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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the total contents of As, Cu and Zn in the profile of a Haplic Cambisol cultivated with crambe and corn and fertilized with sanitary sewage sludge and to compare them with those obtained in other forms of fertilization, as well as the content of metals in the grain of these crops. Two experiments were carried out in the field, one with maize cultivation and another with crambe, both were delineated as randomized blocks with four treatments and six replicates, which were: without fertilization, fertilization with sewage sludge dewatered and dried in the sun, with dry sewage sludge and with mineral fertilizers. At the end of the experiments soil samples were collected at 15, 50, 100, 150 and 200 cm depth for analysis of the total contents of As, Cu and Zn, as well as the grain of the crops. No differences were observed among the treatments. The total contents of As, Cu and Zn in the soil in both experiments and in the corn grains are below the limits of prevention and the maximum limit in grains established by the Brazilian resolutions. In relation to depth, the metal contents in the samples collected from the soil submitted to the fertilization treatments were similar to those quantified in the plots that did not received fertilization, but there was accumulation of Cu and Zn in the upper layers of the soil that received fertilization.

The aim of this study was to adapt the methodology of the accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests for determination of physiological potential in crambe seeds. Six seed lots of crambe (cv. FMS Brilhante) were subjected to determination of moisture content, germination test, first count germination, emergence, and emergence speed index. For the accelerated aging test, the traditional methodology was used with water, and with a saturated potassium chloride and sodium chloride solution in three periods of exposure (24, 48, and 72 hours) at 41°C; the electrical conductivity test was performed with four pre-soaking treatments (0, 2, 4, and 8 hours) and four soaking periods (4, 8, 16, and 24 hours) at 25°C. The accelerated aging test with water for 72 hours and the electrical conductivity test with 2 hours of pre-soaking and assessment after 16 hours were effective for classification of the crambe seed lots in regard to physiological quality.

The Knowledge of the physical properties of agricultural products has great importance for the construction and operation of equipment for drying and storage, to achieve increased efficiency in post-harvest operations. The aim was to determine and analyze the physical properties of crambe fruits during drying at different temperatures. Crambe fruits with an initial moisture content of 0.36 (decimal d.b.) which was reduced by drying at 37.0; 58.8 and 83.5 ºC and relative humidity of 29.4; 11.2 and 3.2%, respectively, to 0.09 ± 1 (decimal d.b.). At different levels of moisture contents (0.36; 0.31; 0.26; 0.21; 0.17; 0.13 and 0.09 decimal d.b.), was evaluated the intergranular porosity, the bulk density, the true density as well as the volumetric shrinkage and the fruit mass. The study was installed by the factorial 3 x 7, and three drying temperatures and seven moisture contents in a randomized design. Data were analyzed using regression. The bulk density and the true density decreases along the drying process; the volumetric shrinkage and the mass increased with lower moisture content and the intergranular porosity decreased sharply with the increasing drying temperature.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de sementes e o desempenho agronômico de crambe (Crambe abyssinica), semeado em diferentes épocas e profundidades. A cultivar FMS Brilhante foi avaliada em quatro épocas de semeadura (26/3, 9/4, 23/4 e 8/5/2012), a duas profundidades (17,5 e 40,4 mm). A profundidade de semeadura influenciou o diâmetro do caule e a população final de plantas, mas não teve efeito significativo sobre a produtividade. A época de semeadura influenciou o desempenho agronômico e a qualidade de sementes, independentemente da profundidade utilizada, e os melhores resultados observados são os da semeadura no início de abril.

