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O presente estudo é realizado através do levantamento e análise bibliográfica e tem como objetivo geral a análise do início do processo de escravização de pessoas negras africanas para o Brasil, desde o período que antecede as grandes navegações até a Lei Eusébio de Queiroz que constitui o marco normativo que propôs o fim do processo de tráfico de pessoas negras africanas. Como objetivo específico, a pesquisa pretende apontar a existência de uma relação direta entre o comércio marítimo português e o processo de captura e escravização de pessoas negras africanas, que foram desumanizadas e traficadas para o Brasil. Por fim, a pesquisa pretende apontar uma forma de reparação, pelo setor marítimo, para as pessoas negras inseridas na sociedade brasileira contemporânea.

In this work, the support, cashew apple bagasse (CAB), was chemically modified with divinyl sulfone (DVS), and it was evaluated to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A). The best activation conditions of CAB support were defined by an advanced experimental design using the Taguchi method, assessing five factors at four levels (concentration of DVS, ionic strength, pH, temperature, and time). The support and biocatalyst (CAB-DVS-CAL-A) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), scanning microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and electrophoresis. The optimal conditions to activate the support were DVS concentration of 1.4 mol L-1 (3 mL of DVS in 20 mL of reaction volume), a concentration of sodium bicarbonate buffer at 5 mmol L-1, pH 3.0 at 30 °C for 12 h. The immobilization on CAB-DVS promoted increased thermal stability at 70 °C and different pHs of CAL-A. Therefore, the selected conditions allowed for a catalyst with a catalytic activity of 6.8 U g-1 and more stable than the free enzyme (CAL-A). This demonstrates that pretreated and DVS-activated CAB is a promising support for enzyme immobilization.

Phytochemical study of Psychotria schlechtendaliana (Rubiaceae) aerial parts resulted in the isolation of alkaloids 4 N oxide harmane (1) and strictosidinic acid (2), and the terpenoids sitosterol, estigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and betulinic acid. The crude extract (CE), its fractions (hexane FH, chloroform FC, ethyl acetate FEA, hydromethanolic FHM, alkaloidal chloroform FCOH, alkaloidal aqueous FAq) and majority alkaloid (1) were investigated for their antiproliferative potential against nine human tumor cells lines and one non-tumoral human cell line (HaCat). CE, FH and FEA fractions exhibited strong growth inhibition for ovary cells (OVCAR-3, GI50 = 5.89; 1.36 and 6.59 μg mL-1, respectively) and FC, FH and FAq fractions showed potent activity on the growth of leukemia cell lines (K562, GI50 = 1.92; 7.23 and 8.81 μg mL-1, respectively). Compound 1 exhibited selective antiproliferative activity to breast cancer (MCF-7, GI50 = 32.7 μg mL-1) and was non-toxic to HaCat cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect, models of ear edema induced by croton oil and the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) were used. FH and FC fractions exhibited anti-inflammatory effect and reduce ear edema compared to the control group. These fractions showed results superior to those exhibited by indomethacin (75.1%), FH (97.5%) and FC (95.5%) fractions.

Após a derrocada do socialismo real, N. Bobbio, sem abdicar do ideal socialista, passou a defender os princípios do Estado liberal. O avanço do processo de democratização da sociedade civil (democracia integral) é a condição "sine qua non" da concretização do projeto de uma sociedade mais justa, que ele apela socialismo liberal. o único historicamente possível. Bobbio preconiza a realização deste novo projeto de sociedade por meio da lei e do Estado de Direito.

ABSTRACT Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) is an important component of the Neotropical flora, but taxonomic knowledge of its species is limited, particularly within the Amazon region. This study aimed to provide an updated taxonomic treatment of Apeiba native to Brazil, with focus on Amazonian collections. Species of Apeiba are trees with large yellowish-white flowers with a very particular fruit, an indehiscent capsule, usually globose to slightly flattened, covered either by long and numerous bristles, or densely apiculate. We provide synoptic descriptions for each Amazonian Apeiba species from Brazil, and comments on relevant synonyms and designated lectotypes for three names. We also provide an identification key, a list of examined material and distribution data, including a list of new occurrence records for some Brazilian states. Illustrations and notes on taxonomy and nomenclature are also included when appropriate.

The reduction of nitroarenes is the main methodology to produce anilines, important precursors of building blocks, dyes, and drugs. Continuing our goal of describing sustainable methodologies for the reduction of nitroarenes to their respective anilines, herein we compile selected reaction protocols, using organic medium, reported from 2017 to 2023, in order to provide a comprehensive and complementary view of the new processes and catalysts developed during this period.

