41 results on '"Clozapine"'
Search Results
2. Psychosis treatment using Clozapine in velocardiofacial syndrome
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Ana Raquel Faria, Joana Mesquita Machado, and Catarina da Costa Campos
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Velocardiofacial syndrome ,Clozapine ,Psychology ,BF1-990 ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Velocardiovacial syndrome (VCFS) is a heterogeneous clinical entity caused, most of the times, by a microdeletion on chromosome 22. The main clinical features of this syndrome are: changes in facial and palate morphology, congenital heart abnormalities, hypoplasia of the thymus, immunodeficiencies with increased risk of infection, hypoparathyroidism, intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. In most cases, the comorbid mental pathology falls into the psychotic disorder category. Methods: In this study, we present the clinical case of a 34-year-old patient diagnosed with VCFS, with past history of ventricular septal defect with spontaneous closure in childhood and refractory psychosis. Due to the patient’s treatment-resistant psychosis, treatment with clozapine has been put to practice. However, when taking into account the possible adverse effects of the drug in patients with VCFS, the authors conducted a non-systematic literature review on the treatment of psychosis in VCFS with clozapine in Pubmed, using the following keywords: velocardiofacial syndrome; clozapine. Results: There are not many medical studies on the use of psychiatric drugs concerning the treatment of psychiatric disorders in patients with VCFS. Treatment with clozapine in these populations should be considered, always taking into account the particularities and vulnerabilities of these patients, especially in cases of refractory psychosis. Risks and benefits of different treatments should be considered, bearing in mind this population’s great vulnerability to adverse effects of drugs. Discussion: In this case study, we concluded that treatment of psychosis in patients with VCFS remains a major challenge, given clinical vulnerabilities of this specific population, thus further studies being needed.
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- 2022
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3. Outpatient prescription of clozapine in Colombia: factors related to the use of doses lower than 100 mg/day
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González-Díaz JM, Lozano Lesmes L, Duarte Niño ML, Zamora DC, and Bioque M
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- Humans, Colombia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Ambulatory Care, Drug Prescriptions statistics & numerical data, Schizophrenia drug therapy, Outpatients, Young Adult, Clozapine administration & dosage, Clozapine therapeutic use, Antipsychotic Agents administration & dosage, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
Although commonly used in clinical practice, scientific literature about clozapine prescription patterns in Colombia is scarce. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in an outpatient clinic in Bogotá, Colombia. Between 2016 and 2018, clozapine was prescribed to 2603 patients, mainly for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Bipolar and Depressive Disorders, at a median dose of 100mg/day. After controlling for other variables, older age was the only variable that explained the use of doses lower than 100mg/day. Clozapine was not only used for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia, and further studies are needed to explain these differences., (CC BY NC ND)
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- 2024
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4. Psychogenic polydipsia in intellectual disability – A clinical challenge
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M do Rosario Monteiro, D Pires, and A Norton
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Primary Polydipsia ,Psychogenic Polydipsia ,Intellectual Disability ,Water Intoxication ,Antipsychotics ,Clozapine ,Psychology ,BF1-990 ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Introduction: Primary polydipsia (PP), or psychogenic polydipsia, is the excessive liquid intake (> 3 litres per day) that is not explained by any other medical condition. It can occur in up to 14% of psychia- tric patients and the origin of the water-seeking behaviour among these patients remains unknown. When uncontrolled, patients drink beyond their renal capacity of excretion, developing hyponatremia, which can progress to water intoxication with nausea, vomiting, confusion, ataxia and can even be fatal. Methods: Case presentation based on the observation of the patient in the inpatient unit, analytical studies and the patient’s cli- nical records. We present a non-systematic review of the literature on the possible mechanisms that may be at the origin of the primary polydipsia and treatment approaches that have been suggested. Case presentation: We present a case of an individual with an intellectual disability medicated with risperidone for several years suffering from primary polydipsia and consequent severe water in- toxication. After stopping risperidone and switching to low dose clo- zapine, the polydiptic behaviour stopped. One month after discharge it hadn’t resurged and the patient remained analytically normal. Discussion: Antipsychotics have been suggested to be asso- ciated with primary polydipsia due to their high affinity to dopamine D2 receptors with consequent receptor hypersensitivity in the hypo- thalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and centre of thirst. Fluid restriction is important to correct hyponatremia. A pharmacological approach is often imperative to help patients to become more permeable to behavioural strategies. Unlike other antipsychotics, clozapine does not induce D2 hypersensitivity in the centre of thirst, therefore, it can be a reasonable treatment option. Conclusion: It is important to elucidate clinicians about this condition since it is common in psychiatric patients and often goes unnoticed or inadequately approached. Further investigations on the link between primary polydipsia and mental diseases are needed, as they are greatly under-researched, in order to find new treatments and management approaches to this condition.
