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Treball Final de Grau en Criminologia i Seguretat. Codi: CS1044. Curs: 2018-2019 Debido a la alteración sufrida en los últimos años en el status social de los menores de edad, dejando éstos de ser considerados personas necesitadas de especial protección para pasar a ser sujetos dotados de derechos, se pretende a través de la realización de este trabajo realizar una investigación de los diferentes instrumentos jurídicos internacionales disponibles y las legislaciones previstas en los diferentes países europeos, para así determinar la edad de responsabilidad penal en los diferentes países miembros de la Unión Europea. Asimismo, se estudiarán los factores que haya podido influir en la determinación de dicha edad y, por último, si existe alguna correlación entre la edad penal y los índices de delincuencia. Due to the changes suffered during the last few years in the minors’ social status, stopping to be considered as people in need to start being considered as subjects with rights, this task aims to investigate the different juridical available instruments and the European countries legislations, so that the result will show the penal responsibility age in the different countries. Moreover, this task will also refer to some circumstances that might have influenced in the determination of the penal responsibility age, and, finally, if there is any kind of relation between the penal age and crime rates.

BackgroundDying at home and dying at the preferred place of death are advocated to be desirable outcomes of palliative care. More insight is needed in their usefulness as quality indicators. Our objective is to describe whether "the percentage of patients dying at home" and "the percentage of patients who died in their place of preference" are feasible and informative quality indicators.Methods and findingsA mortality follow-back study was conducted, based on data recorded by representative GP networks regarding home-dwelling patients who died non-suddenly in Belgium (n = 1036), The Netherlands (n = 512), Italy (n = 1639) or Spain (n = 565). "The percentage of patients dying at home" ranged between 35.3% (Belgium) and 50.6% (The Netherlands) in the four countries, while "the percentage of patients dying at their preferred place of death" ranged between 67.8% (Italy) and 86.0% (Spain). Both indicators were strongly associated with palliative care provision by the GP (odds ratios of 1.55-13.23 and 2.30-6.63, respectively). The quality indicator concerning the preferred place of death offers a broader view than the indicator concerning home deaths, as it takes into account all preferences met in all locations. However, GPs did not know the preferences for place of death in 39.6% (The Netherlands) to 70.3% (Italy), whereas the actual place of death was known in almost all cases.ConclusionGPs know their patients' actual place of death, making the percentage of home deaths a feasible indicator for collection by GPs. However, patients' preferred place of death was often unknown to the GP. We therefore recommend using information from relatives as long as information from GPs on the preferred place of death is lacking. Timely communication about the place where patients want to be cared for at the end of life remains a challenge for GPs.

En este estudio se examinan las diferencias en la calidad de vida percibida (CdV) y las prácticas parentales, así como el impacto de estas últimas sobre la CdV, entre adolescentes portugueses y holandeses. En total, 168 portugueses (44.64% chicas, 55.36% chicos) y 155 holandeses (55.68% chicas, 44.32% chicos) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años (M = 14.44, DT = 1.65) completaron una batería de cuestionarios que evalúa la CdV (Kidscreen-27), las prácticas parentales y que permite recabar información de carácter socio-demográfico. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre ambos países en la CdV general, sin embargo, los holandeses obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas en relación con el ámbito escolar. Los adolescentes portugueses refirieron con mayor frecuencia que los holandeses que sus madres adoptaban prácticas positivas, control psicológico y control conductual. Los padres holandeses se mostraron más responsivos y severos en su disciplina, mientras que los portugueses exhibieron mayor control psicológico. Las prácticas parentales se relacionaron con la cultura, si bien predijeron la CdV adolescente independientemente de la nacionalidad. The aim of this study was to examine differences in Quality of life (QoL) and parenting practices, as well as the impact of parenting practices on QoL in Dutch and Portuguese adolescents. A total of 168 Portuguese (44.64% girls, 55.36% boys) and 155 Dutch adolescents (55.68% girls, 44.32% boys) aged 12-17 years old (M = 14.44, SD = 1.65) completed questionnaires about QoL (Kidscreen-27), several dimensions of parental parenting practices, and socio-demographic information. No significant differences were found between countries on general QoL. On the subscale for school environment, scores were higher for Dutch adolescents. Portuguese adolescents reported that their mothers showed more positive parenting, psychological control and behavioral control than did Dutch adolescents. Dutch fathers showed more responsiveness and harsh discipline, whereas Portuguese fathers showed more psychological control. Parenting practices seem to be culturally dependent. Parenting practices, especially positive parenting and behavioral control, influenced adolescents’ QoL regardless of nationality.

