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ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims to dissect and identify the Barkow ligament (LB) in fetal specimens and describe its anatomical characteristics to contribute to its knowledge in the pediatric population and the clinical and surgical application of conditions associated with the Craniovertebral Junction (CVJ). ). Methods: This work evaluated 19 human fetuses aged 28-38 weeks. Of these, six specimens constituted the final sample and were studied through detailed dissections using coronal sections in an anterior approach up to the region described by the LB. Results: In all specimens, a thin fibrous band was found, horizontal and anterior to the axis tooth, with bilateral fixation on the occipital condyles, corroborating the results found for describing LB in adults. Conclusion: The LB is a congenital ligament that resists the extension of the atlantooccipital joint and may play a role in the stability of the CVJ. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Study.

This study aimed to update the assessment of construct validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS). This is part of a cohort study, in which the scale was applied to 415 pregnant women. The factor structure was verified via structural equation models. Comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used to verify the model fit. Additionally, to test the validity of the MFAS based on external variables, generalized linear model was performed to test the association between obstetric variables, social support, and symptoms of depression with the MFAS. The reliability was analyzed via the composite reliability coefficient (CR). The 12-item short version of the Brazilian MFAS showed adequate parameters of construct validity (CFI = 0.969, TLI = 0.960 and RMSEA = 0.032, 90%CI: 0.012-0.048) and is composed of three factors (“empathy and care”, “role-taking”, and “interaction with the fetus”) containing 12 items. The total scores of the MFAS were positively correlated with social support (p-value < 0.001) and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (p-value = 0.007). Moreover, women who live with a partner (p-value = 0.026) and had intended pregnancies (p-value < 0.001) presented a better bond with the fetus. Regarding reliability, factors 1 and 2 showed adequate values (CR = 0.72 and CR = 0.82, respectively) and factor 3 regular value (CR = 0.63). This 12-item short version of the Brazilian MFAS may be a reliable and valid instrument for scientific studies and clinical assistance in Brazil.

Resumen: Una placenta artificial es una plataforma de soporte vital para bebés prematuros o que tuvieron menos de 37 semanas de gestación completa. Aunque existe la posibilidad de utilizar esta plataforma para la reparación intraoperatoria de anomalías congénitas (p. ej., hernia diafragmática congénita) en bebés prematuros tardíos, o para el estudio del desarrollo fetal, el objetivo principal de esta tecnología es actualmente el tratamiento de bebés extremadamente prematuros, o aquellos nacidos durante el período peri-viable entre las 21-24 semanas de gestación completa.Los bebés que nacen en este período peri-viable, generalmente tienen malos resultados debido a la necesidad de ventilar mecánicamente sus pulmones extremadamente inmaduros, a menudo a altas presiones máximas. Las plataformas de soporte vital basadas en placenta artificial están diseñadas para evitar la necesidad de ventilar como un medio para facilitar el intercambio de gases y así evitar lesiones en el pulmón prematuro inmaduro. En cambio, el intercambio de gases altamente eficiente y fácilmente regulado se realiza mediante dispositivos de intercambio de gases conectados a la vasculatura fetal. Dependiendo de la forma del sistema utilizado, se han probado diseños de circuitos venoso-venosos y arterio-venosos, con los prototipos arterio-venosos más recientes que utilizan el corazón fetal, en lugar de una bomba externa, para generar la presión del circuito.A pesar de tener la apariencia de un concepto futurista, el trabajo de desarrollar una placenta artificial se ha llevado a cabo de forma intermitente desde al menos finales de los años 50. El hecho de que la tecnología aún no haya entrado en servicio clínico, a pesar de que han pasado más de 60 años, refleja los desafíos técnicos que rodean el desarrollo y uso de la placenta artificial. Esta demora en la introducción también refleja el panorama cambiante de la atención neonatal y, en particular, los avances en la ventilación mecánica y los modos de soporte respiratorio no invasivo, como la presión positiva continua en las vías respiratorias, la introducción de esteroides prenatales y la disponibilidad de terapia con surfactante exógeno.Como tal, es razonable argumentar que el grupo demográfico objetivo para la tecnología de placenta artificial ha cambiado significativamente desde que comenzó su desarrollo. Los bebés que antes se consideraban peri-viables y probables candidatos para la terapia con placenta artificial (es decir, los que nacieron antes de las 28 semanas de gestación) ahora tienen tasas mucho mejores de supervivencia libre de enfermedad con la tecnología disponible en la actualidad. El grupo demográfico con los peores resultados, y los posibles candidatos para la terapia de placenta artificial contemporánea, son aquellos nacidos de embarazos significativamente comprometidos (por ejemplo, infección intrauterina, sepsis, preeclampsia severa, insuficiencia placentaria severa) a las 21-24 semanas de gestación y con un peso de aprox. 300 gramos.Este artículo proporcionará una revisión del historial de desarrollo de la placenta artificial, un resumen de la situación actual y concluirá discutiendo los desafíos restantes que deberán abordarse antes de que esta tecnología pueda introducirse en la práctica clínica. Summary: An artificial placenta is a life support platform for babies born preterm, or prior to 37 weeks’ completed gestation. Although there is potential to use this platform for the intraoperative repair of congenital abnormalities (e.g. congenital diaphragmatic hernia) in late preterm babies, or for the study of fetal development, the primary target for this technology is currently treatment of extremely preterm infants, or those delivered during the peri-viable period between 21-24 weeks’ completed gestation.Babies born in this peri-viable period generally have poor outcomes due to the need to mechanically ventilate their extremely immature lungs–often at high peak pressures. Artificial placenta-based life support platforms are designed to obviate the need to ventilate as a means of facilitating gas exchange, and thus avoid injury to the immature preterm lung. Instead, highly efficient, and easily regulated gas exchange is performed by gas-exchange devices connected to the fetal vasculature. Depending on the form of the system used, venous-venous and arterio-venous circuit designs have been trialled, with the more recent arterio-venous prototypes using the fetal heart, rather than an external pump, to generate circuit pressure.Despite having the appearance of a futuristic concept, work to develop an artificial placenta has been undertaken intermittently since at least the late 1950s. That the technology is yet to enter clinical service, despite 60-plus years of work, reflects the technical challenges surrounding the development and use of the artificial placenta. This delay in introduction also reflects the changing neonatal care landscape, and notably advances in mechanical ventilation and non-invasive respiratory support modes such as continuous positive airway pressure, the introduction of antenatal steroids, and the availability of exogenous surfactant therapy.As such, it is reasonable to argue that the target demographic for artificial placenta technology has changed significantly since development first began. Babies once considered peri-viable and a probable candidate for artificial placenta therapy (i.e. those born below 28 weeks’ gestation) now have much improved rates of disease-free survival using currently available technology. The demographic with the poorest outcomes, and the likely candidates for contemporary artificial placenta therapy, are those born from significantly compromised pregnancies (e.g. intrauterine infection, sepsis, severe pre-eclampsia, severe placental insufficiency) at 21-24 weeks’ gestation and weighing as little as 300 grams.This paper will provide a review of the development history of the artificial placenta, a summary of the current state-of-play, and conclude by discussing the remaining challenges that will need to be addressed before this technology might be introduced to clinical practice.

