. Survival analysis was performed and no differences were detected in blood lead levels and time to pregnancy in the first year. Nevertheless, in women with blood lead levels above 10.0 micrograms/dl, the likelihood of not achieving pregnancy was five times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05-0.56) after one year of follow-up compared with women with blood lead levels below 10.0 micrograms/dl., Conclusions: Exposure to high lead concentrations may be an important risk factor influencing the time period for a woman to get pregnant, especially in fertile women who have tried to get pregnant for more than a year. This paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Objective: To describe occupational lead exposure and its biological indicators in workers in a printing company., Material and Methods: An epidemiological and industrial hygiene research was undertaken. Lead was measured in the air of work environment and on the hands of the participants; additionally, subjects underwent a venous blood samples for the determination of whole blood lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; and a bone lead measurement using a spot-source 109Cd K-X-ray fluorescence instrument. Also, a standardized questionnaire was applied. We obtained information on demographic and life styles factors, work history, type of work, position and activity within the company., Results: Of the 209 workers, 117 agreed to participate and 90 (83.3% males and 16.7% females) completed all phases of the study. The average lead concentrations were: in air samples, of 0.94 microgram/m3; in hands before washing, of 6,802 micrograms/m2; in hands after washing, of 194 micrograms/m2; in whole blood, of 12.3 micrograms/dl; and in tibia and fibula, of 25.9 and 43.3 micrograms Pb/g of bone mineral, respectively. Important variations in these measurements were observed according to the workers post., Conclusions: Worldwide, lead exposure levels have been used to evaluate acute exposures being in the workplace. The higher lead levels find in the bone of the workers in this study are similar to other occupational studies in the United States of America and suggest that the accumulated metal in bone may be an important endogenous exposure source, and here its measurement importance. However in developing countries because its high costs per application, the measurements in bone lead become limited to epidemiological research, although not as an instrument for occupational epidemiological surveillance. In Mexico, there are no reliable studies of occupational lead exposure, which would allow the establishment of both, maximum permissible ambient and biological levels. This study is intended to contribute to blood lead standard setting, which is being discussed in Mexico.

Objective: To identify determinants of weight (BW) and length at birth (BL)., Material and Methods: We studied 481 mother-newborn pairs in three Mexico City hospitals. Multiple regression models were developed to identify statistically significant predictors of BW and BL with respect to a predetermined biological model. Independent variables included were: maternal anthropometry, age, smoking habits, and civil status, parental education, obstetric history, hypertension, and neonatal characteristics., Results: In the group with calf circumference (CC), height and head circumference below the median BW was 133, 92 and 96 g lower (+/- 35 standard error -SE-, p < 0.01) than the group above the median, adjusting for socioeconomic, obstetric history, and neonatal characteristics (NC). In the group below the median CC or height, BL was 5.8 or 6.2 mm (+/- 1.9 mm SE, p < 0.01) respectively, adjusting for obstetric history and NC., Conclusions: Results suggest that maternal anthropometry is the most important predictor of birth size and that predictors for BW and BL differ.