ABSTRACT Safflower stands out among oilseeds due to its oil quality and crop resilience in dry and cold regions. However, there have been limited studies on its water requirements. This study aimed to assess water stress indices and determine phenological stages with the highest water demands during safflower cultivation. The experiment was conducted in two phases: one in a greenhouse and another in the field. Treatments involved different irrigation timings during the stages of crop development. The variables analyzed included plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry aboveground biomass, number of capitula, and number and weight of seeds. The results showed that safflower cultivation benefited from irrigation during its vegetative stage, in conjunction with irrigation during the reproductive and/or grain formation stage. It exhibited susceptibility to water deficit when irrigated only during the vegetative stage. Safflower can be cultivated in various climatic regions of Brazil and become an economically important species due to its adaptability, production, and potential.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la cinemática, la coordinación de brazos y el consumo de oxígeno de nadadores con amputaciones, y comprobar la evolución de estos parámetros en dos vueltas (75-100 m y 175-200 m) de una prueba de 200 m estilo crol (T200). Participaron seis nadadores (cuatro hombres y dos mujeres) con amputaciones (edad: 30 ± 9.8 años). Se obtuvieron medidas antropométricas y se colocaron 19 marcadores en zonas predeterminadas del cuerpo para la posterior exploración de la T200. Los nadadores calentaron y luego realizaron la T200. La prueba se grabó en vídeo digital. Se procesaron las imágenes (software APAS) y se analizaron los vídeos en tres dimensiones (3D). A partir de las imágenes, se obtuvieron datos cinemáticos (frecuencia y longitud medias de brazada, velocidad de nado e índice de brazada) y coordinativos (índice de coordinación). Durante la T200, se midió el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) de cada respiración (analizador de gases portátil) y se identificó su valor su valor de pico (VO2pico). Con el fin de comparar los datos entre las vueltas, se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y la prueba t de Student para los datos emparejados. El rendimiento de los nadadores evaluados fue de 197.8 ± 24.7 s. La frecuencia, la longitud, la velocidad y el índice de brazada fueron, respectivamente, 41.0 ± 5.1 ciclos/min, 1.5 ± 0.3 m, 0.98 ± 0.02 m/s y 1.67 ± 0.59m2/s. En general, la coordinación se produjo en la captura con un consumo pico de oxígeno de 43.6 ± 8.0 ml.kg-1.min-1. Las variables cinemáticas y la coordinación no cambiaron entre las vueltas analizadas.

In this work, the local electrochemical activity of the zones coupled by Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of an Al-Cu-Li alloy was studied and the results were correlated to the microstructural characteristics of each zone. Electrochemical studies were carried out in the zones affected by welding using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical techniques (namely, SECM - Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and LEIS - Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results showed that the welding joint (WJ) is predominantly cathodic relatively to the heat affected zones (HAZ). The HAZ was always anodic and showed the highest electrochemical activities among the tested ones. The high electrochemical activity of the HAZ was associated with the effect of galvanic coupling between the cathodic region (WJ) and the anodic region (HAZ). In addition, the advancing side (AS) presented increased electrochemical activity compared to the retreating one (RS).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess how microclimate variables and irrigation affect the growth of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted using the VAT90-212 cultivar in the Semi-arid region of Brazil. The microclimate was monitored and by quantifying the irrigation depth. Nine campaigns were carried out in the field to collect morphological and biomass data. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics, so as to generate the mean values and/or sum between the campaigns. Using the correlation coefficient, the extent, sign and significance of the relationship between the response and explanatory variables were evaluated. The direct or indirect effects of the explanatory variables on the response variables were identified by path analysis. There was a significant correlation between microclimate variables and the morphological and biomass variables of the sugarcane, with a strong contribution from the intercepted fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation, the wind speed and soil temperature. The negative correlation with irrigation suggests that excess water impaired the growth dynamics of the crop. It is concluded that the growth of sugarcane is closely related to its capacity to intercept radiation, to the wind, thermal regime of the soil and irrigation management.

El Vigabatrin (VGB) es un medicamento anticonvulsivante cuyo uso en epilepsia se conoce desde hace tres décadas, está indicado en el control de crisis parciales complejas en epilepsias focales refractarias y en espasmos infantiles, especialmente los asociados a Esclerosis tuberosa, pero la descripción de efectos secundarios con la parición de defectos de los campos visuales (DCV) comenzó a limitar su uso en particular en Estados Unidos y otros países; sin embargo, en Europa, especialmente en el Reino Unido y Francia y en Asia principalmente en Japón, asi como en Latinoamérica, se continuó con su formulación, con buenos resultados en cuanto a control de crisis y manejo farmacocinético y se continuó acumulando experiencia en la aparición de efectos adversos especialmente el DCV. En Agosto de 2009, la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aprueba su uso en Estados Unidos, como terapia adjunta para el tratamiento de crisis parciales complejas en adultos y en espasmos infantiles. La FDA implementa y recomienda métodos y estrategias de evaluación y control por los posibles efectos secundarios. En este artículo se revisan generalidades sobre las propiedades farmacológicas y farmacocinéticas, modo de acción, indicaciones en epilepsia y la relevancia de la limitación de su uso por los efectos colaterales en particular en los trastornos de la visión.

Resumo O termo “capital natural” teve sua origem atrelada à Economia; nos últimos anos, no entanto, discussões a seu respeito têm crescido na área de Contabilidade. Definido como o estoque de recursos naturais renováveis ou não renováveis, que se combinam para produzir um fluxo de benefícios para a sociedade e para os negócios, o capital natural fornece valor por meio dos seus serviços ecossistêmicos. Nesse caso, considerando que: o capital natural é derivado de recursos naturais que compõem o patrimônio natural, a combinação desses recursos contribui para que os negócios criem valor, e a participação da sociedade no valor gerado pelos negócios não é evidenciada pela contabilidade, o presente ensaio tem por objetivo propor a perspectiva teórica do shareholder invisível, tendo em vista a contribuição ainda não reconhecida da sociedade como fornecedora do capital natural aos negócios. Para tal, o estudo apresenta a relação entre o capital natural, os negócios e a sociedade, com base: nos aspectos associados a propriedade e controle, na contribuição do capital natural no processo de criação de valor dos negócios e nos elementos que envolvem a evidenciação dessa relação na contabilidade.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar el efecto de los cambios en las normas del waterpolo de 2019 sobre el rendimiento de los equipos de nivel subélite y élite de ambos sexos, comparando el periodo anterior y el posterior. Los datos se recogieron a través de informes oficiales de partidos de torneos brasileños y europeos de waterpolo, con un total de 533 partidos, en relación con los goles (G), los goles por cuarto (GC1-GC4), las faltas de exclusión (FE) y los penaltis (P). Se calcularon la media, la desviación típica y los intervalos de confianza del 95 % para todas las variables. Se utilizaron ecuaciones de estimación generalizada para comparar las variables en el periodo anterior y el posterior a los cambios en las normas del waterpolo. Se calcularon los tamaños del efecto (d de Cohen). En todos los análisis, se utilizó SPSS 20.0. El nivel de significación α se estableció en .05. En el nivel de los equipos de subélite, las mujeres disminuyeron GC1 y aumentaron GC2, GC3, GC4 y FE, mientras que los hombres solo aumentaron FE y P. Por su parte, en el nivel de los equipos de élite, las mujeres no modificaron las variables, mientras que los hombres aumentaron G, GC1, GC2, FE y P. Los cambios en las normas del waterpolo de 2019 provocaron diferentes respuestas según el sexo y el nivel competitivo de los equipos.

