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Subsurface temperatures are substantially higher in urban areas than in surrounding rural environments; the result is a subsurface urban heat island (SUHI). SUHIs and their drivers have received attention in studies world-wide. In this study, a well-constrained data set of subsurface temperatures from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is presented. The study demonstrates that, through modeling of centuries-long (from fourteenth to twenty-first century) urban development and climate change, along with the history of both the surface urban heat-island temperatures and ground surface temperatures, it is possible to simulate the development and present state of the Amsterdam SUHI. The results provide insight into the drivers of long-term SUHI development, which makes it possible to distinguish subterranean heat sources of more recent times that are localized drivers (such as geothermal energy systems, sewers, boiler basements, subway stations or district heating) from larger-scale drivers (mainly heat loss from buildings and raised ground-surface temperatures due to pavements). Because these findings have consequences for the assessment of the shallow geothermal potential of the SUHIs, it is proposed to distinguish between (1) a regional, long-term SUHI that has developed over centuries due to the larger-scale drivers, and (2) local anomalies caused by anthropogenic heat sources less than one century old.

Subsurface temperatures are substantially higher in urban areas than in surrounding rural environments; the result is a subsurface urban heat island (SUHI). SUHIs and their drivers have received attention in studies world-wide. In this study, a well-constrained data set of subsurface temperatures from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is presented. The study demonstrates that, through modeling of centuries-long (from fourteenth to twenty-first century) urban development and climate change, along with the history of both the surface urban heat-island temperatures and ground surface temperatures, it is possible to simulate the development and present state of the Amsterdam SUHI. The results provide insight into the drivers of long-term SUHI development, which makes it possible to distinguish subterranean heat sources of more recent times that are localized drivers (such as geothermal energy systems, sewers, boiler basements, subway stations or district heating) from larger-scale drivers (mainly heat loss from buildings and raised ground-surface temperatures due to pavements). Because these findings have consequences for the assessment of the shallow geothermal potential of the SUHIs, it is proposed to distinguish between (1) a regional, long-term SUHI that has developed over centuries due to the larger-scale drivers, and (2) local anomalies caused by anthropogenic heat sources less than one century old.

The analysis of the natural answers of the principal springs (Río Jorox, Fuente Quebrada and Carratraca) of the Prieta-Bonela-Alcaparaín aquifer system has allowed to determine the hydrogeological characteristics and the different degree of karstification existing in the same one. In the sector of aquifer that is drained by the Río Jorox spring (Sierra Prieta) exists a developed karstic net, across which there is produced a rapid flow of the rainwater. In the sector of aquifer that is drained by the Fuente Quebrada spring (Sierra Bonela), the degree of karstification is less developed. The sector drained by the Carratraca spring (Sierra Alcaparaín) presents a behaviour pattern that is typical of a diffuse flow aquifer

The analysis of the natural answers of the principal springs (Río Jorox, Fuente Quebrada and Carratraca) of the Prieta-Bonela-Alcaparaín aquifer system has allowed to determine the hydrogeological characteristics and the different degree of karstification existing in the same one. In the sector of aquifer that is drained by the Río Jorox spring (Sierra Prieta) exists a developed karstic net, across which there is produced a rapid flow of the rainwater. In the sector of aquifer that is drained by the Fuente Quebrada spring (Sierra Bonela), the degree of karstification is less developed. The sector drained by the Carratraca spring (Sierra Alcaparaín) presents a behaviour pattern that is typical of a diffuse flow aquifer

Periodic control of several physical and chemical data of Sierra de Segura springs has allowed us to determine that cold (from 9ºC to 11ºC) and low salinity (0.25 to 0.35 g/L) calcium and calcium-magnesium bicarbonate groundwater prevail in many parts of the aquifer systems. This situation could be related to the peculiar hydrogeological and climatic characteristics of the study area

Periodic control of several physical and chemical data of Sierra de Segura springs has allowed us to determine that cold (from 9ºC to 11ºC) and low salinity (0.25 to 0.35 g/L) calcium and calcium-magnesium bicarbonate groundwater prevail in many parts of the aquifer systems. This situation could be related to the peculiar hydrogeological and climatic characteristics of the study area