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- 2021
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5. Case report: leg ulcers resolving after discontinuation of clozapine for schizophrenia.
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C Fragoeiro, C Machado, and P Moura Ferreira
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Antipsychotic Agents ,Clozapine ,Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ,Ulcer ,Psychology ,BF1-990 ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
There is a high prevalence of skin conditions and metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia. Skin ulcers, in particular those of the lower extremities, mostly arise from arterial and/or venous pathology. Diabetes is considered a prominent risk factor. Atypical antipsychotics carry an increased risk for cardiometabolic side effects, clozapine being among those with the highest risk. We explore the case of a 57-year-old female patient with refractory schizophrenia who received a combination of clozapine and haloperidol. She soon developed type 2 diabetes mellitus and persistent malleolar ulcerations shortly thereafter. We discontinued clozapine and the ulcerations resolved definitively. We discuss underlying ulcer pathophysiology and review the literature for metabolic and cutaneous side effects of antipsychotics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient developing leg ulcers upon treatment with clozapine.
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- 2021
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6. Prevalence and predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in a tertiary hospital in Northeast Brazil
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Douglas de Sousa Soares, Danyelle Rolim Carvalho, Mellanie Dellylah Trinta Ribeiro, Elton Jorge Bessa Diniz, and Alcides Ferreira Rêgo Neto
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Treatment-resistant schizophrenia ,clozapine ,schizophrenia ,psychosis ,epidemiology ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Abstract Objective To investigate epidemiological factors related to treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in Northeast Brazil, a region where data about mental health are still scarce. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included all patients with schizophrenia currently receiving treatment at the outpatient psychiatric clinic of a tertiary hospital in Northeast Brazil. They were divided into TRS and treatment-responsive groups, and epidemiological characteristics of both groups were compared. A logistic regression model investigated factors related to treatment resistance. Results Two hundred and five patients were included, 155 treatment-resistant and 50 treatment-responsive. The TRS group had higher use of benzodiazepines (36.1 vs. 18%, p = 0.017) and antiepileptics (36.8 vs. 8.0%, p < 0.001), antipsychotic polypharmacy (28.6 vs. 8%, p = 0.003) and suicide attempts (35.6 vs. 20%, p = 0.04). Age at onset was younger (19.7±7.3 vs. 24.6±8.6 years, p = 0.001) and CGI was higher in TRS (3.72±1.00 vs. 3.16±1.00, p = 0.001). In logistic regression, being married was a protector (odds ratio [OR] = 0.248, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.091-0.679, p = 0.007) and younger age at onset was a predictor (OR = 1.076, 95%CI 1.034-1.120, p < 0.001) of treatment resistance. Conclusion Early onset of disease was associated with more treatment resistance, while being married with less resistance. Clinicians should identify early predictors of resistance in order to reduce unfavorable outcomes.