Este estudio tuvo por meta comprobar, en el ámbito del waterpolo, las redes formadas con la antropometría, la posición táctica de los jugadores y el rendimiento en determinadas pruebas de waterpolo, según la experiencia en la modalidad. También se pretendía comparar las variables de la red entre los jugadores menos experimentados (grupo 1 – G1, 24 jugadores) y los más experimentados (grupo 2 – G2, 25 jugadores). En el estudio participaron jugadores de waterpolo de cuatro equipos. Se midieron la masa corporal, la altura y la envergadura del brazo y se llevaron a cabo pruebas de agilidad (AGIL), salto vertical (SV) y velocidad de lanzamiento (VL). La comparación entre grupos se realizó con la prueba t de Student para datos independientes y el tamaño de los efectos se verificó con la d de Cohen. Se utilizaron tres medidas de centralidad, en puntuación z: influencia esperada (IE), centralidad de cercanía (CC) y centralidad de fuerza (CF). Las figuras de las redes demostraron las relaciones entre las variables de cada grupo. Los tamaños del efecto de la experiencia fueron moderados en cuestión de masa corporal y SV. La amplitud de brazo y la experiencia presentaron los valores de IE más elevados (1.70 y 1.32, respectivamente), lo cual indica que son las variables más susceptibles de intervención. Para el G1, la posición táctica y el SV presentaron los valores más altos de CC (1.23 y 1.75, respectivamente); esto indica que las variables se ven afectadas más rápidamente por las intervenciones, y la CF (1.14 y 0.77, respectivamente), lo cual indica a su vez que son los elementos del sistema que tienen relaciones más fuertes. Para el G2, la altura y la envergadura del brazo tenían los valores de IE más altos (1.05 y 0.91, respectivamente). La envergadura del brazo y la masa corporal presentaban los valores de CC más elevados (1.57 y 0.91, respectivamente). La amplitud de brazo y la experiencia tuvieron los valores de CF más altos (2.16 y 0.69, respectivamente). Los jugadores del G2 formaron una red más estable y con menos relaciones que los del G1. En general, el G1 tuvo una red más compleja y el G2, una red menos compleja entre variables; la antropometría y la experiencia influyen en (i) el rendimiento del jugador de waterpolo al realizar acciones específicas (agilidad, salto y lanzamiento) y (ii) la definición de la posición táctica del jugador en el equipo.

Resumo Objetivo: Apresentar meios de capacitação comportamental de profissionais e estudantes de engenharia para Indústria 4.0. Originalidade/valor: Este estudo propõe um modelo de colaboração homem-máquina inteligente (aplicação de IA) para capacitação de profissionais de engenharia no local de trabalho. Identifica e qualifica evidências de competências comportamentais para Indústria 4.0 a serem desenvolvidas nos cursos de graduação em Engenharia da UFRJ. Design/metodologia/abordagem: O modelo de colaboração engenheiro-máquina abrange o Design Thinking (Brown, 2010). Trata-se de uma modelagem cognitiva do engenheiro adaptada ao modelo para o raciocínio lógico (Paul & Elder, 2002), com a integração da modelagem cognitiva ajustada ao modelo de fluxo de informações de interação homem-máquina (Riley, 1989). A implementação do modelo de competência para Indústria 4.0 (Prifti et al., 2017), a entrevista com dirigentes da EQ e Poli (UFRJ) sobre o planejamento para implementação das novas DCN de Engenharia (Resolução nº 2, 2019) e a aplicação da abordagem GRADE (Balshem et al., 2011) para qualificação do nível de confiança suportaram a identificação de evidências de competências comportamentais para Indústria 4.0 na graduação. Resultados: Os profissionais de engenharia treinam análise crítica e tomada de decisão, enquanto a máquina busca/processa informação e realiza simulações. Os cursos de graduação da EQ/Poli da UFRJ apresentam baixa evidência quanto à qualificação dos alunos em “inteligência emocional, tomada de decisão e relação com cliente”. Não foram identificadas evidências quanto à capacitação dos estudantes em “autogestão, empreendedorismo e conhecimento de modelo de negócios”. / Abstract Purpose: To present suggestions for behavioral competency development for engineers and Engineering students to work in Industry 4.0. Originality/value: A human-machine collaboration model (with artificial intelligence application) is proposed for training engineering professionals for the workplace. The behavioral skills for Industry 4.0 to be developed in Engineering degree programs and the quality of evidence of their inclusion in such programs of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [UFRJ]) are assessed. Design/methodology/approach: The engineer-machine collaboration model draws on Design Thinking (Brown, 2010) and cognitive modeling of engineers based on a model of logical reasoning (Paul & Elder, 2002), integrating the cognitive model with a model of information flows in human-machine interactions (Riley, 1989). A competency model for Industry 4.0 (Prifti et al., 2017), interviews with leaders of Engineering schools of UFRJ, addressing their planning for the implementation of the new National Curriculum Guidelines for Engineering programs (Resolução no. 2, 2019), and application of the GRADE approach (Balshem et al., 2011) supported the identification of evidence of behavioral competencies for Industry 4.0 in the undergraduate programs. Findings: Engineering professionals train their critical analysis and decision-making skills while the machine searches for and processes information and performs simulations. Low quality evidence was found for the training of undergraduates in emotional intelligence, decision-making, and customer relations. No evidence was identified of training in self-management, entrepreneurship, and understanding of the business model.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine the evapotranspiration (ETc) of the mango cv. ‘Palmer’ over two productive cycles, analyzing water-use efficiency (WUE) and crop water productivity (CWP) to propose average crop coefficient (Kc) values for improving irrigation management under cultivation conditions in the Low-Middle São Francisco Valley. The study was conducted from July 2019 to May 2021 in a commercial ‘Palmer’ mango orchard in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Micrometeorological data was collected throughout the experimental period. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB), and then the Kc, WUE, and CWP were determined. The highest ETc values occurred during the floral induction phase (5.14 ± 0.85 mm day-1), with a Kc of 0.85; however, the lowest values were observed during the fruit maturation phase (3.60 ± 0.73 mm day-1), with a Kc of 0.91. Average water consumption per cycle was 1445 mm, with a daily average of 4.39 mm day-1. WUE and CWP were 16.9 and 24.5 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively. Average Kc values of 0.81, 0.76, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.91 are recommended for the vegetative growth, rest period and shoot maturation, floral induction, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturation phases, respectively.

