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Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease present with an accumulation of uraemic toxins, which have been identified as pathogenic agents associated with cardiovascular mortality, which is very high is this patient group. A phenomenon common to the progressive renal dysfunction and associated vascular damage, is the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the renal or vascular structures., Objective: To determine the contribution of uraemia or the uraemic toxins to the production of cytokinins and ECM in aortas of uraemic animals or human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs)., Materials and Methods: Mice were used with uraemia induced by a diet rich in adenine (0.2%) for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Kidney function was evaluated by means of urine volume, plasma levels of creatinine, urea, fractional excretion of sodium, and vascular damage using histology, as well as protein expression using RT-qPCR. The HASMCs were incubated in vitro with uraemic toxins: p-cresol 10-100 (μg/ml) and indoxyl-sulphate25-100 (μg/ml) alone or simultaneously. The protein expression was evaluated using Western blot and confocal microscopy., Results: The administration of adenine produced progressive kidney damage in the mice, thickening of the aortic wall, and increasing the expression of TGF-β1 and ECM proteins. The toxins at high doses and combined also induced the expression of TGF-β1 and ECM proteins by the HASMCs., Conclusions: The uraemia produced by an adenine rich diet or high doses of uraemic toxins induced the abnormal deposit of ECM proteins in the vascular wall or its production by HASMCs. The understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this pathophysiological process may be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular damage associated with the progress of chronic kidney disease, a disease, at the moment that is irreversible and occasional silent until its diagnosis in advanced stages., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Multifaith rooms are an emerging model for the management and accommodation of the religious diversity that proliferates in the health field. This article examines the micropolitics of the design of multireligious spaces in hospital contexts. Drawing on recent empirical evidence and the "material turn" in the study of religion, we focus on the material negotiations that underlie the creation of these religious spaces. The article is based on an ethnographic study carried out between 2013 and 2016 using the strategy of a multiple case study (in three hospitals) in Catalan. Twelve in-depth interviews with religious leaders of different faiths and hospital staff and managers, as well as observations in multifaith spaces, were carried out. The article shows that multifaith rooms are not conciliatory and integrative per se, but rather constitute contexts of tension and contention. We conclude that an inherent conflictual dimension is part of the nature of this type of spaces and should be recognized and integrated into the management of diversity in hospital contexts.