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Dans ce papier, nous avons appliqué le modèle Data Envelopment Analysis sous l’hypothèse de rendements d’échelle variables et selon l’orientation output pour mesurer l’efficience des banques appartenant à 12 pays de la région MENA durant la période 2017-2021. Nous avons divisé les banques en deux classes, les banques conventionnelles comprenant 59 banques appartenant à 11 pays et les banques islamiques comprenant 22 banques appartenant à 7 pays. Concernant les 59 banques conventionnelles, les résultats ont montré que le pourcentage de banques conventionnelles CCR-efficientes est faible et ne dépasse pas 16% et le score moyen de l’efficience-CCR a atteint 90% durant la période d’étude. Nous avons aussi trouvé que Qatar est le seul pays dont les banques conventionnelles sont BCC-efficientes durant les 5 années d’affilé et que leurs scores d’efficience-CCR sont les plus élevés alors que les banques conventionnelles du Maroc et de la Jordanie ont les scores moyens d’efficience-CCR les plus faibles. Concernant les 22 banques islamiques, les résultats ont montré que le pourcentage de banques islamiques CCR-efficientes est faible et ne dépasse pas 14% et que leur score moyen d’efficience-CCR a atteint en moyenne 64%. Nous avons aussi trouvé que Qatar est le seul pays dont les banques islamiques sont en moyenne CCR-efficientes durant les 5 années et que les banques islamiques du Maroc ont le score moyen de CCR-efficience le plus faible atteignant 36%.

Introdução/objetivo: este artigo tem como objetivo identificar, mediante análise envoltória de dados (DEA, sigla em inglês), a eficiência do gasto em segurança pública nos estados brasileiros mais o Distrito Federal, de 2017 a 2020, com relação aos índices de criminalidade. Metodologia: o artigo é uma pesquisa descritiva e de natureza quantitativa. A técnica da DEA aplicada foi orientada ao modelo BCC (Banker, Charnes & Cooper, 1984 [retorno variável de escala]), com modelo input (orientado aos insumos). A variável de entrada utilizada foi a despesa com segurança pública, enquanto as variáveis de saída foram latrocínios, homicídios dolosos, roubo e furto de veículos, bem como tráfico de entorpecentes. Na sequência, foi executado o método proposto e foram apresentados os resultados encontrados após a análise do modelo. Resultados: os resultados indicam que, no período analisado, em média, a aplicação dos recursos das unidades federativas (UF) tem apresentado um percentual de 73.33%, mas ainda há muitas UF que apresentam potencial para utilizar de forma mais eficiente, quando os seus recursos são comparados aos demais estados. Ademais, os resultados demonstram que houve apenas três estados com eficiência máxima, em todos os anos, no período analisado. Conclusões: ainda há necessidade de que políticas públicas voltadas para a questão da segurança sejam refinadas para que as UF possam atingir maior eficiência dos dispêndios nessa área, com vistas a reduzir os índices de criminalidade. Por fim, a identificação detalhada das causas da ineficiência do estado de Roraima, Brasil, que apresenta maior gasto em segurança pública e menor eficiência técnica, pode contribuir para o entendimento de políticas públicas no âmbito da segurança. Introduction / objective: this paper aims to identify, through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the efficiency of spending on public security in the Brazilian states and the federal district, from 2017 to 2020, in relation to crime rates. Methodology: this work is a descriptive and quantitative study. The applied Data Envelopment Analysis was oriented to BCC (Banker, Charnes & Cooper, 1984 [variable returns to scale]) with input model (oriented to inputs). The input variable used was expenditure on public security, while the output variables were intentional homicides, armed robbery, robbery and vehicle theft, and drug trafficking. Next, the proposed method was executed, and the results found after analyzing the model presented. Results: the results imply that, in the analyzed period, on average, the application of resources from the Federative Units (FUs) has presented a percentage of 73.33%, but there are still many FUs that have the potential to use them more efficiently, when its resources are compared to other states. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that there were only three states with maximum efficiency, in all years, in the analyzed period. Conclusions: therefore, the conclusion is that it is still necessary for the issue of security are refined in a more appropriate way, so that the FUs can achieve greater efficiency in expenditure in this area, aiming to reduce crime rates. Finally, the detailed identification of the causes of inefficiency in the state of Roraima, Brasil, which has higher spending on public security and lower technical efficiency, can contribute to the understanding of public policies in the field of security.

The usage of concepts that add flexibility to built spaces by generating the capacity to adapt to new demands is an economically viable and operationally attractive alternative to deal with demand fluctuation. This study aims to analyze the influence of those concepts on the Airport Passenger Terminal's layout by evaluating the performance of the 13 busiest Brazilian airports' check-in areas. It carries out a comparative assessment to establish the main flexibility parameters within the Airport Passenger Terminals. Moreover, it identifies the most efficient characteristics used in the built spaces at the airports. For that, this examination applies the DEA-BCC model oriented to input, analyzing as input data the relation between the check-in area and the total area of the Airport Passenger Terminal building, the number of check-in counters and the waiting time at the queue, and output data the installed capacity of the airports. The results indicate that change in the percentage of check-in area used is the criteria that best reflects the efficiency of an Airport Passenger Terminal.