The following article presents results of the complex research on postulation of immunohistochemical features of the ovaries’ structure in case of fetuses with a gestational term of 21-28 weeks from mothers with HILGT comparing to ones in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. The materials of the research are: 25 fetuses from mothers with HILGT as well as 25 fetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy. All fetuses had died antenatally and inranatally, as a result of violation of uteroplacental and umbilical-uterine circulation. Research methods: macroscopic, organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. The organometric method revealed a clear decrease of main indexes of the fetuses’ ovaries from mothers with a complicated pregnancy comparing to ones in case of organs of fetuses from healthy mothers. Morphometric method revealed a clear decrease of a relative volume of cortical substance as well as a clear increase of a relative volume of brain substance in the gonads of fetuses from the main group; as well as it showed a clear decrease of an index of follicular tissue’ relative volume, likewise a clear increase of an index of interstitial component relative volume.The staining by picrofuxin by van Gieson method revealed a massive growth of the connective tissue in all strucutral components of organs of fetuses from mothers with HILGT relatively to gonads of fetuses from healthy mothers. Using of MCAT to main types of collagens allowed to reveal a violation of maturation of main types of collagens in the structure of connective tissue of fetal gonads in the main group. In the follicular component of the fetuses’ ovaries in the main group are appearing mature, cystic-artretic and growing forms of follicles. Immunohistochemical method revealed an increased number of an apoptotically altered eggs in the ovaries of fetuses from mothers with HILGT comparing to one in organs of fetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy. The peroxidase method revealed an increased endotheline-producing activity of the vascular component as arterial, like a venous type; likewise a clear decrease of the hormone-producing activity in the ovaries of fetuses from mothers with HILGT comparing to such indexes in fetal organs of fetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy. The complex of changes in the ovaries of fetuses with a 21-28 weeks of gestational term, which was described, was formed under the influence of the chronic hypoxia, prolonged antigenic stimulation as well as hormonal violations in the mother-placenta-fetus system, which is a leading link of the infectious pathology’ pathogenesis. The aforementioned complex of the structural and functional changes in the ovaries of fetuses from mothers with HILGT in a gestational term of 21-28 weeks indicates violations in implementation and formation of the fetal gonads, as well as it could further lead to disorders of the germinal function in the female organism.

11 March 2020 WHO assessmented that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus is highly contagious and is transmitted by droplets.It appears that pregnant women may be at a higher risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, which increases the risk to pregnancy and fetal defects. The course of the disease in this group of patients is more severe due to the changes in the immune and respiratory systems. Despite the constantly growing number of publications on the course of COVID-19 infection, the available data is insufficient.

In the current article there is observed a serious problem of the development of preeclampsia (PE) at a level of severity among women in Ukraine. It is disassembled in the description of the main theories of the development of PE: allergic, hormonal and renal. So that it can be instilled in some types of diseases and the theory of cortical-visceral ailments, which is leading on the pink modern data.The study of cephalic changes to the pathogenesis of PE made it possible to see and describe the peculiarities of the structure of the placenta’s vessels with this pathology with an eye on the development of endothelial dysfunction; hormone-stimulating activity in the mother - placenta - fetus system. Statistically, persons are indicated in a hematoencephalic institution, they are seen in the organisms of fetuses from mothers from the stage of severity. All the above specialties are seen as far as the degree of severity of the PE. It has been shown that in fetuses from mothers and PEs in the later ontogeny, there may be a breakdown of the implementation and the main stages in the development of cells, uterus and uterine tubes. Moreover, there is a trend towards the development of the pathology of the organs of the statutory system in case of women, women of all types of mothers from the moderate and severe stage, as well as a great number of changes in the development of PE at a given birth.

In the following article specific hystochemical features of the fetal ovaries’ structure from mothers with the physiological pregnancy are considered. All fetals were divided into subgroups by taking into consideration the term of gestation, as well as main stages of fetal gonads’ formation and laying. Namely: 21-28 weeks, 29-36 weeks, 37-40 weeks. All fetuses had died intranatally, as a result of acute uterine-placental circulation. The course of pregnancy in all cases was psychological, according to appropriate medical documentation. In the aim of reaching the scientific goal the following research methods were used: macroscopic, organometric, histological, histochemichal, morphometric, statistical. The comprehensive study has revealed the following features of the ovaries’ structure, depending on gestational term: weight, length, thickness, width and volume of the ovaries were reaching their minimum levels in case of fetuses with a gestational age of 21-28 weeks, while the maximum one was reached in case of fetuses on 37-42 weeks of gestation. All gonads are represented by cortical and cerebral matter, with the constant ratio despite of different gestational term. According to the growth of pregnancy term the number of germ cells decreases, while the number of apoptotically altered forms oppositely increases. Primarily it is because of the psychological cells’ death during ovarian formation.The follicular component at all stages of gestation is represented by primordial and primary follicles; at the 37-40 weeks though the atretic forms and cystically altered specimens are appearing. Moreover, in accordance with the growth of the pregnancy term, the number of primordial follicles decreases, while oppositely, the number of primary ones increases. The aforementioned changes lead to the decrease in the relative volume of follicular tissue and to the increase of the relative volume of the interstitial component. By the following histochemical methods (Felgen-Rossenbeck reaction, Brache reaction, Schiff-reaction) an increase in the functional activity of the fetal ovaries was revealed, by reaching its maximum point during gestation of the 37-40 weeks. The aforementioned features correspond with gestational terms as well as with stages of the ovarian development of the fetus. That is why they could be used as a control group during leading a research on characteristical features of fetal gonads structure of fetuses from mothers with complicated pregnancies.