Instrumental advances have been employed in the study of archeological remains such as prehistoric rupestrians paintings with the objective of chemically characterizing them in order to reconstruct the cultural technologies of a prehistoric human group and/or to support conservation science studies. The analytical techniques most commonly used in archaeometric research are non-destructive or semi-destructive and preferably portable to preserve the integrity of the rupestrians paintings. They include X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and the many techniques with emerging applications such as Mössbauer Spectroscopy, X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures (XANES), Particle Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS). Therefore, this paper presents a review of the literature on the development of chemical strategies employed in the study of rock art, focusing mainly on the critical evaluation of analytical techniques used, limitations, challenges and the perspectives within this area of study.

A Biblioteconomia é um dos campos científicos das Ciências Sociais que apresenta uma extensa trajetória acadêmica e profissional. São diversas as possibilidades de se estudar a epistemologia de um campo. Aqui nosso foco são os discursos oriundos dos artigos científicos publicados na Revista de Biblioteconomia de Brasília, que teve seu primeiro número em 1973. O recorte para a análise dos artigos foi a década de 1970 e concentrou os artigos que possibilitaram discutir sobre duas categorias: biblioteca e bibliotecário. A pesquisa é considerada exploratória, de cunho bibliográfico, cujo método empregado foi a da análise de conteúdo que possibilitou operacionalizar três fases: pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados. De modo geral, os discursos dos 27 artigos analisados abordaram a importância das bibliotecas, em especial, das bibliotecas públicas, do ensino da Biblioteconomia e da atuação do profissional. Além disso, abordaram a insuficiência de profissionais bibliotecários para execução do projeto de expansão das bibliotecas brasileiras, estas que são indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Esses artigos, publicados dentro do contexto da ditatura civil-militar de 1964-1985, não fizeram qualquer menção a esse acontecimento histórico.

Molecular biomarkers correspond to all endogenous or exogenous biomolecules, whose presence or alteration in metabolic pathways indicate the response of a biological system to a disturbance caused by internal or external factors. The search for biomarkers has allowed deepening the knowledge of complex pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases, interactions with potential drugs, and the improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic tests, establishing itself as a central point in personalized medicine. In addition, the development of the omics sciences has fostered an increasing exploration in this field of research. This review presents essential and relevant concepts in biomarker research, explores the various definitions and classifications of biomarkers according to their purpose, the critical aspects to be considered in experimental design, the primary employed study models (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico) and the factors that have hindered their ultimate implementation. Finally, important, and current clinical and pharmacological research areas in which biomarker research play a central role are presented.

A indústria do petróleo é uma das mais rentáveis pois dependendo das características desse fluido torna se possível ter um elevado valor agregado. No entanto, um dos fatores que dificultam a produção de óleo é a alta viscosidade encontrada em alguns campos de petróleo o que dificulta seu escoamento e consequentemente sua produção. Em alguns casos é preciso utilizar métodos de recuperação para incrementar a produção do poço. A injeção cíclica de vapor é uma das técnicas de recuperação utilizada para aumentar a vazão de óleo devido a injeção de vapor quente no reservatório com objetivo de reduzir a viscosidade do petróleo e assim escoar mais facilmente. Nesse sentido, foi feita uma análise comparativa de três campos fictícios de petróleo (Altamira, Pirabas e Marajó), utilizando o modelo proposto por Boberg e Lantz. A análise foi feita usando a linguagem de programação java considerando diferentes permeabilidades e espessura de reservatório. Assim, foi possível verificar nos resultados que o campo de Marajó teve maior produção acumulada de petróleo para o período estipulado.

Aromatic amines are important intermediates in the industry to produce a wide array of products, and the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds is the main methodology for their preparation. Considering this fact, the objective of this review is to describe the development of sustainable methodologies for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds for their respective amines from 2017 to 2020. Thus, throughout the text, the reaction conditions and the various reagents, solvents and catalysts used in the synthesis of aromatic amines are presented, along with the main advantages of the methodologies described.

