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Background: Early childhood intervention is a form of intervention aimed at children to overcome difficulties in different areas of their development after birth. There are multiple early intervention programmes, but only a few studies assess their efficacy using data. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis of early intervention programmes was carried out. Method: Inclusion criteria were considered to be empirical studies, with outcome data on children between 0 and 6 years of age with various developmental problems. The review was conducted in nine databases. Results: Of the total number of studies from 2000 to 2021 in English and Spanish, 40 studies were included that looked at the efficacy of the programmes. Of these, 19 used comparisons with a control group, and 13 used single-subject designs, as well as other designs. The programmes were very diverse, mostly based on behavioural procedures, and aimed at promoting the development of specific areas. The quality of the studies is medium-high. The meta-analysis included 18 studies with a mean effect size d = 0.45 (CI = 0.18, 0.67), with high sample heterogeneity and low study selection bias. Conclusions: Early childhood interventions have a medium and positive efficacy on the skills and abilities of children with developmental problems. The limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, as well as the need for well-defined programmes, long-term measurements, and comparisons of different types of programmes among them.

ABSTRACT | Few studies have investigated the mobility of preschool age children with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to compare the mobility of preschool age children with and without DS and to verify if cognitive function and gait acquisition age may explain mobility outcomes. This was an exploratory cross-sectional study involving 38 children: 19 in the DS group and 19 in the typical development (TD) group. The 10-meter walk test and the modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG) test were used to evaluate mobility. The explanatory factors were the cognitive function screening test score and the age of gait acquisition. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used. The children in the DS group had slower gait speed (p=0.0001) and took longer to complete the mTUG test (p=0.0001). The cognitive function screening test score and age of gait acquisition explained the variability in gait speed (R 2 =0.52; p=0.0001) and the variability in the time to complete the mTUG test (R 2 =0.68; p=0.0001). Children with DS showed a poorer mobility when compared to the children in the TD group. The outcomes of mobility in this age group were partially explained by the age of gait acquisition and the cognitive function screening test score.

Down Syndrome is the most common genetic condition and a leading cause of intellectual disability. Individuals in rural areas, particularly those with disabilities, often face disparities in healthcare access. Analyzing clinical records of patients diagnosed with Down Syndrome between 2013 and 2022 by the Institute of Genetics at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz, Bolivia, this study examined the time to diagnosis for 250 patients with Down Syndrome. The findings revealed that patients from rural areas with Down Syndrome take an average of five months to receive a diagnosis, compared to two months in urban areas (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: to develop and validate the content of an intervention plan for adolescents and young adults with Trisomy 21, focusing on vocabulary, working memory, and syntactic awareness. Methods: a methodological study with validation stages for the proposed intervention, which was assessed by ten judges. The content validity index was used to evaluate the content, quantitatively. Results: most judges had a doctoral degree. All propositions reached the minimum score. The oral language intervention plan focusing on vocabulary, working memory, and syntactic awareness was designed for adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 25 years and 11 months. The proposal included fifteen 40-minute weekly sessions. Conclusion: the study presented the process of developing and validating the Oral Language Therapy Plan, focusing on vocabulary, working memory, and syntactic awareness for people presented with trisomy 21, with the judges’ agreement.

Children with Down syndrome studying in general schools together with children without this pathology often face an increased risk of maladjustment in the school environment. Due to the inadequacy of general education programs for children with developmental disabilities and the low level of awareness of school teachers and, especially, neurotypical school-age children about effective strategies for interacting with children with Down syndrome, the latter have an increased risk of developing school anxiety. The aim of the study was to determine the level of school anxiety depending on the ability to verbal communication in children with Down syndrome. Materials and methods: The research was carried out on the basis of the National Medical Center of ZOR, 97 children with Down's syndrome were thoroughly examined. The patients were divided into two groups according to the criterion of the ability to verbal communication: group 1 (G1) included 77 children capable of verbal communication, group 2 (G2) - 20 children who do not speak. Results of the study. As a result of the research, the level of school anxiety in its various aspects was established, depending on the ability to verbal communication in children with Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome who are able to communicate were found to have significantly higher anxiety scores on almost all subscales than children with Down syndrome who are not able to communicate verbally. In children with Down syndrome who are incapable of verbal communication, a pathological decrease in anxiety in its various aspects is much more often noted, which may indicate a lack of understanding of social situations as a result of the lack of sufficient experience of being in a team (due to the inability to verbally produce the quality and quantity of communicative practices in such children suffer significantly). Children with Down syndrome who are able to talk have shown pathological reductions in school anxiety only in rare cases.