The relevance of the following article is prescribed by the growing number of perinatal mortality and morbidity among newborns due to the mother’s chronic infection of the lower genital tract (HILGT). It is commonly known, that HILGT contributes to the delay of the fetal development likewise is often manifested by the violation of internal organs and systems implementation. One of the most acute topic is the the fetus’ reproductive system in ther early gestation terms. However, the immunohistochemical features of the fetuses’ uterus structure with the gestational term of 21-28 weeks from mothers with HILGT on the current stage of the medical science develpment have not been described yet. The aim of the current research is to identify immunohistochemical features of the fetuses’ uterus structure with the term of gestation of 21-28 weeks from mothers, whose pregnancy is complicated by HILGT. Material of the research: 25 fetuses from mothers, whose course of pregnancy was physiological (group of comparison) as well as 25 fetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by HILGT (main group). All fetuses had died intranatally, as a result of acute uterine placental and placental-fetal circulation. Research methods: organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. The research results and their discussion: the organometric parameters of the fetuses’ uterus from the main group were clearily decreased in comparison to such parameters in case of the group of comparison. The decrease of the parameter of the uterine wall thickness of fetuses from mothers with the complicated pregnancy prescribes thinning of the main structural components. Namely: endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium. In case of endometrium of fetuses’ uterus a decrease of number of glands and the lack of their functional activity was noticed. It characterizes this layer as structurally immature.At the same time, in case of fetal organs of fetuses from mothers with complicated pregnancies, we could notice an increase in the number of apoptotically altered cells. Comparing to the structure of layers of uterine walls in case of fetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy, in the uterus of fetuses from mothers with complicated pregnancy our attention is attracted by a massive growth of the connective tissue. In the myometrium it contributes to the disruption of the muscle fibers strusture likewise to its absence in some areas. By the immunohistochemical method it was possible to reveal a prevalence of the collagen of the III type in the structure of connective tissue likewise in the walls of blood vessels. It is connected primarily with disruption of the collagen’ maturation. The vascular component of the uterine wall in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT differs from ones in case of fetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy. This difference is grounded on the increase of endothelin-producing activity by vessels of both arterial and venous types. By processing preparations by monoclonal antibodies to estrogen, it has been postulated, that the intensity of the reaction as well as number of cells in the fetuses’ organs of the main group are clearily decreased comparing to ones in cases of fetuses from the group of comparison. The disorders of the fetuses’ uterus in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT, that were provided in the current article, are prescribed by chronic hypoxia, endocrine disorders as well as influences of the infectious agents, that are taking place in case of such pathology. The characteristic features of the fetuses’ uterus structure in case of fetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy is complicated by HILGT, indicate gross violation in the organ’s implementation on the early stages of the fetal organogenesis, likewise they could be a leading link of pathogenesis of primary infertility’ development in the future ontogenesis.

Introduction. Assessment of pregnancy, fetal status, diagnosis of placental insufficiency (PI) in pregnant women with coronavirus COVID-19, is a topical issue in obstetric practice and is of great social value for the birth of healthy children.The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of coronavirus disease on pregnancy and fetal status.Methods and materials. An examination of 25 pregnant women who relapsed into Covid-2019, who were treated at Public Non-profit Enterprise Ternopil Municipal City Hospital No. 2. The control group consisted of 25 pregnant women with a physiological course of pregnancy, who gave birth to live full-term infants with mass-growth characteristics according to gestational age. The condition of the fetus was assessed according to ultrasound, cardiotocography. Criteria for inclusion in the study were laboratory confirmed by COVID-19 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results and discussion. It was found that coronavirus disease was present in pregnant women 21 (84.0%) in mild form, 4 (16.0%) patients had pneumonia, but did not require hospitalization and did not require artificial ventilation, and were treated at home by a family doctor. The main complaints of patients were fever in 84.0% (21 pregnant women), cough - in 78.0% (19 pregnant women), myalgia - in 62.0% (15 pregnant women), headache - 84.0% (21 pregnant women) , sore throat - in 40.0% (10 pregnant women), general weakness in 70.0% (17 pregnant women). And 6 pregnant women (20%) of those surveyed had a mild asymptomatic course of the disease. The condition of the fetus was assessed by ultrasound and CTG of the fetus. Decrease in amplitude of oscillations less than 3 beats / min, absence of accelerations, emergence of decelerations, testify to the expressed signs of a hypoxia of a fruit and demand timely treatment and the decision of a question of urgent delivery.

The comprehensive study on the fetal ovaries allowed us to disclose main features of the collagen synthesis in different organ’s components relatively to the gestational term of fetus. We have studied the ovaries’ structure in case of fetuses, who died both antenatally and intranatally. The mothers of fetuses, according to the medical documentation, were healthy. As a reason of the fetuses death we can name an acute violation of the utero-placental as well as placental-fetal circulation. According to the specific features of the organs’ development, all fetuses were divided into groups: 21-28 weeks, 29-36 weeks, 37-40 weeks. The research methods: macroscopic, morphometric, histological, immunohistochemical, statistical. We have described a histological structure of the ovaries as well as we have postulated, that this structure corresponds completely with the physiological norm in every term of gestation. By applying the immunohistochemical method we have postulated, that the collagen of the I type prevails in the collagen structure of the connective tissue of fetal organs. It is manifested as an intensive glow. As the same time, the collagen of the III type is manifested as the small foci of moderate intensity. There are two types of collagens in the walls of blood vessels: IV and III ones. Moreover, we can preferably notice the collagen of the IV type. The collagen of the III type, at the same time, is manifested by foci with a low intensity of glow. All specific features of the collagen formation in the structure of the connective tissue, that were described above, are the same with ones which are corresponding with the physiological norm. The histological and immunohistochemical features of the ovaries’ structure, in case of fetuses from the study groups, could be applied as a comparison in a study on the organs’ structure in case of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy.

In the following article we have presented main risk factors of the development of the Diabetes Mellitus of the I type, as well as modern statistical data towards its correlation in a structure of the disease. We have revealed main markers of the disease, connected with the HLA system. We have also considered leading links in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency development in case of patients with the Diabetes Mellitus of the I type relatively to the duration of the disease, presence of vascular complications as well as number of insulin units per day. We have provided clear criteria towards changes in the T-lymphocytes populations, what is prescribing changes in the helper-suppressor ratio. In addition, we have postulated that the autoimmune disorders, which are typical for the Diabetes Mellitus of the I type (DM of the I type) are leading to the increase in a number of apoptotically alteredd forms of T-lymphocytes, what is contributing to the deeping of changes in the immune system. Authors have studied main features of the interleukin-producing activity in case of patients with the DM of the I type. Namely: increased number of pro-inflammatory interleukins on the background of decrease of anti-inflammatory ones. The precise analysis has revealed, that there are circulating immune complexes in the blood of patients with DM of the I type, which are leading microcirculation’ disorders. The alterations, that were postulated and described relatively to the organism of patients with DM of the I type, are indicating deep disorders in the immune system and the morphological features of the thymus has to be studied, as far as the thymus as a central organ of the immunogenesis in case of fetuses from mothers, who are suffering from the DM of thr I type, in the aim of development of immunodeficiency in patients. Alongside with the description of changes in the immune system in case of patients with the DM of the I type, in the following article we have provided a scientific views on changes in the embrion- and fetogenesis of the fetus under the influence of mother’s DM of the I type. In addition, we have described morphological features of the placenta structure in case of this pathology, as well as pathomorphological changes in the strucutre of internal organs of fetus under the influence of this pathology in the mother’s organism. It was postulated, that in case of children, who were born from mothers, who are suffering from the DM of the I type, there is a syndrome of diabetic feto- and embryopathy, which is developing and leading to the poliorganic failure in the subsequent ontogenesis.