Objetivo En este trabajo se estudia la relación entre cuidados personales formales e informales para la población dependiente en un conjunto de países europeos. Métodos Se utilizan datos del Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004), y se estima un modelo probit bivariado. A diferencia de otros estudios, no sólo se tienen en cuenta características sociodemográficas, de salud y del entorno del receptor de los cuidados, sino que también se consideran las características institucionales de los sistemas de cuidados de largo plazo. Resultados Se obtiene una correlación positiva y significativa entre ambas decisiones, es decir, condicional a recibir cuidados; hay una cierta preferencia por la combinación de ambos tipos de cuidados. Los resultados muestran la relevancia de las variables de salud y del régimen de convivencia a la hora de definir la combinación de cuidados formales e informales. Hay diferencias importantes en la probabilidad de utilización de ambos tipos de cuidados entre países europeos, y destaca la relevancia de los cuidados informales en España. Conclusiones El diseño de políticas de cuidados de largo plazo debe tener en consideración que la probabilidad de recibir cuidados formales o informales aumenta más en los países donde hay obligación legal de atender a familiares dependientes o con una mayor tasa de institucionalización. Por tanto, la combinación de diferentes servicios formales, más que la implementación de prestaciones económicas para el cuidador, debiera considerarse como alternativa posible para controlar el gasto público y aumentar la satisfacción de los cuidadores. Objective To study the relationship between formal and informal care for the dependent population in a number of European countries. Method Data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe for 2004 were used and a bivariate probit model was estimated. Unlike other studies, the present analysis includes the institutional features of the various long-term care systems, in addition to the demographic, health and environmental characteristics of the individual receiving care. Results A significant correlation was found between the two options, which reveals that, conditional on receiving care, there was a preference for the combination of both types of care. The results show the importance of health status and living arrangements for defining the combination of formal and informal care. There were substantial differences in the likelihood of the two types of care among European countries. A notable finding was the importance of informal care in Spain in comparison with other countries. Conclusions The probability of receiving formal or informal care is higher in countries where families have a legal obligation to look after dependent relatives and where institutionalization rates are higher. This finding should be considered in the design of long-term care policies. Therefore, to control growth of public expenditure and, at the same time, improve caregiver satisfaction, policies that combine distinct formal services should be promoted over the implementation of care allowances. P. García-Gómez agradece el apoyo económico de la Unión Europea a través de Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowships. S. Jiménez-Martín y C. Vilaplana agradecen el apoyo del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, proyecto ECO-2008-06395-C05-01.

El artículo analiza el tiempo y contexto del discurso curricular en España, mostrando los efectos de descontextualización de las teorías anglosajonas. En segundo lugar, además de describir las razones de la imposición de una “ortodoxia curricular” con la Reforma de los noventa, cuestiona los efectos que ha tenido para la Didáctica la introducción de enfoques psicológicos del currículum. Por último, explora las posibilidades teóricas y prácticas para el desarrollo de la Didáctica, abogando por una integración y articulación entre Didáctica y Currículum., The article analyzes the time and setting of the curricular discourse in Spain, showing the effects of the de-contextualization of the Anglo-Saxon theories. Secondly, in addition to describing the reasons for the imposition of a “curricular orthodoxy” with the reform of the nineties, it questions the effects on the Didactic of the introduction of psychological approaches of the curriculum. Finally, it explores the theoretical and practical possibilities for developing the Didactic, defending an integration and articulation between Didactics and Curriculum., Grupo FORCE (HUM-386). Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Escolar de la Universidad de Granada.