Resumen: Introducción: las enfermedades raras representan un desafío en la salud pública. El síndrome de Down es una de las enfermedades raras más conocidas, pero aún hay muchos aspectos de esta condición que son desconocidos.El síndrome de Down constituye uno de las enfermedades cromosómicas más frecuentes. A pesar de esta familiaridad, todavía hay muchos aspectos de la enfermedad que son desconocidos. El objetivo de este proyecto fue analizar la representación del síndrome de Down en el cine, tanto desde una perspectiva médica como social, con el propósito de usar el cine como una herramienta para el aprendizaje, la sensibilización e inclusión. Metodología: en este estudio se realizó un análisis cuantitativo del material audiovisual disponible sobre el síndrome de Down en el cine comercial y documental. Se consideraron aspectos cinematográficos y contextos sociales, además de la sintomatología relacionada con el síndrome. Se recopilaron 14 películas desde 1992 hasta 2019. Resultados: existen varias películas y documentales de alta calidad que muestran los desafíos cotidianos que enfrentan las personas con síndrome de Down. Sin embargo, estos materiales son imprecisos en términos médicos y genéticos. En cambio, se centran en los aspectos sociales del síndrome, como la estigmatización, las relaciones amorosas y sexuales, las dificultades de crianza para los padres y las habilidades y destrezas de las personas con síndrome de Down. Conclusión: aunque el cine puede ser una herramienta útil para comprender aspectos relevantes del síndrome de Down, se ha encontrado poca información precisa acerca de los aspectos médicos, genéticos y farmacológicos de la enfermedad en las películas analizadas. Sin embargo, estas películas permiten aprender sobre los aspectos sociales y conductuales del síndrome, lo que resulta de gran valor al ayudar a derribar los estereotipos y la estigmatización asociados con esta enfermedad. Abstract: Introduction: Rare diseases represent a challenge in public health. Down syndrome is one of the most well-known rare diseases, but there are still many aspects of this condition that are unknown. With the aim of using cinema as a tool for education, awareness, and inclusion, an analysis of the representation of Down syndrome in film was carried out from a medical and social perspective. Methodology: This study conducted a quantitative analysis of the audiovisual material available on Down syndrome in commercial and documentary cinema. Cinematographic aspects, social contexts, and symptoms related to Down syndrome were considered. 14 films were collected from 1992 to 2019. Results: Several high-quality films and documentaries have been produced that show the daily challenges faced by people with Down syndrome. However, these materials are imprecise in terms of medical and genetic aspects. Instead, they focus on the social aspects of the syndrome, such as stigma, romantic and sexual relationships, parenting difficulties for parents, and the abilities and skills of people with Down syndrome. Conclusion: Although cinema can be a useful tool to understand relevant aspects of Down syndrome, little accurate information about the medical, genetic and pharmacological aspects of the disease was found in the analyzed films. However, these films allow for learning about the social and behavioral aspects of the syndrome, which is of great value in helping to break down stereotypes and stigma associated with this disease.

La Educación Especial en el Centro de Rehabilitación San Juan de Dios, se esfuerza en brindar una educación inclusiva a los niños/as con Síndrome de Down, siendo el lenguaje oral uno de los aspectos más importantes. A pesar de ello se observa que estos niños/as presentan dificultades en el habla. Por ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo elaborar una estrategia psicopedagógica para la estimulación el lenguaje oral en niños y niñas con Síndrome de Down del Centro de Rehabilitación San Juan de Dios de la ciudad de Potosí. Para lograrlo se diseñó una investigación de tipo descriptiva dentro del paradigma mixto (Cuantitativo-cualitativo), a través de una entrevista semi-estructurada a la directora y un cuestionario a padres y docentes con el fin de elaborar un diagnóstico. Estos instrumentos arrojaron deficiencias para reconocer fonemas, sonidos y expresarse con sus pares. Por ello la estrategia propuesta consta de tres fases que trabajan las dimensiones: Conciencia Fonológica, Comprensión Oral y Expresión oral con los padres, docentes y estudiantes.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the presence of siblings with normal development on the burden and quality of life of parents of adolescents with Down syndrome. Methods: Cross sectional and correlational study with 25 caregivers divided in two groups: parents who had only children with Down syndrome and parents with other children with normal development. The caregivers were selected from a convenient sample and answered the World Health Organization Quality of Life, Zarit Burden Interview and Brazil’s Economic Classification Criteria. Results: It was found that both groups experienced moderate burden and regular quality of life for most families, with no significant difference. Conclusion: It was concluded that the presence of siblings with normal development was not a factor influencing the burden and quality of life of parents of adolescents with Down syndrome.