Introduction and objective: The popularity of e-cigarettes around the world has been increasing in recent years. The reason for this may be a relatively lower cost of use and a lower amount of toxins compared to traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes are more often picked by women of reproductive age compared to the general group of women. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: According to recent studies, pregnant women consider e-cigarettes safer than tobacco cigarettes, which may be due to being advertised as a less harmful product compared to traditional cigarettes. Although some electronic cigarettes do not contain nicotine, they also consist of glycol, glycerin, fragrances and heavy metals that may adversely affect the development of the fetus. Furthermore, the statements of some significant healthcare institutions are divided on the safe use of e-cigarettes by pregnant women, even in the case of treating them as an aid in the smoking cessation process. Summary: No clear understanding is noticed regarding the effects of using electronic nicotine delivery systems during pregnancy on maternal, fetal or newborn health, so there is a high need of further studies assessing the safety of these noncombustible tobacco products. However, it can be an feasible alternative to traditional cigarettes, when trying to quit smoking by pregnant women.

In the following article we have provided modern data on main stages of implementation, formation as well as stabilization of functional activity of thymus of the fetus on different stages of fetal development. Thus, we have analyzed specific features of gland’s location in case of children, adolescents and adults. We have described two main stages of the organ’s ontogenesis. In addition, histological features of the fetal thymus implemetation, starting with the 8th week of embryonic development were studied and provided below. The criteria of completion of the gland’s formation on the gestational term of 24 weeks were clearly emphasized. The stages of maturing of lymphocytes as well as appearance of the surface markers of the lymphocytes on them as well as division of the T-cells into subpopulations were described. The role of thymus in the sphere of formation of all types of the organism’s immune defence was explained. We have analyzed an endocrine function of the gland with providing the hormones, hormone-like substances, as well as extracts of the organ, which have their influence onto lymphoid tissue development as well as play their leading role in the hormonal homeostasis of the child’s organism. The morphological features of the main structural components of the gland, as well as their functions in the thymus stabilization were disclosed. The nature of relations between structural components was clearly described. It has been proved also, that in case of full-term fetus, the thymus is a main lymphoid organ, which is structurally and functionally formed for the moment of birth. Moreover, under the conditions of the physiological pregnancy the lymphoid and epithelial components are sufficiently and harmoniously developed, and the thymocytes are differentiated and immunologically mature. Finally, we came up with the conclusion, that the pathology of pregnancy and childbirth can lead to the impaired embryogenesis and fetogenesis of the fetal thymus.

In the following article we have provided a data towards a comprehensive research of the pathomorphological features of the uterus’ wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT comparing to ones in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. The research methods: macroscopic, organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. On the basis of the organometric research we have revealed a probable decrease of the weight, length and thickness indexes likewise one of the main components of the uterus wall in case of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy comparing to ones in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. By applying histological method we have revealed an increased growth of the connective tissue both in the endometrium and myometrium in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT relatively to one in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. Moreover, the massive growth of the collagen fibers leads to the disorder in the strucutral organization of the muscle component. The uterus’ endometrium in case of fetuses from the main group could be characterized by a few glands without features of the functional activity comparing to one in case of fetuses from the group of comparison. In the structure of the connective tissue in case of uterus of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy we have revealed mainly the collagen of the III type, while the collagen of the I type could be revealed in the form of small loci of reduced intensity of glow. By applying the immunohistochemical method we have revealed an increase of the apoptotic index in the endometrium of fetuses from mothers with a chronic infection of the lower genital tracts comparing to one in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. By applying MCAT to endotheline-1 we have revealed an increased glow of the endtheliocytes in the vessels both of arterial and venous types, in case of fetuses from the main group comparing to one in case of fetuses from the group of comparison. In the uterus of fetuses from mothers with HILGT we could observe a decreased hormon producing activity comparing to one in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. All changes, that were revealed in the uterus of fetuses from mothers with an infectious pathlogy declare an existance of the severe disorder in the implementation and formation of main organ’s components, as well as are caused mainly by a chronic hypoxia as well as influence of the infectious agent. All pathomorphological features of the uterus wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT, that were revealed, could contribute subsequently to the complications in the pregnancy’s onset as well as could lead to the disruption of one.

In the following article we present results of the research on the uterus’ wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by the chronic infection of the lower genital tracts (HILGT), comparing to one in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. The main aim of our research was to disclose immunohistochemical features of the uterus’ wall sructure in case of fetuses with a gestational term of 29-36 weeks. The research methods: macroscopic, organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. All fetuses have died intranatally as a result of an acute violation of utero-placental or placenta-fetal circulation. The organometric research has revealed a fact of decrease of the following indexes: namely, the ones of weight, length and thickness of the uterus’ wall in case of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy. Moreover, the decrease of the thickness’ index is primarily connected with a fact of thinning of the endometrium as a strucutral component of the wall. Staining by picrofuxin according to Van-Gieson has revealed an increase growth of the connective tissue both in endometrium and in myometrium of the uterus wall in case of fetuses from the main group. Moreover, in the muscular component, as a result of the aforementioned phenomenon, we can notice a violation or even in some places a complete lack of the structural organization of muscular fibers. The immunohistochemical research has revealed an increase of an apoptotic index in the endometrium of fetal organs of mothers with a compicated pregnancy comparing to indexes in case of fetuses from healthy mothers, which also contributes to the thinning of the layer as well as atrophic changes in it. In addition, in the strucutre of the connective tissue of the uterus of fetuses from the group of comparison the collagen of the I type prevails, while in case of fetuses from the main group the collagen of the III group prevails. Alongside with aforementioned features in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT we can emphasize an increased glow of the endotheline-1 in vessels both of arterial and venous types. All changes in the connective tissue structure in the uterus of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy, that were described above, could contribute to the violation of the organ’s maturing as well as stabilization of its functional activity in the future life. The increased endotheline producing leads to the violaton of the blood supply, as well as could enhance collagenogenesis. The prevalence of the collagen of the III type in a structure of the connective tissue is a manifestation of the chronic hipoxia, under the condition of which the organogenesis of fetuses takes place in case of this pathology as well as leads to the violation of the spatial organization of the uterus’ main structural components. All features of the uterus wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT, that have been established above, are prescribed by the chronic hipoxia and replication of the viral agents in the embryonic tissues as well as it could lead to make an implantation and pregnancy more difficult, likewise it could be a reason of development of pregnancy weakness in the following ontogenesis.