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- 2021
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7. Agranulocytosis and cardiac toxicity - serious side effects of clozapine
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Ewa Krzewicka-Romaniuk, Dagna Siedlecka, Artur Romaniuk, and Wojciech Micał
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clozapine ,agranulocytosis ,cardiac toxicity ,schizophrenia ,Education ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 ,Medicine - Abstract
Clozapine is probably the most effective antipsychotic. Treatment with clozapine is proved to decrease frequency of suicidal behavior. It is related to decrease in use of psychoactive substances and decrease in frequency and intensity of aggressive behavior among patients. It decreases the risk of rehospitalization and relapse. However because of serious, potentially fatal side effects like agranulocytosis or cardiac toxicity, use of clozapine is limited to schizophrenia symptoms partially or fully resistant to treatment with other antipsychotic drugs, or accompanied by persistent suicidal or self-injurious behavior.
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- 2019
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8. Schizophrenia and the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review from the biomedical perspective.
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Kowalski K and Misiak B
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The outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 caused a rapid worsening of global mental health. Patients with severe mental disorders, including schizophrenia, are at higher risk of being infected. The neuroinvasive potential of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been confirmed. The aim of this article was to present a narrative and comprehensive review of multidimensional associations between schizophrenia and COVID-19 with special emphasis on common biological pathways. Online searches were performed in the PubMed database and covered the publication period until September 17, 2022. Search terms included "psychosis", "schizophrenia", "inflammation" and "COVID-19". Viewed as a neuroinflammatory state, schizophrenia shares several neurobiological mechanisms with the COVID-19. Environmental stress, common comorbidities of schizophrenia and adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment are associated with the higher severity and mortality of the COVID-19. Additionally, more frequent relapses of psychosis have been observed, and might be related to lower treatment adherence. In the context of clinical manifestation, higher level of negative symptoms has been identified among patients with schizophrenia during the pandemic. Improvements in mental health care policy and treatment adjustment are necessary to protect people with schizophrenia who are the population that is particularly vulnerable to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research will show if prenatal infection with the SARS-CoV-2 increases a risk of psychosis., (Copyright © 2023 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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9. Argentine consensus on the diagnosis and therapeutics of treatment resistant schizophrenia
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Corrales, Alejo, Vilapriño Duprat, Manuel, Benavente Pinto, Carlos, Garay, Cristian, Corral, Ricardo, Gargoloff, Pedro Rafael, Goldchluk, Aníbal, Hönig, Guillermo, Jufe, Gabriela, Lamaison, Fabián, Leiderman, Eduardo A., Morra, Carlos, Rebok, Federico, and Gargoloff, Pedro Damián
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First generation antipsychotics ,Second generation antipsychotics ,Treatment-resistant schizophrenia ,Expert consensus ,Esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento ,Esquizofrenia ,General Medicine ,Recomendaciones de tratamiento ,Antipsicóticos de primera generación ,Psicología ,Terapia electro convulsiva ,Intercesiones psicosociales ,Electroconvulsive therapy ,Schizophrenia ,Antipsychotics ,Clozapina ,Antipsicóticos ,Psychosocial intervention ,Treatment recommendation ,Clozapine ,Consenso de expertos ,Antipsicóticos de segunda generación - Abstract