ABSTRACT Laboratory chemical analysis of leaf samples can be costly and time-consuming, making it impractical for assessing crop variability. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on developing non-invasive tools that aid nitrogen (N) management, maximizing profits, minimizing environmental impact, and meeting market demands. This study aimed to develop a computer vision-based classifier system for assessing the N status in bean crops. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, involving five treatments (0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200% N of the recommended dose) with six replications, totaling 30 pots containing six seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans in four different phenological phases (V4, R5, R6, and R7). Digital RGB images of the bean canopies were captured using a camera at four-week intervals (30, 37, 44, and 51 days after emergence - DAE). The images were manually labeled to create an image database based on N status. Four different computational N status classifiers were developed by training a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), one for each DAE. The classifiers were evaluated using confusion matrix metrics (accuracy, precision, and recall), resulting in an overall accuracy of about 80% when evaluating nitrogen status at five levels. Improved results were achieved by grouping the saturation classes of the 150% and 200% treatments with the 100% class (>=100% class), yielding an accuracy of 97% for 30 and 44 DAE. Promising results aside, this method opens new possibilities for improvement and application to other treatments, electromagnetic spectrum bands, and crops.

As bibliotecas escolares são um direito assegurado por lei a todos da comunidade escolar, contudo, passados mais de dez anos da publicação da lei 12.244/2010, elas ainda não foram universalizadas. A existência física da biblioteca não garante que ela se manifeste em toda a sua potência, fazendo imprescindível a presença ativa do bibliotecário escolar. Diante disso, esta pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico, tem como objetivo discutir a importância da biblioteca e do bibliotecário escolar, destacando a dimensão da competência crítica em informação. É evidenciado, portanto, que a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e democrática requer a aplicação efetiva da lei, contando, inclusive, com um programa de desenvolvimento de competência crítica em informação. É de grande responsabilidade o papel do bibliotecário neste ambiente, pois dependerá dele as proposições de ações produzidas dentro da biblioteca que perpassam as atividades de leitura, literatura, pesquisa e desenvolvimento de competências críticas em informação. Os estudantes precisam compreender tanto como lidar com a informação e suas tarefas de buscar, localizar, avaliar, usar, quanto compreender de modo contextualizado e crítico as produções e os efeitos gerados pela informação na sociedade contemporânea. A articulação da biblioteca escolar com a competência crítica em informação potencializa também a dimensão da Biblioteconomia Social que se faz com a presença de bibliotecários ativos, críticos e conscientes do seu papel social.

Los socorristas utilizan, como parte del rescate acuático, el estilo crol y crol con la cabeza fuera del agua. Los estudios sobre gasto energético y variables fisiológicas complementarias obtenidas durante estrategias de rescate acuático son escasos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la energética y el rendimiento del estilo crol y crol con la cabeza fuera del agua realizado por socorristas. En este estudio participaron voluntariamente 21 socorristas militares. Se realizaron dos tests a máxima intensidad: 100 metros en crol y en crol con la cabeza fuera del agua. En cada test se identificaron datos fisiológicos (medición directa de consumo de oxígeno, lactoacidemia y frecuencia cardíaca), la escala de esfuerzo percibido y la velocidad media de natación (análisis de vídeo bidimensional). Se calculó la contribución de cada fuente de energía y el coste energético. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales para α < .05. El rendimiento fue mejor en crol, los resultados fisiológicos fueron similares entre crol y crol con la cabeza fuera del agua y el coste energético fue mayor en crol con la cabeza fuera del agua (1.90 ± 0.33 kJ·m-1), comparado con el crol (1.51 ± 0.33 kJ·m-1). En conclusión, el estilo crol con la cabeza fuera del agua es menos eficiente que el crol.

Bone china samples were produced using two different milling methods: low-energy ball milling (LEBM) for 3 and 24 h, and high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for 5 min. After pressing, the samples were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1100 °C to 1250 °C. HEBM 5 min yields a raw materials’ specific surface area (BET) almost 50% higher than LEBM 24 h. The highest density was obtained for samples prepared by HEBM 5 min (2.65 g/cm3), sintered at 1200 °C, which is 4.4% higher than that obtained for the sample made by LEBM 24 h. Samples prepared by HEBM 5 min and LEBM 24 h exhibit similar Vickers hardness, indentation fracture toughness and, wear coefficient. Overall, these samples exhibit better mechanical properties than those of the samples prepared by LEBM 3 h. The milling method influences the translucency of bone china up to a firing temperature of about 1150 °C. Above this temperature, the formation of the liquid phase reduces porosity and, consequently, light scattering, regardless of the milling method used to produce bone china. Even so, HEBM still has a beneficial role in making bone china more homogeneous as compared to those produced by LEBM. Resumen: Las muestras de porcelana de huesos se produjeron utilizando 2 métodos de molienda: baja energía (LEBM) durante 3 y 24 h y alta energía (HEBM) durante 5 min. Después del prensado, las muestras se quemaron entre 1.100 y 1.250 °C. La HEBM 5 min produce una superficie específica de materias primas casi un 50% más alta que la LEBM 24 h. La mayor densidad se obtuvo para muestras preparadas por la HEBM 5 min (2,65 g/cm3) y quemadas a 1.200 °C, el 4,4% más que la obtenida por la LEBM 24 h. Las muestras HEBM 5 min y LEBM 24 h mostraron dureza Vickers, tenacidad a la fractura por indentación y coeficiente de desgaste similares. En general, ambas muestras exhiben mejores propiedades mecánicas que las muestras preparadas por la LEBM 3 h. El método de molienda influye en la translucidez de la porcelana de hueso a una temperatura de cocción de alrededor de 1.150 °C. Por encima de esta temperatura, la formación de la fase líquida reduce la porosidad y la dispersión de la luz, independientemente del método de molienda utilizado para producir porcelana para huesos. Aun así, la HEBM hace que la porcelana de huesos sea más homogénea en comparación con las producidas por la LEBM.