In the following article we are going to provide the results of research on uterus’ structure in case of fetuses with a gestational term of 21-28 weeks from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by PE of different severity stage (15 cases) comparing to one in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy (15 cases). All fetuses have died intranatally as a result of an acute disorder in uterine-placental and uterine-fetal circulation. The research methods: macroscopic, organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statictical. By applying an organometric method we have revealed a probable decrease of indexes of weight, length and thickness of the uterine’ wall in case of fetuses from mothers with PE comparing to ones in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. The observative histological research had not revealed any significant changes in the strucutre of the organs’ wall in case of fetuses from the study groups. Thus, all organs were represented by mucous, muscular and serous membranes with a clear boundary between them. The comparative morphometric research had revealed the following features of the uterus’ wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with PE. The indexes of thickness of all structural components of the organ’s wall were clearly decreased comparing to ones in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. In the uterine endometrium of fetuses from mothers with PE of moderate stage of severity the features of proliferative (hormonal) activity are taking place, however, in the meanwhile, in case of organs of fetuses from mothers with PE of severe stage of severity we could notice a probable decrease of glands’ number as well as a lack of a proliferative activity in them (hypoplastic changes). By applying immunohistochemical method with using MCAT to CD 95 we have disclosed a probable increase of an apoptotic index in organs of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy towards one in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. Among the specific features of the uterine myometrium strucutre in case of fetuses from mothers with PE we could name the following ones: decrease of the vascular component percentage as well as increase growth of the connective tissue. Moreover, the structure of the connective tissue is represented mostly by the collagen of the III type, while, in case of organs of fetuses from healthy mothers the collagen of the I type prevails. In walls of the vessels of arterial type in case of uterus of fetuses from mothers with PE we could notice an increased glow of the collagen of the III type as well as a probable decrease of glow in case of collagen of the IV type. However, in case of organs’ vessels of fetuses from healthy mothers we could notice an increse of glow of the collagen of the IV type. There is a fact, which attracts an attention to it. Namely, all aforementioned changes in the uterine wall in case of fetuses from mothers with PE are minimally manifested, when the mild course of disease took place, and was maximally manifested in case of severe one. All changes in the uterus in case of fetuses from mothers with PE of different stage of severity, that were postulated above, could contribute to formation of glanduar hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, precancerous diseases as well as endometrial cancer in the subsequent ontogenesis, as well as it could lead to impaired pregnancy and infertility. All aforementioned changes in organs of fetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by PE of different stage of severity, were connected with changes in the vascular bed of the mother-placenta-fetus system as well as with endocrine disorders, that take place in case of this pathology, in the organism of pregnant woman.

In the following article we are disclosing immunohistochemical features of the fallopian tubes’ structure in case of fetuses with a gestational term of 21-28 weeks. We have studied the structure of organs of 15 fetuses from mothers with a chronic infection of the lower genital tracts (HILGT) (the group of comparison) relatively to one in case of 15 fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy (the main group). All fetuses had a gestational term of 21-28 weeks and had died intranatally as a result of an acute disorder of uterine-placental circulation. Methods of reearch: organometric, histological, immunohistochemical and statistical. The complex research allowed to reveal a probable decrease of the organometric data as well as indicators of thickness of the main structural components of the organs’ wall in case of fetuses from mothers of the group of comparison relatively to ones in case of fetuses from the main group. By applying histological method we had reveled a disorder in the strucuture of mucous and muscular membranes in the structure of organs of fetuses from mothers with a pathology of pregnancy, which is manifested by decreasing of number of folds, uneven thickness of the mucous membrane as well as disorder in formation of the muscular membrane’ layers. Immunohistochemical method has revealed an increase of apoptotically changed mucosal cells in the fallopian tubes of fetuses from mothers with HILGT. By applying MCAT to endotheline-1 we have revealed an increased glow of endithelial cells in vessels both of arterial and venous types in the strucuture of the organs’ wall in case of fetuses from the group of comparison. During the study on the endocrine activity of organs of fetuses from mothers with complicated pregnancy we have postulated a probable decrease of the cells’ glow’ intensity towards MCAT of progesterone. At the same time, there is also an inflammatory infiltration in the mucous membrane of the fallopian tubes’ wall. The aforementioned changes in the strucuture as well as in the functional activity of fetuses’ organs from mothers’ with HILGT are formed under the influence of chronic hypoxia and endocrine insufficiency of the feto-placental complex, which is taking place in case of this pathology. Histological and immunohistochemical features of the fallopian tubes’ structure in case of fetuses from mothers with complicated pregnancy are indicating a disorder in formation and maturing of the organ as well as they could lead to development of ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility in the subsequent ontogenesis.

Psychological changes in pregnant women induce communications towards the fetus. Maternal vocal behavior induces fetal reactions. Prenatal communication takes fetuses and newborns to perform auditory discriminations. Fetuses in risk pregnancies present difficulties in these matters. To study possible changes in vocal activity during healthy and risk pregnancies, SMPNC was organized with 28 items related with maternal vocal communication. SMPNC was submitted to pregnant women waiting for sonograms at the third trimester. Adequate indexes (KMO = .888; BTS, χ2 = 2792.795, df = 378, p = .000) allowed the performance of several factorial analysis. Analysis with Equamax rotation identified five factors: Verbal Communication With the Baby, Engaging the Partner in the Communication Towards the Baby, Contents Shared in the Communication Towards the Baby, Perception About the Baby’s Auditory Competence and Availability for the Communication Towards the Baby. Together the items of these factors constitute a Total Scale. Subscales and Total Scale were correlated with sociodemographic and clinical variables. Some subscales of SMPNC present negative correlations with variables related with reproductive status. These results suggest that maternal motivation for prenatal communication is especially high during the first gestation and decreases as mothers must divide their maternal attention for several sons.

The author discusses the problem of abortion. He defines abortion as a deliberate and immediate killing of a human being before birth; he distinguishes it from spontaneous miscarriage or a situation where the child is allowed to die without this being intended, where the death is the result of causes not dependent upon acting persons—abortus indirectus. In order to morally evaluate the act of abortion, the author considers both the ontic status of the conceived human being and the criteria usually used for the evaluation.

