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[Introduction] Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves implanting cellular elements capable of generating a new and healthy haematopoietic system. Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) consists of an immunosuppressive treatment to facilitate a progressive implant with lower morbidity. This type of conditioning can also lead to myelosuppression, which is potentially reversible over time. Reduced intensity conditioning enables HSCT to be performed on patients with genetic diseases for whom added comorbidity is undesirable due to the high doses of chemotherapy that accompanies conventional myeloablative regimens., [Patients and methods] An analysis was performed on the outcomes of 68 paediatric patients with genetic diseases who underwent HSCT with RIC between 2005 and 2013 in the of Paediatric Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Units that are part of the Spanish Working Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children. A multicentre study was conducted including 68 patients, of whom 43 had Primary Immunodeficiency, 21 with congenital haematological diseases, and 4 with metabolic diseases. RIC in patients with metabolic diseases need to be assessed on an individual basis., [Results] Fifty (73.5%) of the 68 patients were still alive. The Overall Survival (OS) at nine years was 0.74. Twenty-three (33.8%) had some event during the course of the HSCT, with an event-free survival rate of 0.66. The OS in patients with haematological diseases was 0.81, being 0.7 in primary immunodeficiencies, and 0.4 in metabolic diseases. No significant difference was observed between the 3 groups of diseases. As regards the source of haematopoietic progenitors, there was an OS rate of 0.74 in patients transplanted with peripheral blood, 0.70 with bone marrow, and 0.70 and with cord blood, with no statistically significant differences., [Conclusions] Favourable results have been obtained in HSCT with reduced intensity conditioning in genetic diseases. It should be noted that the risks and benefits of the RIC in patients with metabolic diseases need to be assessed on an individual basis., [Introducción] El trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TPH) consiste en implantar elementos celulares capaces de generar un sistema hematopoyético nuevo y sano. El régimen de intensidad reducida (RIR) consiste en un tratamiento predominantemente inmunosupresor, para facilitar un implante progresivo con menor morbilidad. Este tipo de acondicionamiento puede también provocar mielosupresión, aunque potencialmente reversible en el tiempo. El acondicionamiento RIR permite aplicar TPH a pacientes con enfermedad genética en los que no es deseable añadir comorbilidad por las altas dosis de quimioterapia que conlleva el régimen mieloablativo convencional., [Pacientes y métodos] Se analiza la evolución de 68 pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades genéticas que entre los años 2005-2013 se han sometido a un TPH con RIR en las Unidades pediátricas de Trasplante Hematopoyético de los hospitales españoles integrantes del Grupo Español para Trasplante de Médula Ósea en niños. Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico que incluye a 68 pacientes, de los cuales 43 presentan inmunodeficiencia primaria, 21 presentan hemopatía congénita y 4 están afectados de metabolopatía., [Resultados] Cincuenta de los 68 pacientes se encuentran vivos (73,5%). La supervivencia global (SG) a 9 años es de 0,74. Veintitrés (33,8%) han presentado en el transcurso del TPH algún evento. Supervivencia libre de evento de 0,66. La SG en los pacientes con hemopatía es de 0,81; en las inmunodeficiencias primarias es de 0,70 y en las metabolopatías es de 0,4. No se observa diferencia significativa entre los 3 grupos de enfermedades. Respecto a la fuente de progenitores hematopoyéticos, la SG en los pacientes trasplantados con sangre periférica es de 0,74; con médula ósea es de 0,70 y con la sangre de cordón umbilical es de 0,70. No se observa tampoco diferencia estadística significativa., [Conclusiones] En nuestro trabajo, de ámbito nacional, hemos evidenciado unos resultados favorables en TPH con régimen de intensidad reducida en las enfermedades genéticas. Cabe destacar que las metabolopatías requieren una consideración individualizada para sopesar en cada paciente los riesgos y beneficios que comporta el RIR.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) or myositis ossificans, is a genetic disease, with a prevalence of 1 in 2.000.000. It is caused by pathogenic variants in ACVR1 gene and characterized by soft tissue heterotopic ossification, starting in the second decade of life. It is associated to early mortality caused by respiratory complications. It evolves in flare-ups, triggered by soft tissue injuries; therapy is symptomatic, using analgesia, steroids and diphosphonates. We report a 12-year-old female with left renal agenesis, hallux valgus and intellectual disability, presenting with a six months history of thoracic kyphosis, tender nodules in the thorax, and rigidity of right elbow and left knee. Clinical examination revealed dysmorphic facial features. A magnetic resonance showed heterotopic ossification nodules, which was confirmed with spinal radiography. These findings prompted the diagnosis of FOP. Pain treatment was started, and prednisone was used during flare-ups. The ACVR1 gene was analyzed and a pathogenic variant, p. Arg206His, was found, confirming the diagnosis of FOP.

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders of the connective tissue, due to defects in collagen or its modifying enzymes. We report a 21 years old male presenting with translucent skin revealing the subcutaneous venous pattern. He had a thin face, large-appearing eyes, thin lips, thin nose, joint hypermotility and history of hip dysplasia. A vascular Ehlers Danlos Syndrome was suspected. However, the genetic study to confirm the diagnosis was not done.