ABSTRACT This study proposes a fuzzy logic model capable of predicting the ocular temperature (OT) of beef cattle by means of infrared thermography. The goal of this study is to establish a methodology for making decisions related to animal welfare. The experiment was carried out at a commercial beef production farm, located in the south of Minas Gerais state, where twenty-eight Brahman cattle (Bos Taurus Indicus) raised in extensive production systems were evaluated. Thermal images of the entire head of the animal were collected in order to measure the ocular temperature (OT). Concurrently, the variables air dry bulb temperature (DBT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded. The fuzzy logic model was developed using the Mandani inference method, based on the input variables DBT and RH and the output variable OT, and using the experimental data as reference. The proposed fuzzy logic system allows the estimation of the ocular temperature of beef cattle with an error of 1.71% and a coefficient of determination R 2 of 0.8749. These values validate the proposed fuzzy logic system for helping to make decisions for better animal welfare.

As bibliotecas públicas são espaços sociais e políticos destinados ao atendimento de todos da comunidade, assim elas ancoram-se no discurso inclusivo e democrático do acesso à informação, serviços e produtos. Contudo, há ainda um caminho a ser percorrido em direção a diversidade e a multiculturalidade em seus espaços, a começar pelos acervos. Discutiremos neste texto, a partir da literatura da área da Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, a relação entre as bibliotecas públicas e a formação e o desenvolvimento de coleções, tendo como foco a literatura afro-brasileira. Consideramos o papel social das bibliotecas públicas e de seus profissionais, os bibliotecários, como agentes de mudanças, ressaltando a importância de ambos, com vistas à construção de uma sociedade justa e democrática. Compreendemos que esses profissionais devem conscientizar-se da relevância de formar e desenvolver acervos que propiciem o acesso à leitura de livros de autoras e autores de literatura afro-brasileira, visando tanto o fortalecimento das identidades dos sujeitos quanto do pensamento afrocentrado nas comunidades. Em suma, bibliotecas mais democráticas requerem práticas de decolonização dos acervos por meio de ações e políticas de reparação das coleções.

The death of professor Rolf Huisgen (1920-2020) was announced on March 26th 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Professor Huisgen was professor emeritus at the University of Munich in Germany, and studied in detail the mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, significantly expanding its scope. Even though he did not discover this reaction, it was through his studies that it became important in organic synthesis. Indeed, in honor of his work, the reaction became known as Huisgen’s cycloaddition and it has been consolidated as a useful method for the preparation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds. Considering these facts, in this review we provide an overview on the applications of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, starting with the seminal examples in the field and further discussing the most recent applications.

RESUMO Por meio de um esforço de monitoramento empírico, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que modo mecanismos institucionais do Estado brasileiro e recentes movimentos na sociedade afetam a trajetória de construção de uma dimensão pública mais plural no processo de formulação da política de defesa no Brasil. A caracterização da política de defesa como uma política pública sui generis sugere a pertinência de investigar o jogo político entre atores assimétricos que permeiam as tomadas de decisão. Por meio de análises da literatura acadêmica, de relatórios oficiais, do ordenamento jurídico e de entrevistas, este artigo argumenta que houve avanços na construção de uma dimensão pública para a defesa, embora a falta de institucionalidade e a baixa qualidade do diálogo façam que essa trajetória seja frágil e não linear.

ABSTRACT Considering the challenges faced by poultry farming, this study aimed to develop a neuro-fuzzy model to predict eyeball and crest temperatures of egg-laying hens based on environmental conditions (dry bulb temperature and relative humidity). To develop the models and simulations, Matlab’s Fuzzy Toolbox® (Anfisedit) was used. Different configurations were used for each of the several neuro-fuzzy models developed. Eyeball temperature (ET) and chicken crest temperature (CCT) were simulated from the developed neuro-fuzzy models, and the obtained results were validated with the variables collected experimentally with the aid of recorder sensors and an infrared thermographic camera. The proposed neuro-fuzzy models allow the accurate estimation of ET and CCT of two lineages of egg-laying hens raised in conventional aviaries, thus helping in decision-making for better animal welfare.

ABSTRACT The first record of Phyllanthus chacoensis for the Brazilian Amazon is presented, based on a specimen from Rondônia state. The species can be recognized by its cauliflorous inflorescence, staminate and pistillate flowers with 4 sepals, devoid of a floral disk, 4 stamens, 2-carpellary ovary, drupaceous, ellipsoidal fruits, with one seed per locule. The species was previously known only from the central-western and northeastern regions of the Caatinga and Pantanal domains in Brazil. We provide a list of synonyms, a detailed description, an updated geographic distribution map in Brazil, data on habitat and conservation status, illustrations of its reproductive characters, and detailed photographs. We also propose a lectotype for the species.

ABSTRACT Detecting trends in streamflow and rainfall series can have great significance for proper water resource management. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the trends of historical streamflow and rainfall series using nonparametric statistical tests. A historical series of pluviometric and fluviometric gauges, which belong to the hydrometeorological network of the Brazilian Water National Agency in the Santo Antônio River Basin, Brazil, from 1985 to 2014 were used. By applying statistical tests, it was found that the time series are independent and random, and from the total 24 rainfall gauges evaluated, 12 presented nonstationary behavior, exhibiting mostly decreasing trends. Based on the six fluviometric gauges used for the annual streamflow series, only the annual data of one gauge tended to decrease to the minimum streamflow. However, for the monthly series, three gauges showed decreasing trends between July and September. This decrease in streamflow may be a consequence of rainfall reductions, high water demand, and changes in land use and cover.