The objective of research was to compare renal vascularization in fetus of severe preeclamptic patients with normotensive pregnant women. A case-control study was done at Hospital Central “Dr. Urquinaona”, Maracaibo, Venezuela, with 50 severe preeclamptic patients (grupo A) and 50 normotensive pregnant women (group B), all nulliparous and with gestational age over 30 weeks. Tridimensional and power Doppler evaluation was performed in each fetal kidney separately to calculate vascular indexes: vascularization index, flow index and vascularization – flow index. There were not found significant differences in maternal age and gestational age (p = ns). There were found significant differences in mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and proteinuria between severe preeclamptic patients and normotensive pregnant women (p < 0.0001). Patients in group A presented significant lower values of vascularization index, flow index and vascularization – flow index compared with patients of group B (p < 0.0001). These differences were also evident for comparison between right and left kidney as mean combined measurement (p < 0.0001). Decrease of vascularization index, flow index and vascularization – flow index between severe preeclamptic patients and controls were above 30%, 34% and 54%, respectively. It is conclude that decreased of fetal renal vascularization could be measured and is significantly lower in severe preeclamptic patients compared with normotensive pregnant women

Aim of study. To reveal influence of maternal infection on morpho-functional state of fetuses’ adrenal cortex. Methods. The material was obtained during sectional studies, which were conducted on the basis of the "Kharkiv Regional Clinical Perinatal Center" from 2012 to 2016. The sample included fetuses with a gestation period of 32-42 weeks. The adrenal glands of fetuses were examined morphologically, using histological, morphometric and immunohistochemical methods. Results. It was found that maternal infection leads to a decrease of morpho-functional activity of constant and fetal zones of the adrenal cortex, which was manifested by hypoplasia of zona glomeroulosa and fetal zone depletion; cytolysis and resorption of spongiocytes in zona fasciculata. In this case, increase in hormonal production in the permanent cortex is a manifestation of compensatory-adaptation reaction.

Congenital syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum infection of the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms are variable. While endothelial damage is common, it is not usually present in congenital cases. Here we report the case of a 42-day-old infant hospitalized due to an abdominal mass. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of an injury in the left lobe of the liver without mass effect. Biopsies showed changes compatible with infarction and neonatal hepatitis. The patient's and his mother's serologies confirmed the diagnosis of congenital syphilis, and he was treated with intravenous penicillin. The liver is protected from ischemic injury by its double irrigation, but the accumulation of harmful agents may have caused this unusual presentation. Three months later, the patient was symptom-free, and the control MRI showed atrophy of the left lobe, while the rest of the parenchyma was unchanged., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

Material of the research includes uterus of foetuses, that were dead on the gestational term between 21 and 41 weeks. According to peculiarities in the pregnancy course this material was divided into groups: foetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy; foetuses from mothers. whose pregnancy takes its course on the background of the PE with different stages of the severity; and, finally, foetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by the chronic infection of lower genital tracts. Research methods: macroscopic, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. It was shown an excessive proliferation of the connective tissue in all structural components, in the composition of which prevails an immature collagen of the III type. It was also increased a production of the endothelin-1 by the vascular component of organs. In addition, it was defined an oppression of the functional activity of epithelial component by mucosa, which was expressed like decreasing of the hormonal activity of the the organ and increasing of the manifestation stage of apoptosis changes.

Kupriianova Larisa. Immuno-histochemical features of the structure of foetuses' ovarian from the mothers with pregnancy complications. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):749-759. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.275714 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4244 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 30.11.2016. UDK: 618.11-053.18-091.8:618.3-06 Immuno-histochemical features of the structure of foetuses' ovarian from the mothers with pregnancy complications Larisa Kupriianova Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkov, Ukraine Abstract As a material of our research, we took into account foetuses' ovarian at the gestation term from 21 to 42 weeks; and, as a result, all types of material we divided into few groups: foetuses from healthy mothers; foetuses from mothers with pre-eclampsia complications of pregnancy of different stages; foetuses from mothers with pregnancy's complications as a chronical infection. Research methods: organomethrical, histochemical, immuno-histochemical, statistical. As a result of the complex research, in foetuses' ovarian from mothers with pregnancy complications of different types, we can see reducing of indicators of structural and functional activity of organs, increasing of apoptotic index; increasing of endothelin-1 production; decreasing of hormones production. Key words: fetus, pregnancy, pre-eclampsia; infection, ovary.

Material of the research includes uterine tubes of foetuses, that were dead on the gestational term between 21 and 41 weeks. According to peculiarities in the pregnancy course this material was divided into groups: foetuses from mothers with physiological pregnancy; foetuses from mothers. whose pregnancy takes its course on the background of the PE with different stages of the severity; and, finally, foetuses from mothers, whose pregnancy was complicated by the chronic infection of lower genital tracts. Research methods: macroscopic, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical. It was shown an excessive proliferation of the connective tissue in all structural components, in the composition of which prevails an immature collagen of the III type. It was also increased a production of the endothelin-1 by the vascular component of organs. In addition, it was defined an oppression of the functional activity of epithelial component by mucosa, which was expressed like decreasing of the hormonal activity of the the organ and increasing of the manifestation stage of apoptosis changes.

Kupriianova Larisa. Immuno-histochemical features of the collagen synthesis of foetuses' ovarian from the mothers with pregnancy complications. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):929-940. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.292927 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4270 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.12.2016. Revised 20.12.2016. Accepted: 25.12.2016. UDK: 618.11-053.18-092.18.018.23:618.3-06 Immuno-histochemical features of the collagen synthesis of foetuses' ovarian from the mothers with pregnancy complications Larisa Kupriianova Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkov, Ukraine Abstract As a material of our research, we took into account foetuses' ovarian at the gestation term from 21 to 42 weeks; and, as a result, all types of material we divided into few groups: foetuses from healthy mothers; foetuses from mothers with pre-eclampsia complications of pregnancy of different stages; foetuses from mothers with pregnancy's complications as a chronical infection. Research methods: organomethrical, histological, immuno-histochemical, morphometrical, statistical. As a result of the complex research, in foetuses' ovarian from mothers with pregnancy complications of different types, we can see reducing of indicators of structural and functional activity of organs, increasing of collagen type I and III production; decreasing of collagen type IV production. Key words: fetus, pregnancy, pre-eclampsia; infection, ovary.

Se presenta el caso clínico de una gestante de 30 años de edad con antecedentes de captación tardía a las 20 semanas de gravidez, por lo que no se le realizaron la alfa-fetoproteína y la ecografía del primer trimestre. Posteriormente, se le efectuó la pesquisa ultrasonográfica del segundo trimestre en el Hospital General "Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca" del municipio de San Luis en Santiago de Cuba y se observó un embarazo gemelar bicoriónico biamniótico y la presencia de una anomalía en uno de los fetos: hipoplasia de las cavidades cardíacas izquierdas, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado a través de una ecocardiografía fetal en el Cardiocentro de esta provincia.The case of a 30 year-old pregnant woman with history of first prenatal visit at 20 weeks of pregnancy is reported, reason why alpha fetoprotein test and ultrasound of the first trimester were not made. Subsequently, ultrasound scan of the second trimester was performed at "Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca" General Hospital of San Luis municipality in Santiago de Cuba, and a bichorionic biamniotic twin pregnancy and the presence of an anomaly in one fetus were found: hypoplasia of the left heart, diagnosis of which was confirmed through a fetal ultrasound at the Heart Center of this province.