Aproximadamente el 30% de los pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia no responden al tratamiento con antipsicóticos produciendo una importante carga de la enfermedad. La Esquizofrenia Resistente al Tratamiento (ERT) se define como la falta de respuesta a dos antipsicóticos de diferente clase, administrados en dosis adecuada durante 6 semanas. La clozapina es el único fármaco aprobado para tratar la ERT, sin embargo, uno de cada tres pacientes no responde a este fármaco. Existen algunas estrategias disponibles para el tratamiento de los pacientes con ERT que no responden a la clozapina, pero la evidencia de estas estrategias continua siendo escasa y de mala calidad. En este consenso presentamos el resultado de un trabajo conjunto de expertos pertenecientes a las principales asociaciones científicas de Argentina bajo el auspicio de la Asociación Argentina de Psiquiatría Biología (AAPB). El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un consenso con recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la ERT. Para ello se llevó a cabo una revisión formal de la literatura científica y luego el panel de expertos respondió 35 preguntas sobre los temas más importantes en relación a ERT. Una modificación del método Delphi fue usado para consensuar los aspectos más relevantes sobre ERT, en función de ambas actividades y de la experiencia del panel de expertos, luego se analizaron y se discutieron los resultados obtenidos. Como corolario se elaboró un documento consensuado con recomendaciones sobre los principales puntos de la ERT, el mismo estará disponible para la comunidad científica y para cualquier otro organismo público o privado relacionado con esta problemática de salud., Approximately 30% of people with schizophrenia fail to respond to first-line antipsychotic treatment which impacts the burden of the disease. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia denotes patients with failure to respond to at least two adequate trials of different antipsychotics. Clozapine is a unique drug approved for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia, however 1/3 of patients fail to respond to clozapine. Even though different strategies have been proposed for treating clozapine-resistant schizophrenia, the evidence is very limited, unclear, and of poor quality. A formal literature search was conducted and then, panel members were asked to complete 35 questions addressing different aspects of ERT. A modified Delphi method was used to unify expert opinion and achieve consensus. The expert consensus in diagnostic and treatment of TRS is the result of experts from the main national scientific societies under the organization of the Argentine Association of Biological Psychiatric AAPB. The consensus statement aims to guide on diagnosis and treatment., Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
- Published
- 2021
10. Mecanismos de cardiotoxicidad: antineoplásicos, anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos, antipsicóticos, cocaetileno y simpaticomiméticos Mechanisms of cardiotoxicity: antineoplastics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antipsychotics, cocaethylene and sympathomimetics
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Lukas Salazar, Ana Cristina Palacio, and Javier R Rodríguez
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cardiotoxicidad ,arritmogénesis ,daño miocárdico ,antineoplásicos ,anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos ,cocaetileno ,clozapina ,catecolaminas ,cardiotoxicity ,arrhythmogenesis ,myocardial injury ,antineoplastics ,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,cocaethylene ,clozapine ,catecholamines ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
La interacción constante del organismo humano con diferentes sustancias, que incluso en muchas ocasiones se consideran inofensivas, tiene un alto impacto sobre todos los sistemas, siendo el cardiovascular uno de los más afectados. Por lo tanto, es vital reconocer los mecanismos por los cuales estas sustancias ejercen su efecto tóxico sobre este sistema, bien sea afectando la estabilidad de membrana y la función contráctil o generando disfunción de organelos intracelulares y estrés oxidativo. Numerosos estudios han descubierto efectos lesivos de sustancias, como la clozapina y las catecolaminas, que han tenido amplio uso durante largos años. En la actualidad aún se realizan investigaciones que buscan esclarecer los mecanismos cardiotóxicos de medicamentos de formulación común, entre ellos antineoplásicos y anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE), así como de sustancias de uso habitual que causan adicción, tales como alcohol, cocaína y cocaetileno, su metabolito activo.The constant interaction of the human body with different substances that are even in many cases considered harmless has a high impact on all systems, being the cardiovascular system one of the most affected. Therefore, it is vital to recognize the mechanisms by which these substances exert their toxic effect on this system, either affecting the membrane stability and the contractile function, or generating intracellular organelles dysfunction and oxidative stress. Numerous studies have found that drugs which have been widely used for many years such as clozapine and catecholamines, have harmful effects. Research is still being done seeking to clarify the cardiotoxic mechanisms of drugs commonly formulated, including anticancer and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as commonly used substances that cause addiction, such as alcohol, cocaine and cocaethylene, its active metabolite.