Resumo O plágio é prática inaceitável na ciência, pois desrespeita a propriedade intelectual de terceiros, bem como impede a realização de um conhecimento integro e de credibilidade, em particular em casos em que se materializa em publicações científicas, tendo em vista os inúmeros prejuízos e o potencial de risco que representa para a credibilidade dos resultados divulgados. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa analisou as políticas editoriais no que se refere as recomendações de plágio de 14 periódicos indexados na Scientific Electronic Library Online Brasil, voltados para as áreas de Antropologia, Linguística e Arqueologia, bem como a questão do autoplágio abordado pelas revistas. A pesquisa é de caráter quali-quantitativa, e utilizou a entrevista como técnica na coleta de dados. Das 14 revistas analisadas, observou-se que 10 adotam práticas e padrões internacionais, entre elas destacamos aqui o uso do “Guia de boas práticas para o fortalecimento da ética na publicação científica” de 2018, disponibilizado no site da Scientific Electronic Library Online, e as que aderem ao Committee on Publication Ethics, assim como as que seguem as “Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals” de 2019. Apenas quatro adotam somente a Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons. As questões de caráter ético são de fundamental importância para a humanidade, e no ambiente científico isso não pode ser diferente. Com experiências que podem, quando se orienta de forma adequada o infrator involuntário, ser de grande valia e aprendizado na formação acadêmica, os padrões e as práticas nacionais e internacionais são imprescindíveis nas condutas editoriais científicas.

Abstract Since the beginning of 2020, “Covid-19” has affected the whole world in an unprecedented way in modern times. It is inevitable that this pandemic, which has negatively affected many fields, will also have an impact on academic journals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the performance of academic journals. In our study, a “Data Envelopment Analysis” methodology with 3 inputs and 3 outputs was used to determine the relative “performance of the journals”. Within the scope of the study, 109 journals published in “Turkey” and scanned in “Web of Science” indexes were examined. Results show that eleven journals were efficient in 2019, while in 2020 this number decreased to seven. Four fields have been positively affected by the pandemic and journals publishing in these fields have increased their efficiencies. Eighteen fields were adversely affected by the pandemic and the efficiency of journal publishing in these fields decreased. Eleven fields and journals publishing in these fields maintained their efficiency both before and during the pandemic. As the Covid-19 pandemic is not over yet, our data is limited. In the coming years, more detailed and comprehensive studies can be carried out with more extensive data and a further number of journals from different countries.

Improving the quality of Education leads to the improvement of the social and economic development rates of individuals and countries. Furthermore, few studies seek to identify effective practices in the pedagogical and management areas that can direct educational actors in their actions. Thus, this study aims to identify indicators and goals for increasing school performance in the subject of Portuguese in municipal lower secondary Education. These practices were identified based on the analysis of Brazilian municipal Schools of High Performance. Municipal schools were selected and grouped by socioeconomic level to measure efficiency through the two-stage DEA tool. The results show that the increase in current expenditure is not always accompanied by the improvement in the results. In addition, 45 indicators and goals that can increase the performance of schools in reading and writing teaching were found. They are related to the various actors of the educational process, namely: students, teachers and principals. Of these actors, some were related to the Principal’s management skills, reinforcing his/her role in promoting the quality of teaching.

Este estudio analiza la eficiencia técnica en términos de innovación de las empresas del sector servicios en la economía uruguaya. Para ello, se utilizan los datos provenientes de la Encuesta de Actividades de Innovación 2010-2012 de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII). En una primera etapa, se estima el nivel de eficiencia de cada empresa mediante un modelo de Análisis Envolvente de Datos, incorporando los inputs y outputs relacionados con la actividad innovadora de las empresas. Los resultados revelan que, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados en materia de inversión en innovación, los resultados son aún muy pobres. En promedio, las empresas analizadas podrían aumentar su producción en materia de innovación en un 44,5% dado los recursos invertidos. Posteriormente, se explora la relación entre la eficiencia innovadora y diversas características de las firmas. En este sentido, se encuentra que las empresas medianas presentan menor eficiencia que las pequeñas y grandes. Asimismo, las empresas que no solicitaron apoyo estatal para financiar las actividades de innovación muestran un mayor nivel de eficiencia que aquellas que sí solicitaron. Los resultados pueden ser de interés tanto para los responsables del área de innovación de las empresas, como para las instituciones que brindan apoyo en materia de innovación (como la ANII), ya que aportan evidencia sustantiva para mejorar la orientación de la estrategia innovadora a seguir por las empresas del sector servicios. || This study analyse the technical efficiency in terms of innovation of the firms in the service sector in the Uruguayan economy. Therefore, we use data from the 2010-2012 Innovation Activities Survey of the National Agency for Research and Innovation (ANII). In a first stage, we estimate the level of efficiency of each company through a Data Envelopment Analysis model, incorporating the inputs and outputs related to the innovative activity of the firms. The results reveal that, despite the effort made in terms of investment in innovation, the results are still very poor. On average, the companies analysed could increase their innovation production by 44.5% given the resources invested. Subsequently, we explore the relationship between innovative efficiency and several characteristics of the firms. In this sense, we found that medium-sized firms have lower efficiency than small and large companies. The results can be useful for both those responsible for the area of innovation of the firms, as well as to the institutions that provide support in the field of innovation (such as the ANII), since they provide substantive evidence to improve the orientation of the innovative strategy to be followed by firms in the service sector.