ABSTRACT Irrigation is essential for the development of crops in regions with scarcity or irregular rainfall distribution, enabling high productivity. However, the use of water resources and electrical energy leads to a concern with irrigation efficiency. Pressure demand varies during the operations of irrigation systems and the appropriate pressure can be regulated by variable-frequency drives for the power supply of the motor-pump set. This study aimed to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of using a variable-frequency drive to adjust the pressure in subunits of micro-irrigation systems. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the electrical power consumed in each irrigated subunit for different slopes and the application or not of the variable-frequency drive. Thus, an economic analysis was carried out considering the electricity tariff for group B and rural consumer class, as well as different annual irrigation times. The results showed the potential for energy saving with the use of the variable-frequency drive. Thus, the economic analysis showed that the variable-frequency drive was a better alternative than the dissipative method.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of soy and cotton is of great importance in the Brazilian economic scenario, both of which move billions of reais per year in exports. Weed management is important for obtaining optimal yields. Among the plants that have gained resistance and tolerance are those of the genus Ipomoea spp. These plants affect soybean and cotton crops throughout their cycle, thereby affecting their productivity. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop an embedded system for the selective spraying of rope and viola in cotton and soybean crops using algorithms for the classification and detection of objects in real time (Faster R-CNN and YOLOv3). This project was developed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the Federal University of Rondonópolis. The algorithms were trained to detect three classes (soybean, viola, and cotton) and were evaluated in terms of precision and sensitivity in the laboratory and field. Control results using faster R-CNN sprays demonstrated that real-time object detection algorithms for the selective control of weeds can be used for soybean and cotton crops.

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis) production has significantly advanced over the past few years in Brazil, especially with regard to acreage and productivity. Machine learning has made significant advances in most varied fields of agrarian sciences. In this context, this study aimed to use physicochemical variables of the soil as well as climatic and dendrometric variables of eucalyptus to predict its height using the random forest algorithm. The study was conducted in the municipality of Três Lagoas, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The original database consisted of 49 soil physicochemical variables collected at 0–0.20 m and 0.20–0.40 m, two dendrometric and four climatic variables, and one response variable related to the height of eucalyptus. A correlation matrix was applied to select variables. Furthermore, modeling was performed using the random forest algorithm, which performed well (r = 0.98, R2 = 0.96) in predicting the height of eucalyptus. Overall, the most important variables to predict the eucalyptus plant height included diameter at breast height (DBH), phosphorus content (P1), gravimetric moisture (GM1) at a soil depth between 0.00 m and 0.20 m, and exchangeable aluminum content (Al2) between 0.20 m to 0.40 m of soil.

A cooperação internacional brasileira cresceu no início do século XXI, contribuindo para a conquista de prestígio político, expansão econômica e promoção de desenvolvimento, especialmente no seu entorno estratégico. Contudo, faltam pesquisas direcionadas para estudar como a cooperação internacional pode ser usada para incidir na articulação política com outros países no campo da defesa. Analisando a cooperação brasileira em educação militar com os países da América Central a partir de 1995, este artigo busca demonstrar como atividades de cooperação internacional são instrumentos relevantes e efetivos da política de defesa do Brasil, além de ferramentas de política externa. Para chegar a essa conclusão, foi realizada uma extensa pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, bem como entrevistas com militares centro-americanos. O presente artigo pretende, assim, expressar ao leitor a capacidade da cooperação internacional brasileira em educação militar de incidir politicamente nos países da América Central, o que pode facilitar a consecução dos objetivos elencados na Política Nacional de Defesa do Estado brasileiro.

ABSTRACT Histological analysis of bleached samples of Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868, with white plague disease and with alteration in the color pattern, revealed drastic tissue and cellular disturbances, such as lysis of the external epithelium, hyperplasia of gastrodermis, apoptosis of epithelial cells and zooxanthellae, and degradation of mesenteric filaments and reproductive cells. Fungal hyphae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria were present in diseased samples and colonies with alteration in the color pattern. Furthermore, bleached and diseased samples showed significant reductions in the number of zooxanthellae per 100 µm2 of gastrodermis and significant reductions in the diameters and volumes of stage V oocytes. We found that bleaching events, diseases, and colonies with alteration in the color pattern promoted degradation of reproductive cells, resulting in the consequent interruption of the reproduction of the coral S. stellata, which is one of the most common Brazilian coral species. The implications of these indirect effects of bleaching, disease, and changes in coral color patterns in the population dynamics of Brazilian reefs are discussed.

ABSTRACT For safety reasons, wood strength values, essential for structural dimensioning, are calculated based on the characteristic value, which corresponds to the 5% percentile of a given probability distribution model. For small samples, the Brazilian normative document ABNT NBR 7190 establishes an estimator of the characteristic wood strength, which can provide a significantly different result from the characteristic value coming from a suitable model of probability distribution. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the best probability distribution model (normal, lognormal, Weibull, and exponential) and the subsequent calculation of the characteristic value indicated by ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), allowing to evaluate its accuracy, being also investigated two relationships between characteristic values of the simplified characterization condition for woods of species already known. The best adhesion model was the normal model, which resulted in values statistically equivalent to the characteristic values according to ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). Among the evaluated relationships, the obtained results were significantly higher (up to 92%) when compared to those estimated by ABNT NBR 7190 (1997).

ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants produced in containers under protected environments have high added value. We carried out research with an aim to evaluate the growth and development of ornamental pepper in containers of different colors under two protected environments, both with thermal-reflective screens under a polyethylene film: one with 18–22 % shading and the other with 42–50 % in colored containers (brown, blue, black, and red). The treatments formed by a 2 × 4 factorial (environments × container colors) were arranged in a completely random pattern with 4 replications and 5 plants per plot, and a joint analysis of experiments was used to compare environments. The protected environment covered with low-density polyethylene film having 42–50 % of shading promoted higher initial growth of pepper plants, including early maturity, compared to the protected environment with 18–22 % of shading. The colored containers, namely, the brown container in a protected environment with 42–50 % shading and red container with 18–22 % shading formed plants with better growth and yield characteristics compared to the black container. The seedlings in the blue container had delayed flowering.