Como propuesta de diferentes sociedades científicas se estableció el término estado fetal no tranquilizador en sustitución de sufrimiento fetal, que era considerado inespecífico. Esta revisión bibliográfica se efectuó a fin de exponer a la comunidad médica los diferentes términos con que se definen las alteraciones del bienestar fetal y la influencia que el empleo de las expresiones estado fetal no tranquilizador y riesgo de pérdida del bienestar fetal generan en la práctica de Obstetricia. Asimismo, se puso énfasis en la necesidad de buscar un lenguaje técnico más unificado y se concluyó que la formación de estos términos no determina la correspondencia existente entre la evaluación prenatal del feto y su estado al nacer.As a proposal of different scientific societies the term non reassuring fetal status was coined, substituting it by fetal distress which was considered nonspecific. This literature review was carried out in order to show to the medical community the different terms with which the changes of the fetal wellbeing are defined and the influence that the use of the expressions non reassuring fetal status and the risk of loss of the fetal well-being generate in Obstetrics. Likewise, the necessity of looking for a more unified technical language was emphasized and it was concluded that these terms do not determine the existent correspondence between the prenatal evaluation of the fetus and its status at birth.

Considerando que la infección intraútero es una de las causas más importantes de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal, con esta revisión de la bibliografía se pretende ofrecer a los obstetras, algunos conocimientos sobre el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria fetal, que permitan su identificación adecuada. Se incluyen, además, los aspectos de dicha entidad clínica relacionados con el parto pretérmino, la corioamnionitis y las complicaciones que dañan al producto de la concepción y al recién nacido, a corto y largo plazo, así como los medios de diagnóstico invasivos, menos invasivos y no invasivos, y la utilidad de la intervención temprana. Por último, se concluyó que la garantía de una atención multidisciplinaria posibilitará el logro de una reducción en la morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal, causadas por esta afección.Considering that intrauterine infection is one of the most important causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality, this literature survey is aimed at providing some knowledge of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome for obstetricians, which allows its adequate identification. Aspects of this clinical entity related to preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis and complications that damage the conceptus and the newborn in the short and long term are also included, as well as invasive, less invasive and non invasive diagnostic means and the usefulness of the early intervention. Finally, it was concluded that the guarantee of a multidisciplinary care will enable the achievement of a reduction in perinatal morbidity and mortality caused by this condition.

Se realizó una investigación longitudinal, prospectiva, de tipo casos y controles en el Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Docente "Tamara Bunke Bider" de Santiago de Cuba, durante 8 años, para medir el impacto que la afección cardíaca materna ha tenido sobre la salud, calidad de vida y sobrevida del perinato. Fueron agrupadas 113 gestantes con afecciones cardíacas (grupo de casos), identificadas de una población de 25 525 embarazadas atendidas en la institución durante este período de trabajo, y 226 no cardiópatas (grupo de control), seleccionadas en forma aleatoria entre las restantes grávidas, quienes a su vez crearon otras tantas unidades de estudio: fetos y recién nacidos. Las variables se evaluaron según clases establecidas y entre ellas figuraron: edad gestacional al diagnosticar la enfermedad y al parir, tipo de parto y puntaje de Apgar, sexo del producto de la concepción, peso y estado nutricional del recién nacido al nacimiento, morbilidad y mortalidad fetal y neonatal. En el análisis estadístico se estimó como criterio de significación el valor de p=0,05 y fueron comparados los indicadores de calidad. Finalmente, los autores consideraron como satisfactorios los resultados de la casuística.A longitudinal prospective case-control study was conducted in "Tamara Bunke Bider" Gyneco-Obstetric Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba for 8 years to measure the impact of maternal heart disease on health, quality of life and survival of the perinate. Two groups were formed: 113 pregnant women with heart disease (case group) identified from a population of 25 525 pregnant women attending the institution during this working period, and 226 no cardiac patients (control group), randomly selected from the remaining pregnant women, who in turn formed other study groups: fetuses and newborns. The variables were evaluated according to classes established and among them were gestational age at diagnosis of the disease and at delivery, type of delivery and Apgar score, sex of the conceptus, weight and nutritional status of the newborn at birth, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In the statistical analysis the value of p= 0.05 was required as a significance criterion and quality indicators were compared. Finally, the authors considered the results of the cases as satisfactory.

La incidencia del embarazo ectópico se ha incrementado durante los últimos años. La variedad abdominal es una de las menos frecuentes, representando alrededor del 1 % de los mismos y se asocian con una alta tasa de mortalidad materna y fetal. Algunos casos pueden llegar al término y muchos menos obtener un recién nacido en buenas condiciones. Se presenta el caso de un inusual embarazo abdominal avanzado, con feto vivo. Se realiza laparotomía de urgencia a las 31,2 semanas de gestación, motivada por una sepsis grave; se extrajo un recién nacido masculino, de 1450 gramos, con Apgar 4/6/7. Madre e hijo sobrevivieron y se encuentran en buen estado de salud.

This study evaluated the right and left ovaries of 30 pregnant Nelore cows. The reproductive tracts were collected at slaughterhouses in the western region of the state of São Paulo, and the study was conducted at the Laboratório de Anatomia Animal at UNESP (in Araçatuba). The size (occipitosacral length), height and weight of the fetuses were analyzed. The length, width and thickness (using calipers) of the ovaries and corpora lutea, and weight and volume of the gonads were also measured. The data related to the ovaries and corpora lutea were correlated with fetal development, using a SAS program to analyze the Pearson correlation coefficient, and adjusted using a simple linear regression model. There was a significant correlation between the right ovary variables and fetal development; positive for width and negative for thickness. For the corpora lutea and fetal development, there was a significant negative correlation with the volume.