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- 2011
11. Clozapine-Induced Eosinophilia: a Case Report.
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Monteleone F, Gonçalves M, Fonseca L, Simões S, Gonçalves A, Machado E, and Fonseca J
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- Male, Humans, Adult, Clozapine adverse effects, Antipsychotic Agents adverse effects, Schizophrenia drug therapy, Psychotic Disorders drug therapy, Eosinophilia chemically induced, Eosinophilia complications, Eosinophilia drug therapy
- Abstract
Introduction: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug eligible for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It frequently represents the best and the only choice in resistant schizophrenia. However, its use is feared by many professionals due to its possible adverse effects, such as eosinophilia., Case Report: We report a case of a young white male suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia who rapidly developed eosinophilia after starting clozapine., Discussion: We present a case of a 26-year-old white man diagnosed with schizophrenia with poor clinical response to several antipsychotics owing to which clozapine was started. Psychotic symptoms improved dramatically but a progressively ascendant eosinophilia was reported during serial haematological analyses. The patient remained physically asymptomatic. An exhaustive assessment with ancillary diagnostic tests revealed no cause for eosinophilia. Thus, a diagnosis of clozapine-induced eosinophilia was made. The drug was discontinued and eosinophil count progressively returned to normal but psychotic symptoms worsened., Conclusions: Clozapine treatment is frequently feared due to its possible side effects and complications, delaying its use in refractory schizophrenia. Also, to our knowledge, there are no specific guidelines on how to manage haematological side effects such as eosinophilia. This is problematic as, in some cases, it may lead to an unnecessary withdrawal of clozapine with a worsening of psychotic symptoms. We present a brief discussion of the recent literature on the subject., (Copyright © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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12. Cotidiano de portadores de esquizofrenia após uso de clozapina e acompanhamento grupal El cotidiano de portadores de esquizofrenia después del uso de clozapina y acompañamiento del grupo Daily life of schizofrenia patients after the use of clozapine and group follow up
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Ana Maria Sertori Durão, Maria Conceição Bernardo de Mello e Souza, and Adriana Inocenti Miasso
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Esquizofrenia ,Clozapina ,Psicoterapia de grupo ,Resultado del tratamiento ,Resultado de tratamento ,Schizophrenia ,Clozapine ,Psychotherapy group ,Treatment outcome ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Nursing ,RT1-120 ,Mental healing ,RZ400-408 ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
Este estudo descreve a visão do portador de esquizofrenia sobre seu cotidiano após o uso da clozapina e acompanhamento em grupo. A amostra foi constituída por 11 pacientes que participam do grupo de medicações atípicas (GRUMA) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-USP. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada, guiada por um roteiro, em abril de 2003. As entrevistas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas na íntegra. Obteve-se, como resultados, melhora do paciente quanto aos sintomas da doença, evidenciada pela diminuição do isolamento social, retomada das atividades domésticas/trabalho, estudo e participação em atividades de convívio social. Tais resultados apontam para a necessidade de um novo olhar dirigido ao portador de transtorno mental, no sentido de buscar atitudes terapêuticas adequadas, que atuem na produção de vida, visando a um novo sentido para a existência, nas diferentes formas de convivência e de sociabilidade.Este estudio describió el punto de vista de los portadores de esquizofrenia en su cotidiano después del uso de clozapina y acompañamiento en grupo. La muestra fue constituida por 11 portadores de esquizofrenia que participaron del grupo de medicación clozapina del Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirao Preto/USP. Para la colección de datos se utilizó una entrevista orientada por guión, en abril de 2003. Las entrevistas fueron registradas y después transcritas por entero. Los resultados indicaron la mejoría de los pacientes con respecto a los síntomas de la enfermedad, evidenciada por la disminución del aislamiento social, recomienzo de actividades domésticas/trabajo, estudio y participación en actividades de convivencia social. Tales resultados señalan la necesidad de una nueva manera de mirar el portador de trastorno mental y sus familiares en el sentido de buscar actitudes terapéuticas que actúen en la producción de vida, en un nuevo sentido para la existencia, en las diferentes formas de convivencia y de sociabilidad.This study was carried out with a sample of 11 patients who are part of the atypical medication group at the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto's School of Medicine. For data collection semi-structured interviews guided by a script were held in April 2003. The interviews were first taped and fully transcribed afterwards. Results indicated an improvement in patients' symptoms, demonstrated by decreased social isolation, resumption of home/work activities and studies, as well as by participation in social events. They also point out to the need for a new vision regarding patients who suffer from mental disorders and their family members in the sense of searching for adequate therapeutic attitudes that have an impact on the production of life, aimed at giving a new existential meaning in the different forms of social contact and sociability.