In the Western Region of Brazil, it is usual to have two agricultural harvests in the same cropping season. Usually the first crop is soybean, followed by corn. In areas where corn is not planted due to a delayed harvest of soybean, farmers generally do not use winter crops. For these areas, the planting of winter oilseed crops aiming at the production of bio-fuels is one of the best alternatives; in addition, this would help in reducing the occurrence of weed species at the following summer crop. This study aimed to assessing the weed community in distinct winter crops post soybean crop, in terms of species composition, level of infestation and severity of occurrence. The following treatments were evaluated: agriculture under a no-till system with winter fallow, winter oilseed crops (crambe, radish, rapeseed) with no-till agriculture in the summer, and agriculture under a conventional tillage system with winter fallow. Phytosociological evaluations of all treatments were carried out 75 DAE of the oilseed crops, and the diversity indexes of Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson, and Shannon-Weiner were determined. Areas were also grouped by cluster analysis based on UPGMA applied at Jaccard's similarity matrix. Among the treatments with winter coverage, radish was the most efficient crop in suppressing the occurrence of weed species. The area with conventional tillage agriculture and winter fallow allowed for a higher occurrence of troublesome weeds. On the other hand, the area under fallow showed the highest absolute level of infestation. Overall, oilseed crops in the winter contribute to lower levels of infestation by weed species in these areas.Na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, é usual a obtenção de duas colheitas na mesma safra agrícola. Normalmente o primeiro cultivo é de soja, seguida por milho. Em áreas onde o milho não é cultivado devido à colheita tardia da soja, os produtores normalmente não utilizam culturas ou coberturas no período de inverno. Para essas áreas, o plantio de culturas oleaginosas de inverno visando à produção de biodiesel é uma das melhores alternativas; essa prática também auxiliará na redução da infestação por plantas daninhas no cultivo subsequente. Este estudo teve como foco a avaliação da comunidade infestante em áreas com distintas culturas de inverno, em termos de composição de espécies, nível de infestação e severidade de ocorrência. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: agricultura sob plantio direto com pousio no inverno; culturas oleaginosas de inverno (crambe, nabo, canola) pós-soja estabelecida em plantio direto no verão; e agricultura sob preparo convencional do solo com pousio no inverno. As análises fitossociológicas de todos os tratamentos foram conduzidas 75 dias após emergência (DAE) das culturas de inverno, e os índices de diversidade de espécies de Margalef, Menhinick, Simpsom e Shannon-Weiner foram calculados. As áreas também foram estratificadas por análise de agrupamento, pelo método UPGMA com base na matriz de similaridade de Jaccard. Dos tratamentos com cobertura de inverno, o nabo foi o mais eficiente em suprimir a ocorrência de plantas daninhas. A agricultura com preparo convencional do solo e pousio no inverno proporcionou a maior ocorrência de espécies daninhas problemáticas. Por outro lado, a agricultura em plantio direto com pousio no inverno apresentou o maior nível absoluto de infestação. Em termos gerais, culturas oleaginosas de inverno contribuem para reduzir a proliferação de espécies infestantes na entressafra.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar caracterização química de sementes e de tortas de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e crambe (Crambe abyssinica) após a extração do óleo por prensagem mecânica. Sementes inteiras dessas espécies foram submetidas à dupla prensagem a frio para extração do óleo, produto principal, e da torta, coproduto. Os grãos e tortas foram avaliados quanto à composição bromatológica e ao perfil de minerais. Os rendimentos de extração lipídica foram calculados com base no balanço de massas. O teor de lipídeos nas tortas foi baixo quando comparado aos valores da literatura, o que caracteriza boa eficiência de extração e versatilidade da prensa empregada. A torta de pinhão-manso apresenta fibras como principal componente, com cerca de 1/3 de sua composição total. As proteínas constituem a fração majoritária na torta de nabo-forrageiro, e o crambe apresenta composição balanceada entre fibras e proteínas. As tortas são ricas em potássio, magnésio, cálcio, sódio, manganês, ferro, zinco e boro.The objective of this work was to chemically characterize the seeds and presscakes of physic nut (Jatropha curcas), radish (Raphanus sativus) and crambe (Crambe abyssinica) after extracting the oil with a mechanical press. Whole seeds of these species were subjected to double cold pressing to extract the oil, or main product, and the presscake, or coproduct. The seeds and presscakes were evaluated regarding proximate composition and mineral profile. The lipid contents in the presscakes were lower when compared to the values presented in previous works, which characterizes good extraction efficiency and versatility of the employed press. Fibers are the most abundant component of physic nut presscakes, and comprise about 1/3 of their total composition. Protein is the largest fraction in radish presscakes, and crambe presents balanced fiber and protein contents. The presscakes are rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, manganese, iron, zinc and boron.