En el estudio de los sistemas de bienestar la relación entre el gasto social y los indicadores de vulnerabilidad como la tasa de pobreza o índices de desigualdad de ingresos tienen gran interés en la literatura. Este trabajo evalúa la productividad del gasto social de los estados de la EU15 (los estados de bienestar más consolidados de la EU28), en el período 2011-2015, con metodología Análisis Envolvente de Datos. Posteriormente, con un método clustering difuso identificamos los patrones existentes de gasto social y su eficiencia. Observamos tres grupos de países. El primero engloba la mayor parte de estado del bienestar nórdico y continental. El segundo grupo, conformado por Luxemburgo e Irlanda, son países con el menor volumen de gastos social sobre PIB pero a la vez son países eficientes. El tercero engloba a los estados del bienestar mediterráneos, junto con Gran Bretaña, que son los menos eficientes en la reducción de los indicadores de vulnerabilidad. || In the study of welfare systems, the relation of the social expenditure and the indicators of vulnerability as poverty rates or income inequality indexes focus a great interest in the literature. In this way, we evaluate the productivity of social transfer policies of EU15 states, which are the countries with more consolidated Welfare States within EU28, during the period 2011-2015, with data envelopment analysis. Subsequently, with a fuzzy clustering method we identify the existing patterns of social expenditures and their efficiency. We identify three groups. The first of them embeds most of the Nordic and continental welfare states. The second group is only made up with Luxembourg and Ireland, that are the countries with the lowest social spending but at the same time, they are within the group of efficient countries. The third group is made up of Mediterranean welfare states and United Kingdom and they are the less efficient countries in reducing vulnerability indexes.

This study aims to describe the determining factors in efficiency of public expenditures in Brazilian Federal Universities. A two-stage survey method was applied for a sample of fifty-nine Brazilian Federal Universities, from 2013 to 2017. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied for the first stage in order to measure the efficiency of public expenditures. For the second stage, a truncated regression model was applied, with a double bootstrap procedure for bias correction and statistical significance test of the variables. Results show that some Brazilian Federal Universities were inefficient during this period. Considering the truncated regression model of Simar and Wilson (2007), significant variables that influence the efficiency of public expenditures in federal universities were: public expenditures in Higher Education, number of professors, amount of enrolments, amount of graduates, total expenditures with employees and total amount of employees. Therefore, this study has contributed to scientific literature showing that these variables play a key role to public efficiency in federal universities.

This research constitutes the measurement of the efficiency of the Ecuadorian banking sector during the periods 1993-1999 and 2000-2018, applying the Data Envelope Analysis methodology, using the CCR and BCC approaches. The fixed asset and operating expense accounts were used as input variables for this purpose. The output variables were accounts receivable, income, investments and total deposits. Data were taken from monthly bulletins submitted by the different decision-making units to the Superintendencia de Bancos del Ecuador. The main findings indicate that the levels of efficiency during the 2000-2018 period were higher than in the 1993-1999 period. On average, during the first period, the banks had an efficiency ratio of 74.31%, according to the CCR approach, and 82.17%, according to the BCC approach. However, the efficiency levels during the second period reached 95.43% and 97.01%, respectively. In addition, the results show that large banks have a higher level of efficiency than smaller banks. However, medium-sized banks have the lowest level of efficiency. It should be noted that the data varies when analyzed according to the CCR approach. Furthermore, efficiency levels are generally associated with factors related to the country’s situation. This research is presented as one of the first studies on the analysis of efficiency in the Ecuadorian banking sector using this method.

Torben Holvad is Analysis Team Leader at the European Union Agency for Railways (France). He obtained Economics degrees from Copenhagen University (MSc) and the European University Institute in Florence (PhD). He has more than 30 years of experience in applied economic analysis. His skills and expertise correspond to backgrounds like: Quantitative methods, Data Envelopment Analysis, Impact Assessment, Cost Benefit Analysis, Transport Economics, Multicriteria analysis, Economics of regulation, Data analysis, Health economics.

Objective: the objective is to compare the relative efficiency of the railways specialized in transporting iron ore (MFe) and pellets (PLMFe), which are part of the assets of mining companies and pellet plants considering the 2016 scenario. Methods: the methods used were the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, with the application of the output-oriented constant returns scale (CRS) model; the initial combinatorial multicriteria method for choosing the input variables; and Tobit regression as a validation strategy for the DEA model. Results: of the twelve railways evaluated, three railways were identified as efficient: Estrada de Ferro Carajás, Fortescue, and Mount Newman. Conclusions: the applied model was considered a good method to evaluate the efficiency of railways specialized in transporting MFe and PLMFe, as it determined the efficiency of each railway, suggesting the necessary increase in the output variable or adjustments in the input variables so that the railways reach the efficiency frontier. With that, companies can use the results of this study to guide future improvements to make their railways more efficient or maintain them on the frontier of efficiency.

Este trabalho tem como objectivo analisar a eficiência técnica nas unidades orgânicas da Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos (UJES), no período 2012 a 2014. Em termos metodológicos, usou-se o modelo Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) que é o maior modelo de programação linear na análise da eficiência técnica nas instituições públicas. Os resultados revelaram que existem quatro unidades orgânicas da UJES ineficientes e com um nível de eficiência que varia entre 20% a 98% e as quatro restantes situaram-se na fronteira de eficiência óptima, durante todo o período de análise e em termos gerais, a tendência da eficiência técnica é crescente a um ritmo lento.

Introduction: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to measure the relative performance of a series of distribution centers (DCs), using key indicators based on reverse logistics for a company that produces electric and electronic supplies in Colombia. Objective: The aim is to measure the relative performance of distribution centers based on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) from a supply network with reverse logistics. Methodology: A DEA model is applied through 5 steps: KPIs selection; Data collection for all 18 DCs in the network; Build and run the DEA model; Identify the DCs that will be the focus of improvement; Analyze the DCs that restrict or diminish the total performance of the system. Results− KPIs are defined, data is collected and KPI’s for each DCs are presented. The DEA model is run and the relative efficiencies for each DCs are determined. A frontier analysis is made and DCs that limit or reduce the performance of the system were analyzed to find options for improving the system. Conclusions: Reverse logistics, brings numerous advantages for companies. The analysis of the indicators allows logistics managers involved to make relevant decisions for higher performance. The DEA model identifies which DCs have a relative superior and inferior performance, making it easier to make informed decisions to change, increase or decrease resources, and activities or apply best practices that optimize the performance of the network.