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- 2007
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13. Cotidiano de portadores de esquizofrenia, após uso de um antipsicótico atípico e acompanhamento em grupo: visão do familiar Cotidiano de los portadores de esquizofrenia después del uso del antipsicótico atípico y acompañamiento en grupo: el punto de vista del familiar Schizophrenia patients' daily life after the use of clozapine and group accompaniment: family's view
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Ana Maria Sertori Durão and Maria Conceição Bernardo de Mello e Souza
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esquizofrenia ,clozapina ,familia ,família ,schizophrenia ,clozapine ,family ,Nursing ,RT1-120 - Abstract
Este estudo descreveu o cotidiano do portador de esquizofrenia, após o uso de antipsicótico atípico e acompanhamento em grupo, na visão do familiar. A população foi constituída por 11 familiares que acompanharam com maior freqüência os 11 portadores de esquizofrenia que participam do grupo e utilizam antipisicótico. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se de entrevista semi-estruturada, guiada por roteiro, no mês de abril de 2003. Essas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas na íntegra. Obteve-se, como resultados, melhora do paciente quanto aos sintomas da doença evidenciada, pela diminuição do isolamento social, retomada de atividades domésticas/trabalho e estudo e participação em atividades de convívio social. Tais resultados apontam a necessidade de um novo olhar para o portador de transtorno mental e seus familiares, no sentido de buscar atitudes terapêuticas mais adequadas que atuem na produção de vida visando novo sentido para a existência, nas diferentes formas de convivência e de sociabilidade.Este estudio describió el cotidiano del portador de esquizofrenia después del uso de clozapina y acompañamiento en grupo de acuerdo con el punto de vista de los familiares. La población fue constituida por 11 familiares que acompañaron de manera más frecuente los 11 portadores de esquizofrenia que participaron del grupo y utilizan clozapina. Para la recopilación de datos se utilizó una entrevista orientada por guión, en abril de 2003. Las entrevistas fueron registradas y después transcritas por entero. Los resultados indicaron la mejoría de los pacientes con respecto a los síntomas de la enfermedad, evidenciada por la disminución del aislamiento social, recomienzo de actividades domésticas/trabajo y estudio y participación en actividades de convivencia social. Tales resultados señalan la necesidad de una nueva manera de mirar el portador de trastorno mental y sus familiares en el sentido de buscar actitudes terapéuticas que actúen en la producción de vida con vistas a un nuevo sentido para la existencia, en las diferentes formas de convivencia y de sociabilidad.This study described the daily life of schizophrenia patients after the use of clozapine and group accompaniment from the perspective of family members. The research population consisted of 11 family members who most frequently accompanied 11 schizophrenia patients who participate in the group and use clozapine. With a view to data collection, interviews oriented by a script were held in April 2003, which were taped and fully transcribed afterwards. Results indicated an improvement in patients' symptoms, demonstrated by decreased social isolation, resumption of home/work activities and study as well as by participation in social events. These results point towards the need for a new view on patients who suffer from mental disorder and their family members, with a view to seeking therapeutic attitudes that act in the production of life with a view to a new existential meaning, in the different forms of social contact and sociability.