Sows produce a larger number of fetuses than before and these fetuses possess genetic potentials to grow faster than before. Recent comparison shows that a porcine fetus is 40% heavier than 40 years ago. Thus the nutritional management of sows has been updated to reflect these genetic changes. Our recent study quantified nutritional needs for sows to support the growth of fetuses and mammary glands during gestation. Amino acid needs for fetal growth and mammary growth during late gestation (d 70 to farrowing) significantly greater than those needs during early gestation (until d 70). Considering these increases, daily requirement of true ileal digestible Lys for a primiparous sows increases from 7 g (until d 70) to 15 g (d 70 to farrowing). Required qualities of proteins (i.e., amino acid ratios) also change with an advance of pregnancy as maternal, fetal, and mammary tissues have their unique amino acid compositions. Thus, if the feed does not provide sufficient amounts and qualities of proteins, sows can be under a severe catabolic status during late gestation, especially during late gestation. Sows under a conventional feeding program had increased litter weight variations at farrowing (19%) compared with early gestation (3.0%). Our recent study also shows that sows under a conventional feeding program have a dramatic increase in a systemic oxidative stress during late gestation compared with early gestation when measured by plasma α-tocopherol (56% decrease), plasma retinol (57% decrease), and DNA damage in white blood cells (125% increase) which were sustained until the early lactation period. Increased oxidative damages in sows negatively affect the growth and health of fetuses as well as postpartum growth. Sow feeding during late gestation should reflect the changed needs for amino acids and antioxidants. Phase feeding or top dressing could be a practical solution to provide sufficient nutrients during late gestation.Matrizes produzem maior número de fetos que antes, e esses fetos possuem potencial genético para crescer mais rapidamente que antes. Comparação recente mostra que um feto suíno é 40% maior que há 40 anos. Assim, o manejo nutricional das fêmeas foi atualizado para refletir essas alterações genéticas. Nosso estudo recente quantificou as necessidades nutricionais de porcas para suportar o crescimento do feto e da glândula mamária durante a gestação. Aminoácidos são mais necessários para o crescimento fetal e crescimento mamário durante a gestação tardia (d 70 a parição) do que durante a gestação precoce (até 70 d). Considerando estes aumentos, a exigência diária de lisina digestível ileal verdadeira de porcas primíparas aumenta de 7 g (até 70 d) a 15 g (70 d a parição). Qualidades de proteínas exigidas (ou seja, relação de aminoácidos) também mudam com antecedência de gravidez, como materno e fetal, e tecidos mamários têm suas próprias composições de aminoácidos. Assim, se a alimentação não fornecer quantidade suficiente e qualidade de proteínas, as fêmeas podem estar sob severo estado catabólico durante a gestação tardia. Matrizes sob um programa de alimentação convencional apresentaram variações no peso ao parto (19%) em comparação à gestação precoce (3,0%). Nosso estudo recente também mostra que as porcas sob um programa de alimentação convencional apresentaram aumento severo de estresse oxidativo sistêmico na gestação tardia em comparação à gestação precoce, quando medido por plasma alfa-tocoferol (diminuição de 56%) e retinol plasmático (redução de 57%), e dano de DNA em células brancas do sangue (aumento de 125%), que foram mantidas até o período de lactação. Aumentos de danos oxidativos em porcas afetam negativamente o crescimento e a saúde dos fetos, bem como o crescimento pós-parto. A alimentação de porcas durante a gestação tardia deve refletir as necessidades de mudança para aminoácidos e antioxidantes. A fase de alimentação ou cobertura poderia ser uma solução prática para fornecer nutrientes suficientes durante a gestação tardia.

O ultra-som obstétrico sofreu uma transformação peculiar no Brasil, sendo uma tecnologia de imagem médica que progressivamente transformou-se em uma modalidade de 'consumo' e 'lazer'. Analisa-se a produção de 'verdades' construídas durante exames de ultra-som, calcadas nas crenças médicas e não-médicas acerca da 'objetividade' da imagem técnica. Baseia-se em material etnográfico obtido em clínicas de imagem do Rio de Janeiro. Os exames de ultra-som sublinham a questão da subjetividade/objetividade presente em todas as tecnologias de imageamento médico, por ser uma tecnologia dinâmica e interativa. Durante os exames os atores são agentes ativos, produzindo e reproduzindo 'verdades' médicas e não-médicas sobre a gravidez e o feto. Essas 'verdades' desempenham papel relevante no processo em que, simultaneamente, é reconfigurada a gravidez, o feto é subjetivado e uma prática médica se transforma em espetáculo. Essa produção funciona como um mecanismo de realimentação, reassegurando os atores acerca da saúde da gestante e do feto e, ao mesmo tempo, reafirmando o lugar da tecnologia de imagem médica como produtora privilegiada de verdades sobre os corpos.Obstetrical ultrasound is a technology which has undergone a peculiar transformation. In Brazil what began as a medical imaging technology is progressively being transformed into a modality of consumption and 'leisure'. In this paper I discuss the production of 'truths' - founded on medical and non-medical beliefs about the 'objectivity' of medical imaging technologies -, during obstetrical ultrasound exams. The discussion is based on ethnographic material obtained in private imaging clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ultrasound exams underscore the subjectivity/objectivity issue belonging to all medical imaging technologies, due to the peculiarity of being a dynamic and interactive practice. During an obstetrical ultrasound the actors are active agents in producing or reproducing medical and non-medical 'truths' about the pregnancy and the fetus. Those 'truths' play a central role simultaneously reconfiguring the pregnancy, subjectivizing the fetus, and transforming a medical practice into a spectacle. This production acts as a feedback mechanism, reassuring the actors about the healthy state of the pregnant woman and the fetus as well as reaffirming the position of medical imaging technologies as privileged producers of truths about the human body.

Objectives: To report the case of a pregnant woman with prenatal diagnosis of fetal immature nasopharyngeal teratoma, and to conduct a review of the literature describing the prognosis of this condition., Materials and Methods: We report the case of a 27-year-old pregnant woman who received care at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit of a reference hospital in Bogotá (Colombia) because of a finding during a prenatal visit of evidence of polyhydramnios, secondary to a nasopharyngeal teratoma. A literature search was conducted in the Medline vía PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and ScienceDirect databases, restricted by language (English and Spanish) and date of publication (January 2001 to January 2021). Case reports and case series covering the prognosis of this condition were included., Results: Overall, 168 titles were retrieved, 55 of which met the inclusion criteria. Perinatal outcomes for a total of 58 fetuses with a diagnosis of immature nasopharyngeal teratoma detected during the prenatal stage were reported. In the identified cases, perinatal mortality was 25.4 % and the percentage of fetal demise was close to 3.6 %., Conclusions: Immature nasopharyngeal teratoma is an infrequent condition. The available literature suggests that fetal prognosis depends on the degree of compromise of intracranial structures and the possibility of resecting the lesion. Further studies are needed to assess the prognosis of fetuses with immature nasopharyngeal teratoma.

The purpose of this article is to review all recent studies publishedin regards to the noninvasive diagnosis of fetal anemia and to giverecommendations for the use of these techniques. The isoinmunizationred blood cells remains as the most common causes forfetal anemia. The amniocentesis and the cordocentesis have beenused for many years as a diagnostic tool for fetal anemia. Thesetechniques are all invasive and many of them have complications.The noninvasive diagnosis of fetal anemia has been made usingthe Doppler ultrasonography. Based on recent evidence, severalinvestigators recommend the use of middle cerebral artery peaksystolic velocity (MCA PSV) in the handling of the fetuses with riskof anemia due to isoinmunization Rh; besides, this test may allowus to diagnose fetal anemia due to other etiologies. MCA PSV is thebest test for noninvasive diagnosis of fetal anemia. It is important to emphasize the special training that the ultrasonographer physicianshould have, in order to achieve a correct diagnosis.