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In the 1990s, the high rate of unemployment was part of the reality of the Brazilian labor market. In this scenario, the youth labor was the most penalized by having the lowest employment rates, with most employed in the informal sector and obtaining low income. However, during the first decade of this century, the dynamics of the domestic labor market was different from that observed in the last decade, especially since 2004, with the increase in the creation of formal jobs. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the labor market of children and young people (aged between 14 and 24 years). The time frame of this analysis covers the years 1992, 2002 and 2012; Data refer to the Annual Social Information (RAIS) of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE). Methodologically a review of the relative literature on the integration of young people in work activities was performed, and an indicator for the estimation of the participation of young people formally employed in Brazil was calculated. The main results show that between 1990 and 2000 a worsening of the entry of young people in the Brazilian labor market began. In addition, it was found that the formalization promoted during the 2000s, did not reach the youth formal labor. En la década de 1990, la alta tasa de desempleo era parte de la realidad del mercado laboral brasileño. En este escenario, la mano de obra juvenil fue la más penalizada al tener las tasas más bajas de empleo, con la mayoría de ocupados en el sector informal y la obtención de ingresos bajos. Sin embargo, durante la primera década de este siglo, la dinámica del mercado laboral nacional fue distinta de la observada en la última década, sobre todo desde 2004, con el aumento en la creación de puestos de trabajo formales. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el mercado de trabajo de menores y jóvenes (en edades entre 14 y 24 años). El marco de tiempo de este análisis cubre los años 1992, 2002 y 2012; los datos corresponden a la Información Social Anual (RAIS), del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE). Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión de la literatura relativa a la inserción de los jóvenes en las actividades de trabajo, y se calculó un indicador para la estimación de la participación de los jóvenes ocupados formalmente en Brasil. Los principales resultados muestran que entre 1990 y 2000 se dio un empeoramiento de la entrada de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo brasileño. Además, se encontró que la formalización promovida durante la década del 2000, no alcanzó a la mano de obra formal de jóvenes. Na década de 1990, a alta taxa de desemprego era parte da realidade do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Neste cenário, a mão de obra juvenil foi a mais penalizada ao ter as taxas mais baixas de emprego, com a maioria de ocupados no setor informal e a obtenção de rendimentos baixos. No entanto, durante a primeira década deste século, a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho nacional foi diferente da observada na última década, sobretudo desde 2004, com o aumento na criação de postos de trabalho formais. Portanto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o mercado de trabalho de menores e jovens (em idades entre 14 e 24 anos). O marco de tempo desta análise cobre nos anos 1992, 2002 e 2012; os dados correspondem à Informação Social Anual (RAIS), do Ministério de Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Metodologicamente realizou-se uma revisão da literatura relacionada à inserção dos jovens nas atividades de trabalho, e calculou-se um indicador para a estimativa da participação dos jovens ocupados formalmente no Brasil. Os principais resultados mostram que entre 1990 e 2000 piorou a entrada dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Além do mais, encontrou-se que a formalização promovida durante a década do 2000, não atingiu à mão de obra formal de jovens.

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).