Background: The mountainous regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, due to the way they were colonized, their land structures, and their technical, cultural and climatic conditions, offer unique conditions, not only for the formation of unique environments and characteristic products, but also for the development productive diversity that can provide greater efficiency and agricultural stability. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the performance of the agricultural sector of eighty-five municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with regard to three productive variables: cultivated area in hectares, number of different crops produced, and total revenue in Brazilian Reais, for the calendar year 2015. Methodology: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was chosen for this analysis, because it allows the computation from these input (cultivated area) and output (number of crops and revenue) variables of an efficiency index for each municipality. Results: A dispersion plot of efficiency against the altitude of the administrative seat of the municipalities revealed that 68.23 % of the municipalities lay in the two quadrants corresponding to low altitude, low efficiency and high altitude, high efficiency, indicating a positive correlation of efficiency with altitude. Of the twelve efficient municipalities, eleven practice agriculture in mountain environments, at altitudes ranging from 355 to 871 m. Implications. Of the twelve efficient municipalities, eleven practice agriculture in mountain environments at altitudes ranging from 355 to 871 m. Conclusions: These results support the supposition that greater agrobiodiversity, as found in the mountainous regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, contributes to greater agricultural efficiency.

This paper analyzes whether the level of development of the hospital cost systems (CS) implemented by the Spanish Regional Health Services (RHS) has an effect on hospital efficiency. For this purpose, we used the public data of 159 hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (NHS) between 2010 and 2013, the period of the most stringent budgetary constraints derived from the economic crisis. We apply three methodologies: first, a conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model followed by a Tobit regression; second, a two-step procedure with a double bootstrap proposed by Simar & Wilson (2007), and third, the calculation of the Malmquist index and the application of logistic regression to explain the change in efficiency. We find that in the context studied there is a direct relationship between the most developed CS and the improvement of efficiency. Our findings suggest that policy makers and regulators should incentivize the development of standardized hospital CS.

The article sought to evaluate the impact of management factors on the innovative capacity of micro and small enterprises (SMEs). A total of 315 SMEs were analyzed in Pernambuco in the period 2015-2016. The following internal factors were considered: leadership, people management, information and knowledge, relationship with customers, relationship with society, results, age, and size. The innovative capacity was measured by the degree of sectoral innovation. The relationships were analyzed by means of multiple linear regression and data envelopment analysis. The results demonstrated that leadership, information and knowledge, customer relationships, and society positively influence innovative capacity and its efficiency.

Project evaluation problem is a decision-making effort that integrates portfolio management and stakeholder engagement needs. Only feedbacks from project managers are not guarantee of success. The objective of this article is the presentation of an integrated approach that uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as technique and tool to support firms to solve the problem about the decision of which project is efficient and which is not. The research method was a literature review and a case study of a semiconductor subsidiary developing design projects in Brazil. The inputs and outputs used for the DEA model offered graphic results that can be understood as a proper subset of projects evaluating their relative efficiency. Nineteen projects of integrated circuits were analyzed using DEA Variable Returns to Scale Input Oriented model in the case study. Inputs and outputs were considered as indicators. These indicators were based on project scorecards arising from the headquarter strategy for subsidiaries. The measures used were delivery precision, design revisions, cycle time, development cost, unplanned feature, and schedule conformance. Results showed that twelve projects were efficient and seven were not efficient. In conclusion, evaluation methods of project efficiency make possible to highlight a constructivist logic that appears helpful to develop criteria of decision-making in the portfolio management. To sum up, the communication is another important issue that the framework accomplishes using stakeholder theory and feedback requirements. This analytical structure could be used as a tool for performance management and control.

Performance measurement is an area of crucial interest in asset valuation and investment management. High volatility as well as time aggregation of returns, amongst other characteristics, may distort the results of conventional measures of performance. In this work, we study the performance of 115 Spanish Absolute Return Funds in the period 2010-2015, using the Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen and Modified Sharpe ratios. We then apply Data Envelopment Analysis to classify the funds in order to avoid the problems arising from the non-normality of their returns, since non-gaussian returns do not pose a problem in Data Envelopment Analysis implementation. In addition, we apply the Malkiel, Brown and Goetzman test and the Rude and Khan test in annual periods to determine the existence of persistence. Finally, we study the relationship between efficiency and persistence in order to determine the relationship between both measures and to support decision-making processes. The results show a significant relationship between cross efficiency and Modified Sharpe ratios as well as the existence of persistence for annual periods. Nevertheless, the results do not allow concluding any relationship amongst efficiency and persistence. || La medida de la performance es un área de crucial interés en la valoración de activos y selección de inversiones. Elevadas volatilidades, así como la agregación temporal de rendimientos, entre otras características, pueden distorsionar los resultados de las medidas convencionales de performance. En este trabajo, estudiamos la performance de 115 fondos de retorno absoluto españoles en el periodo 2010–2015 usando los ratios de Sharpe, Treynor y Jensen y el ratio de Sharpe modificado. Posteriormente, para clasificar los fondos se aplica el Análisis Envolvente de Datos (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) en aras de evitar los problemas derivados de la no normalidad de los rendimientos, dado que rendimientos no gaussianos no suponen un problema a la hora de implementar el Análisis Envolvente de Datos. Adicionalmente, se aplica el test de Malkiel, Brown y Goetzman y el test de Rude y Khan en periodos anuales para determinar la existencia de persistencia. Finalmente. se estudia la relación entre eficiencia y persistencia con objeto de determinar la relación entre ambas medidas y apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones. Los resultados muestran una significativa relación entre eficiencia cruzada y el ratio de Sharpe modificado así como la existencia de persistencia en periodos anuales. No obstante, los resultados no permiten concluir en ninguna relación directa entre eficiencia y persistencia.