ABSTRACT The environment control of broiler houses must be done adequately to provide good thermal conditions to broilers without wasting energy. The objective of this study was to characterize the thermal environment in two mechanically ventilated broiler houses with a negative pressure ventilation system, one with a cellulose pad evaporative cooling system and the other with misting nozzles for evaporative cooling. The experiment was conducted in Ervália-MG during winter, spring, and summer. The thermal environment was characterized based on the relationship between the temperature observed inside the broiler houses and the temperatures recommended for the thermal comfort of birds of different ages. The recorded data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, and the spatial variation of the average temperature data recorded during the growth phase in both broiler houses was evaluated graphically using contour graphs. During the brooding phase, the temperatures recorded in both broiler houses were above the recommended values (27-30 °C; 24-27 °C; and 21-24 °C, for the 1st; 2nd and 3rd weeks of bird life respectively) during the entire evaluation period. In the growout phase, it was found that during winter and spring, the interior temperature was within the recommended range (15–27 °C), however, in summer, there were periods when the interior temperature was above the comfort range of birds.

O artigo apresenta uma proposta de utilização da pesquisa narrativa na análise das representações sociais, ilustrando esse potencial diálogo por meio de um estudo na área de educação. Busca-se apreender as representações sociais de professores sobre a defasagem idade-série e, por extensão, sobre o fracasso escolar. A proposta é utilizar a narrativa como método para analisar as representações sociais. Como essas representações circulam na comunicação e são construídas socialmente, elas podem se revelar nas narrativas dos sujeitos pesquisados. O estudo foi realizado com 14 professores de ensino fundamental, sete de Matemática e sete de Língua Portuguesa, de uma rede pública municipal do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Estes professores trabalhavam em um programa de recuperação de aprendizagem com alunos de 6º a 9º ano. As narrativas foram construídas a partir de entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas cuja questão central versava sobre como eram os alunos com defasagem idade-série e como se desenrolava o programa de recuperação. A análise das entrevistas incorporou os esquemas próprios dos estudos com narrativas, buscando identificar histórias e materiais contextuais, e reconstruir o significado amplo dessas histórias na forma de grandes temáticas organizadoras das representações sociais. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma lógica de exclusão na qual a escola é vista positivamente e isenta de responsabilidades, e o fracasso escolar – aqui representado pela defasegem idade-série e suas consequências – tem como causa uma família desestruturada e um aluno a quem falta empenho ou interesse.

O futebol é um esporte bastante competitivo sendo a modalidade esportiva com maior número de lesões musculoesqueléticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em atletas profissionais de futebol na cidade de Teresina-PI. É uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 39 atletas dos dois maiores clubes profissionais de futebol de Teresina-PI, selecionada de forma não probabilística, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário, o qual aborda questões sobre a prática profissional do futebol, treinamento, lesões musculoesqueléticas e procedimentos adotados após a lesão. Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma estatística descritiva, utilizando-se média e desvio padrão. Foi realizado o teste t e o teste do qui-quadrado. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% para todas as análises e o software utilizado foi o STATA 12.0. A prevalência de lesão foi de 89,74%, tendo como lesão mais frequente a entorse de tornozelo (22,41%). O tempo médio de afastamento dos jogadores decorrente das lesões foi entre 2 e 4 semanas. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa entre peso e estatura com a prevalência de lesão, respectivamente, (p=0,19) e (p=0,61). A posição tática mais acometida foi a de volante. A prevalência de lesão foi elevada nos atletas pesquisados sendo a entorse de tornozelo à lesão que mais acometeu os jogadores de futebol da cidade de Teresina-PI.

ABSTRACT Cowpea beans are of great socioeconomic expression for the rural population in North and Northeastern Brazil. This legume is rich in essential nutrients and exhibits great resistance to water stress. However, for grain processing, it is fundamental to study legume behavior during the hydration process. This study aims to evaluate the mass transfer of different cowpea beans via mathematical modeling to determine the viability of hydration for commercialization as a canned product. Physical and chemical analyses of lipids and moisture were performed. The soaking process was performed in a water bath with distilled water at 30, 40, and 50 °C. The mathematical model of Peleg presented satisfactory adjustments, with R2 values ranging between 99.78% and 99.99% and relative error (P) of

ABSTRACT The herbicide glyphosate is sprayed with varying application volumes that result in different concentrations used in the spray solutions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate concentrations on the potential risk of droplet drift, surface tension of spray solution, and contact angle of droplets on surfaces. Three experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Drift potential was evaluated by median volumetric diameter (MVD), percentage volume of droplets with diameter smaller than 100 μm (%V

Ao longo da trajetória docente somos desafiados a vivenciar com equilíbrio as ‘práticasteorias’ que nos constituem. Este artigo tem por objetivo trazer algumas dessas experiências do ‘aprenderensinar’ tendo em vista a compreensão e a ressignificação das práticas educativas. As opções metodológicas aqui adotadas buscam inspiração nos princípios da multirreferencialidade; na pesquisa com os cotidianos e seus ‘movimentos necessários’, através das ‘conversas’ e o ‘narrar de si’ como principais formas de produção de conhecimentos. Nesse sentido, tratando de um recorte da pesquisa de mestrado, apresentam-se narrativas de uma docente que, inserida na periferia do Complexo da Maré (RJ), busca desvelar olhares sensíveis às singularidades no diálogo constante com os escritos do educador Paulo Freire e os sentidos atribuídos à práxis educativa, por meio do engajamento necessário em um trilhar autorreflexivo.