Las poblaciones humanas obedecen a los mismos supuestos evolutivos que el resto de los organismos, aunque mezclados con elementos sociales y culturales que pueden promover la expresión de ciertas enfermedades en grupos étnicos específicos, causadas principalmente por la frecuente endogamia. En este trabajo se analiza el principio de Hardy-Weinberg desde un enfoque médico, social y biológico, para entender los procesos evolutivos que dan lugar a las enfermedades autosómicas recesivas. A manera de conclusión se puede señalar que la incidencia de estas enfermedades está inversamente relacionada con los niveles de la variabilidad genética en las poblaciones, variabilidad que depende de eventos de colonización, recolonización y migración, así como de convenciones sociales como el racismo, la estratificación social y la segregación. Human populations follow the same evolutionary principles as other organisms, although mixed with social and cultural elements, which can result in a high prevalence of certain diseases within specific ethnic groups. In this work, the Hardy-Weinberg principle is analyzed from a medical, social and biological viewpoint to understand the evolutionary processes of autosomal recessive diseases. It can be concluded that the incidence of these diseases is inversely related to the levels of genetic variability within populations, which depends on colonization, recolonization and migration events, as well as on social conventions such as racism, social stratification and segregation.

En el presente trabajo se describe un caso de síndrome de pterigium múltiple recurrente familiar de particulares características clínicas. Esta descripción se presenta a continuación del artículo “Síndrome de Escobar: a propósito de un caso” para mostrar la heterogeneidad fenotípica y genotípica de esta entidad. El diagnóstico presuntivo se realizó en el primer hijo a los 5 días de vida y el confirmatorio a los dos meses; sobrevivió hasta los 8 meses con desnutrición, ceguera, retraso global del desarrollo y patología renal crónica. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluían fijación generalizada de articulaciones, pterigium de axila, codo y región poplítea, cifosis dorsal, desviación cubital de las manos, pie bot talo-valgo, pabellones auriculares de implantación baja y micrognatia. El diagnóstico presuntivo del segundo hijo fue ecográfico- genealógico, a las 20 semanas de gestación por síndrome de hipoquinesia fetal y fijación articular. El feto obitó a las 21 semanas de edad gestacional. La anatomía- patológica confirmó los hallazgos ecográficos, constatándose un fenotipo muy similar al de su hermano. A recurrent and familiar case of pterygium multiple syndrome with particular clinical features is presented. This description comes after the article “Escobar syndrome: a case report” in order to show the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of these cases. A preliminary diagnosis was made at 5 days of age in the first child of the couple; the definitive diagnosis was made at 2 months of age. The patient lived 8 months with malnutrition, blindness, developmental delay and chronic renal pathology. Clinical manifestations included joint contractures; elbow, armpit and popliteal region pterygium; dorsal kyphosis; cubital deviation of hands; club foot deformity; low outer ear and micrognathia. The preliminary diagnosis of the second child was ecographic, at 20 weeks of gestation by Hypokinesia fetal and joint contracture. The pregnancy was ended at 21 weeks. The anatomy pathology confirmed the ecographic findings with a phenotype very similar to the first case.

Many diseases can be associated with kidney cysts and they may be classified as hereditary and non-hereditary renal cystic disease. The first group can be sub-classified as autosomal recessive cystic disease, such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease and nephronophthisis, as autosomal dominant kidney disease such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, glomerulocystic disease and tuberous sclerosis, and as cysts associated with syndromes. Cystic dysplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney, simple cyst, multilocular cysts, Wilm's tumor and acquired cystic kidney disease are classified in the second group. The genetic study of renal cysts is becoming increasingly important, due to the possible therapeutic interventions that could be devised in the future. The aim of this review is to provide a fast and easy clinical approach to renal cysts.

Many diseases can be associated with kidney cysts and they may be classified as hereditary and non-hereditary renal cystic disease. The first group can be sub-classified as autosomal recessive cystic disease, such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease and nephronophthisis, as autosomal dominant kidney disease such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, glomerulocystic disease and tuberous sclerosis, and as cysts associated with syndromes. Cystic dysplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney, simple cyst, multilocular cysts, Wilm's tumor and acquired cystic kidney disease are classified in the second group. The genetic study of renal cysts is becoming increasingly important, due to the possible therapeutic interventions that could be devised in the future. The aim of this review is to provide a fast and easy clinical approach to renal cystc

Marfan Syndrome is an autosomic dominant genetic disorder of the elastic fibers of connective tissue. Although neonatal and infant forms of the disease exist, the classic Marfan Syndrome is the most frequent form of presentation in childhood and adolescence, whith a hereditary background in 70 to 85% of cases. Due to the natural evolution of the disease, there is a progressive involvement of different organs or systems such as skeletal, cardiovascular, dura, ocular, skin-integument and lungs. However, the suspicion must arise on skeletal clinical aspects which are first evident signs. The cardiovascular involvement appears later but is the major life threatening complication. When suspecting Marfan phenotype, it is mandatory to apply Ghent criteria based on family history and clinical findings to establish the diagnosis. If diagnosis is confirmed, the severity of organ involvement must be assessed, to take preventive and/or therapeutic measures, including the search of new cases among relatives. When patients do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria, they must have a yearly evaluation considering the natural progressive evolution of the disease. The aim of this review is to spread and unify criteria on this disease whose diagnosis is eminently clinical, that requires early integral and updated management by a multidisciplinary group, to obtain the best quality of life and survival