Despite standard Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models having been widely used in assessing efficiency in education, a few studies use Network DEA (NDEA) models in educational evaluation. In this paper, we proposed an alternative to the official evaluation performed every three years by CAPES (Brazilian agency for post-graduation programs regulation) using an NDEA model. The use of NDEA is justified because depending on the point of view, some variables can be considered either inputs or outputs. The use of NDEA avoids the need to decide whether a variable is an input or output of the entire process. This happens because a variable can be both an output for one stage and an input for another. Our relational NDEA model computes both productivity and quality assessments together with global efficiency using bibliometric data.

This work aims to demonstrate the efficiency degree achieved by the Brazilian states in the allocation of public resources for education. We used multivariate statistical analysis, with Data Envelopment Analysis and Multiple Regression, with data from 2001 to 2011. The results show that some states achieved good efficiencies such as Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul. These states succeeded in conciliating reasonable expenses with good scores in education assessments and tests. Maranhão and Pará had unsatisfactory scores in teaching, but also lower budgets of public expenditure. Thus, focusing on Brazilian Public Education, the results show the efficiency degree in public spending and education outcomes, using several variables and time periods.

This paper analyses the Spanish tax administration, evaluating the relative efficiency of each of the regional offices that are its constituent parts via output-oriented two-stage data envelopment analysis. In the study, a total of 47 regional offices were analysed, considering three inputs: 1) current expenditure in goods and services; 2) number of tax returns processed in terms of the two main direct taxes; and, 3) personnel numbers. Revenue resulting from tax assessments was considered as output. The analysis shows that the efficient action of regional offices might have increased by 21.6% the results of the management of this administration.

The achievement of energy efficiency in buildings is an important challenge facing both developed and developing countries. Very few papers have assessed the energy efficiency of office buildings using real data. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an energy efficiency index for buildings having a large window-to-wall ratio, and uses this index to identify the main architectural factors affecting energy performance. This paper assesses, for the first time, the energy performances of 34 office buildings in Santiago, Chile, by using data envelopment analysis. Overall energy efficiency is decomposed into two indices: the architectural energy efficiency index, and the management energy efficiency index. This decomposition is an essential step in identifying the main drivers of energy inefficiency and designing measures for improvement. Office buildings examined here have significant room for improving their energy efficiencies, saving operational costs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology and results of this study will be of great interest to building managers and policymakers seeking to increase the sustainability of cities.

El debate y la reflexión sobre la financiación de la educación superior, y en concreto de las universidades públicas, no es algo nuevo. No obstante, en los tiempos actuales, con la aplicación y puesta en marcha en nuestras universidades de las prescripciones derivadas del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, esta discusión se ha retomado de forma más intensa, dada la necesidad de garantizar cierto nivel de éxito en la nueva reforma emprendida.En función de lo anterior, el presente trabajo cobra oportunidad y utilidad en este contexto marcado de incertidumbres, donde el objetivo básico del mismo es el de estudiar la eficiencia de las universidades públicas españolas bajo las dimensiones separadas de docencia, investigación y transferencia del conocimiento, así como relacionar la misma con los modelos de financiación de las universidades adoptados por la comunidad autónoma donde residen. En definitiva, la hipótesis a contrastar no es otra que saber si los modelos de financiación tienen influencia sobre la eficiencia docente, investigadora y de tercera misión de las instituciones universitarias, dado que los mismos no solo debieran servir para asegurar la equidad y la suficiencia económica de aquellas, sino si también debieran utilizarse como inductores de mejoras en la eficiencia.Para evaluar la eficiencia aplicamos la metodología Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), desarrollada por Charnes et al. (1978) a partir del trabajo pionero de Farrel en 1957. La muestra está formada por las 47 universidades públicas españolas presenciales con información obtenida de diversas fuentes y relativa a los cursos académicos 2005/2006 a 2009/2010.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un método, basado en la lógica borrosa, para la valoración de la eficiencia de unidades de decisión (Decision Making Unit, DMU) usando Análisis Envolvente de Datos (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA), para el manejo de datos imprecisos. Se aplica el enfoque basado en alfa-cortes para calcular la eficiencia y seguidamente se ordenan los números borrosos obtenidos. El método desarrollado utiliza los datos referentes al servicio de un sistema hospitalario, con doce DMU a efecto de probar la utilidad del método. Este trabajo muestra una visión de la valoración y clasificación de las DMU bajo incertidumbre, útil para el proceso de toma de decisiones.// ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to develop a method based on fuzzy logic for the evaluation of the efficiency of decision units (Decision Making Unit, DMU) using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the handling of inaccurate data. The Alpha-cut approach is used for efficiency assessment, and the obtained fuzzy parameters are then sorted. For the evaluation of the method's usefulness, the data of a Hospital system and twelve DMU's were used. This research proposes an approach for the valuation and classification of DMU's, useful for the decision making process.

ABSTRACT This study estimates the technical efficiency of goat rearing in the province of Isparta in Turkey using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The data used were collected from 92 goat farmers using the stratified sampling method by means of a questionnaire. The technical efficiency of the goat farming varied widely between 0.13 and 1.00. The mean efficiency of 92 goat farms was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.66 for constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, respectively. The greatest slacks were in feedstuff concentrates and labour used. The most significant factors affecting efficiency of goat production were farmer experience, cooperative membership, milk yield per goat, and family and hired labour. Technical efficiency should be improved by providing farmers with well-organised education, an extension program, and research and development programs on goat rearing.

The excessive debt of the Spanish economy in the last few year raises the issue of efficiency in the management of public resources. Within this context, this research measures the technical efficiency of regional public service broadcasters (PSBs) in Spain using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results indicate that several corporations are not efficient and they need to make decisions regarding some of their inputs to guarantee their sustainability.In addition, those PSBs following a management model based on outsourcing are more efficient. This research also provides a theoretical framework and a methodological application for the measurement of efficiency in the public service media sector. || La excesiva deuda pública que presenta la economía española obliga a analizar la eficiencia en la gestión de los recursos públicos. Dentro de este contexto, este artículo mide la eficiencia técnica de los servicios públicos autonómicos de televisión en España a través del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA). Los resultados indican que varias televisiones autonómicas no son eficientes y que requieren variar algunos de sus inputs para garantizar su sostenibilidad. Además, los servicios públicos regionales de televisión que siguen un modelo de gestión basado en externalizar parte de su actividad son más eficientes. Esta investigación también aporta un modelo teórico y una aplicación metodológica a la medición de la eficiencia en el sector de los medios de comunicación públicos.

La biotecnología constituye desde hace ya algunos años uno de los sectores fundamentales para el desarrollo económico cubano. Su importante papel está dado entre otros elementos, por el carácter creciente que tienen sus exportaciones de productos de alto valor agregado. Sin embargo, al ser un sector altamente competitivo a nivel internacional, muchas decisiones de marketing presentan un alto componente de incertidumbre. A la par de esto, se han desarrollado algunas herramientas matemáticas con el fin de reducir el carácter subjetivo de la toma de decisiones empresariales y con ello, la incertidumbre. En el presente trabajo se elabora una propuesta de procedimiento para la formación de precios de productos biotecnológicos de exportación, con base en la teoría de subconjuntos borrosos y el análisis envolvente de datos. Finalmente se aplica la propuesta en el producto biosimilar Hebervital y se concluye que el procedimiento reduce la incertidumbre en la toma de decisiones. En especial la utilización de números borrosos triangulares apoya en gran medida el proceso de negociación. English abtract Biotechnology has been for some years one of the fundamental sectors for Cuban economic development. Its important role is given, among other elements, by the growing nature of its exports of high value-added products. However, this being a highly competitive international sector, many marketing decisions present a high component of uncertainty. At the same time, some mathematical tools have been developed in order to reduce the subjective nature of business decision making and with it, uncertainty. This paper proposes a procedure for the estimation of prices in the export of biotechnological products, based on fuzzy subset theory and data envelopment analysis. The proposal is applied to the biosimilar product Hebervital and it is concluded that the procedure reduces uncertainty in decision-making. In particular because of the use of triangular fuzzy numbers, which greatly support the negotiation process.

The objective of this study was to analyze the performance of agricultural activities in Latin American countries based on efficiency and efficacy models using data from the decade beginning in the year 2000. We observed that, even if agricultural activity is extremely important for Latin American countries, the results show many differences for these activities as there was a different impact for each country. The regions with the highest efficiency rates are found in Uruguay, Panama, and Argentina, and those with higher efficacy values are in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The results also show that countries such as El Salvador and Paraguay need to be more thorough. Regarding the relation between the two aspects studied, it is noteworthy that efficiency positively impacts efficacy in the context of agriculture in Latin America.

Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia positioned co-operative as a pillar and backbone of the national economy. To optimally function as the pillar and backbone of the economy, the co-operatives should be managed efficiently and productively. Considering their pivotal roles in the Indonesian economy, this study is aimed at empirically measuring efficiency and productivity of the co-operatives across 33 provinces nationwide. Three inputs (i.e., own capital, external financing, and board size) and one output (co-operative surplus) over the period 2010-2015 are analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with Malmquist Index. The study documented that the co-operatives were highly inefficient, indicated by the average level of inefficiency of 47.6%. Out of the co-operatives in 33 provinces, 42.42% were found to record efficiency level of less than 50% and only 12.12% of them were fully efficient. In addition, the study also documented that, of 33 provinces, only the co-operatives in 14 provinces were found to experience an increase in their total factor productivity. The co-operatives in the province of East Nusa Tenggara recorded the highest productivity progress by 49.9%, while the co-operative in the province of Bangka Belitung recorded the highest productivity regress by -24.4%. Overall, the productivity level of the co-operatives only slightly increased by 9.9% over the study period nationwide, which was mainly contributed by an increase in technical efficiency. These findings implied that to further enhance the productivity level of the co-operatives, improving their pure efficiency should be prioritized, followed by enhancing their scale efficiency and technical efficiency. The co-operatives should provide regular training for their staff, professional management, adopt advanced technology, and enlarge their size by merging small co-operatives become a larger entity.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the physical performance of Pantaneiro horses with and without equine infectious anemia (EIA) under functional conditions of cattle management. The horses were subjected to a performance test and split into two groups according to a completely randomized design: animals were chosen from populations testing positive and negative for EIA. Performance was measured as a function of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model considering four outputs and one unitary input. The output measures were the distance achieved in the performance test, hematocrit as a weighted average over the test duration, respiratory rate as weighted average over the test duration, and the level of lactic acid at the test termination. Weights for the hematocrit and the respiratory rate output variables were determined by means of factor analysis. The performance score was a weighted average of the output variables with the weights defined by the averages of the optimum individual multipliers in the DEA analysis. Contextual variables of interest were age, horse weight, room temperature, and corporal temperature. Only groups and room temperature were statistically significant effects, as indicated by a bootstrap analysis. The performance of group positive for EIA is significantly lower than that of the group negative for EIA and room temperature has a negative effect.

This paper analyzes the changes in the total factor productivity index of a Spanish hotel chain in the period from 2007 to 2010 with the purpose of identifying efficiency patterns for the chain in a period of financial crisis. The Data envelopment analysis (DEA) Malmquist productivity index was used to estimate productivity change in 38 hotels of the AC chain. Results reveal AC hotels’ efficiency trends and, therefore, their competitiveness in the recession period; they also show the changes experienced in these hotels’ total productivity and its components: technological and efficiency changes. Positive efficiency changes were due to positive technical efficiency rather than technological efficiency. The recession period certainly influenced the performance of AC Hotels, which focused on organizational changes rather than investing in technology.

In 2003, the process of public universities evaluation began. For this purpose, a set of performance indicators constructed by the Public University System (SUE by its acronym in Spanish) in alliance with the Ministry of National Education (MEN) was used. In an effort to know about the research efficiency level that public universities had in the period 2003-2012, an analysis of the results of these indicators was executed using Data Envelopment Analysis. In particular, the product-oriented CCR model was applied. Although many universities have experienced a sustained development in some of the indicators analyzed and show high relative levels of efficiency, the results show that, as a whole, the Public University System has still much to improve regarding its scientific mission, especially, those aspects related to graduate programs and scientific journals.

Este artículo se da como resultado de un proyecto de investigación aplicado a una empresa láctea, donde, se implementó Análisis Envolvente de Datos (Data Envelopment Analysis-DEA) para evaluar la eficiencia técnica de sus principales productos.Éste se desarrolló en tres etapas. En la primera etapa se analizó y determinó cuáles eran las variables de entrada y de salida que afectan de manera relevante la Eficiencia Relativa de cada uno de los productos, con sus correspondientes escalas de medición. En la segunda, se implementaron los modelos CCR-I, BCC-I y ARG-I-V, con el objetivo de evaluar y ajustar el comportamiento de los pesos. Finalmente, en la última etapa se realizó un resumen comparativo de las eficiencias de los modelos utilizados y un plan de acción que la organización debería seguir para cada una de los productos que no alcanzaron la respectiva frontera de eficiencia, basados en el modelo elegido. This article is a result of an applied research project for a dairy company, where Data Envelopment Analysis-DEA is implemented to evaluate the technical efficiency of its main products. This was developed in three steps. In the first step, were analyzed and determined what input and output variables affects the relative efficiency of each of the products, with corresponding scale of measurement. In the second, the CCR-I, BCC-I and ARG-IV models, in order to evaluate and adjust the behavior of the weights were implemented. Finally, a comparative summary of the efficiencies of the models used, and a plan of action that organization should follow for each of the products that did not reach the respective efficiency frontier based on the chosen model was performed. Este artigo é resultado de um projeto de pesquisa aplicada para uma empresa de laticínios, onde, Análise Envoltória de Dados (Data Envelopment Analysis-DEA) foi implementado para avaliar a eficiência técnica dos seus principais produtos. Este foi desenvolvido em três etapas. No primeiro passo, foi analisado e determinado quais foram as variáveis de entrada e saída que afecta a eficiência relativa de cada um dos produtos, com os correspondentes intervalos de medição. Na segunda, os modelos CCR-I, BCC-I, ARG-IV foram implementados, a fim de avaliar e ajustar o comportamento dos pesos. Por fim, um resumo comparativo das eficiências dos modelos utilizados foi feita e um plano de acção para os produtos que não atingiram a fronteira de eficiência é sugerido.

The current high public deficit situation of the Spanish economy lead us to analyse the management of public service companies, their allocation of resources and how well they are used. Within this article, we shall compare the efficiency of regional public service broadcasters (PSBs) in Spain using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and benchmarking. That will be done with two goals in mind. One, to evaluate and compare the performance of regional public television networks. And two, to propose policy measures to improve management efficiency. The results from the study indicate that more than a half of public television services in Spain are inefficient. It is recommended that the television services change some of their inputs/outputs to enhance efficiency and ensure future sustainability

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de la eficiencia relativa de un grupo de Unidades de Emprendimiento (UE) ubicadas en la ciudad de Bogotá, utilizando Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Con base en la información obtenida de las UE estudiadas se definieron las entradas y sali - das, se generaron los diferentes submodelos, la Frontera Eficiente para cada uno y se analizaron los factores que determinaron esa condición. El presente estudio termina planteando la posibilidad de adelantar estudios similares en organizaciones dedicadas a promover y apoyar el emprendimiento en otros países, con el fin de continuar construyendo conocimiento alrededor de esta temática.

This study develops a new Fuzzy-DEA-Game (FDG) model to support the establishment of production strategies. This model combines Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with concepts of Fuzzy Set Theory and Nash Bargaining Game. The model permits an evaluation of the productive and economic efficiency of products, which may result in a portfolio of more profitable products with greater consumer market interest. The model was applied at an energy company. The results obtained applying the FDG model adhered to the reality of the studied company and provided goals for reducing resource levels (inputs) needed for manufacturing products and for increasing result levels (output) stemming from their commercialization. As an important additional outcome, the FDG model permitted the identification of portfolio products that are more sensitive to the occurrence of uncertainty.

The overall objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the efficiency of four- and five-star hotels in Portugal and to contribute to the identification of mechanisms that explain the relationship between ICT and efficiency within the hotel sector through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Overall, based on research fundamentals and the results obtained, it can be said that the main research questions were answered and the objectives of the study were achieved. In response to research questions related to the use of ICT in the Portuguese hotel industry, the following uses were determined for hotels in the sample: defining efficient frontiers, identifying efficient and inefficient hotels, ranking hotels according to their efficiency and revealing areas of inefficient hotels that have to be improved to increase effectiveness (improvement targets). Moreover, this study illustrates not only the importance of ICT in achieving higher levels of efficiency but also discusses other specific issues which must be taken into account so that the benefits of ICT can be experienced. Specifically, it was found that the availability of ICT does not alone lead to optimum performance.

Literature widely assigns positive effects on entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance to decentralization of organizational structure; at the same time, there is evidence of positive effects of centralization of complex procedures in large hospitals on the results of cancer treatment. This study intends to evaluate the effects of centralization of pathology laboratories at the National Cancer Institute (INCA) of Brazil in 2002 on the performance of diagnostic activity and cancer control. A non-parametric efficiency frontier for the pathology labs is calculated for the period 1997-2007 by means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Findings show that centralization reversed the decline of technical efficiency in the laboratories along the period 1997-2001. The main conclusion is that the DEA model brings a contribution to knowledge about change in organizational structure in public health organizations, as well as a managerial contribution on the effectiveness of centralization to improve the support of pathology labs to INCA hospitals.

This article aims to analyze the behavior of a portfolio of assets selected by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), optimized by the Sharpe approach, and compare it to portfolios of assets obtained only by DEA or the Sharpe approach. To do that, we used the DEA model to assess the efficiency of shares of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa), employing return, variance and other indicators such as input and output variables. Also, we used the Sharpe approach to optimize the portfolio composition. In the comparison of portfolios, we noted that the resulting combination of both models performed better than the portfolios optimized by only one of the models.

Olive growing is the main agricultural activity in Andalusia, although the systems used are far from homogenous. Indeed, technological and natural characteristics have led to the implementation of several growing systems. Our goal is to analyze the efficiency of the two most important systems in Andalusia: traditional rain-fed mountain and plain olive groves. In this paper we not only assess the efficiency of olive farms but also assess the efficiency of farming systems. Additionally, this analysis takes into account the traditional radial input orientation and also the input-specific efficiency. The results highlight the advantages of the plain olive grove system in front of the mountain olive grove system.

This paper presents an application of Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate university units. The technique analyzes the productivity (or efficiency) of Decision Making Units based on best practices. DEA results indicate variables classifications and points that must be improved. We have applied it in seven financial variables, including four input and three output variables to 20 university units. Results have allowed us to classify them in three groups by degree of efficiency. Units group with low efficiency have presented values that each variable should achieve, as well as colleges efficient that may serve as a benchmark.

This article presents the results of a literature review in the national intellectual production, related to the application of the methodology of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA, for its acronym in English) in the Colombian education. Specifically, and as of this review, the article establishes the characteristics of the objects of study of the researches and presents how the methodology is used. In conclusion, although DEA management has been increased, it is still in its infancy and therefore, there are several research opportunities that include different types of decision units (DMU), types of institutions, educational levels, coverage and study objectives.

This paper analyzes the extent to which differences in operating performance, economic growth, efficiency and productivity between labour-owned (LOFs) and participatory capitalist (PCFs) firms can be attributed to their distinct capital-ownership structures, which in turn reflects their different ways of managing capital and labour as well as interpreting primary business function theory. The study uses a variety of quantitative techniques, including panel data analysis, data envelopment analysis, stochastic frontiers and the like to conclude that many of the relationships posited by economic theory fail to correspond with the successful performance of LOFs. There are no substantial differences in growth potential, operating performance or productive efficiency between the two types of firms. Another result of interest is that the traditional indicators used to measure firm performance in LOFs and also used by financial service companies in business risk analysis are not completely appropriate and may be threatening firm survival.

The goal of this paper is to analyze changes in productivity and their relation with variations in citizens’ perceived satisfaction in the field of hospital care and specialized care in the Spanish regional health services for the period 1999-2004. To assess changes in productivity the Malmquist indices and Data Envelopment Analysis methodology are used, completing the analysis with bootstrap procedures. The average results show a rise in productivity accompanied by a drop in citizens’ satisfaction. However, the individual analysis does not allow identifying any correlation between variables. The inclusion of the hospital indicator of satisfaction in the production function improves the results, although does not change the regional administrations rankings.

El aumento creciente de la competitividad del sector de transporte aéreo en los últimos años provocó un cambio en la dinámica del mercado, lo que ha llevado a las compañías aéreas a buscar nuevas estrategias para garantizar sus posiciones en el mercado. Este artículo tiene por objetivo hacer un análisis del desempeño de las compañías aéreas brasileñas, con relación a su gestión operacional después de la consolidación de los cambios resultantes de la liberalización del sector en el año 2005. La eficiencia de las empresas aéreas se calcula a través de la comparación de los resultados obtenidos con el modelo del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) clásico con los índices de eficiencia calculados con base en el modelo multiobjetivo MCDEA-BCC, desarrollado para este estudio a partir del modelo MCDEA de Li e Reeves. Además este trabajo incluye la segmentación de las empresas en agrupamientos y la identificación de benchmarks, en la que se indican las compañías con las mejores prácticas gerenciales del sector aéreo.The increase of the air transportation sector competition in recent years has changed this market dynamics, leading airlines to seek new strategies to ensure their position. This article aims to analyze the performance of Brazilian air carriers regarding their operational management, after the consolidation of the changes arising from the deregulation of the sector, in the year 2005. The analysis of the companies' efficiency in the year 2005 is done by comparing the results obtained with Data Envelopment Analysis model and with efficiency index based on the multiobjective model MCDEA-BCC, developed in this study from the Li and Reeves' MCDEA model. This project included a segmentation of the companies in clusters and benchmark, indicating the best managerial practices in the air sector.