- Published
- 2006
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14. Grupo de acompanhamento de portadores de Esquizofrenia em uso de Clozapina e de seus familiares: percepção dos participantes Grupo de seguimiento de portadores de Esquizofrenía con uso de Clozapina y de sús familiares: percepción de los participantes Follow-up group for Schizophrenic patients using Clozapine and their relatives: the participants' perception
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Ana Maria Sertori Durão, Maria Conceição Bernardo de Mello e Souza, and Adriana Inocenti Miasso
- Subjects
Esquizofrenía ,Clozapina ,Psicoterapia de grupo ,Enfermería psiquiátrica ,Esquizofrenia ,Psicoterapia de Grupo ,Enfermagerm Psiquiátrica ,Schizophrenia ,Clozapine ,Group psychotherapy ,Psychiatric nursing ,Nursing ,RT1-120 - Abstract
Este estudo descreveu a visão do portador de Esquizofrenia e de seu familiar sobre o acompanhamento em grupo. A população constou de 11 pacientes que participam do grupo e 11 familiares que os acompanham com maior freqüência ao mesmo. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas. Estas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas na íntegra. Obteve-se que o grupo: constituiu espaço oportuno para conversar e ouvir sobre a doença, trocar experiências; proporcionou maior segurança e auto-estima para seus integrantes e melhora nos relacionamentos dos pacientes e, constituiu ajuda terapêutica para os familiares. Tais resultados apontam a necessidade de um novo olhar para o portador de transtorno mental, no sentido de buscar atitudes terapêuticas mais adequadas que atuem na produção de vida.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la visión del portador de esquizofrenia y de su familia sobre el seguimiento en grupo. La población en estudio constó de 11 pacientes, que participaron del grupo y 11 familiares, que los acompañaban con mayor frecuencia. Para la recopilación de los datos se utilizaron entrevistas, las cuales fueron grabadas y, posteriormente, transcritas por entero. Como resultado se obtuvo que el grupo: crea un espacio adecuado y oportuno para conversar y oir sobre la enfermedad, intercambiar experiencias, proporciona más seguridad y auto-estima a sus integrantes, mejora las relaciones de los pacientes y otorga un ayuda terapéutica para los familiares. Tales resultados apuntan hacia la necesidad de una nueva visión sobre el portador de transtornos mentales, en el sentido de buscar actitudes terapéuticas más adecuadas que mejoren su calidad de vida.This study described the views of Schizophrenic patients as well as those of their relatives concerning the group follow-up. The population consisted of 11 patients participating in the group and of 11 relatives who most often accompanied them to group meetings. Interviews, which were tape-recorded and fully transcribed, were used for data collection. The obtained results showed that the group consisted in a favorable space for talking and listening about the disease as well as to exchange experiences as it provided more security and self-esteem to the participants. In addition to improving the patients' relationships and providing therapeutic help to their relatives. Such results showed the need for a new way to view mentally ill patients in order to search for more adequate therapeutic attitudes which can act on life production.
- Published
- 2005
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15. Atypical antipsychotics and suicidal behavior in esquizophrenic or schizo-affective patients/Antipsicoticos atipicos e comportamento suicida em pacientes esquizofrenicos ou esquizoafetivos
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da Rocha, Felipe Filardi, Alvarenga, Nathalia Bueno, Lage, Naira Vassalo, Lanna Trivelato, Ana Luiza, Barros, Andre Coelho, and Correa, Humberto
- Published
- 2010
16. Actualización de la aplicación de la farmacogenómica en psicofarmacología
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Morán Álvarez, Cristina, Páramo Fernández, Mario, Díaz del Valle, Juan Carlos, and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Medicina e Odontoloxía
- Subjects
HTR1A ,KCNH7 ,CYP2D6 ,Pharmacogenetics ,Farmacogenética ,CYP450 ,Clozapina ,CYP2C19 ,Pharmacogenomics ,Farmacogenómica ,Clozapine ,SNPs - Abstract
Traballo de Fin de Grao. Curso 2019-2020. La enfermedad psiquiátrica es la suma de predisposición genética, factores epigenéticos y estresores biológicos y psicológicos. Dichos factores se manifiestan en determinados clusters de síntomas o síndromes dentro de un espectro de enfermedad específico. La farmacogenómica trata de interpretar estos patrones de herencia, identificando los genes responsables y tratando de averiguar cómo regulan las distintas dianas terapéuticas. Entre las diversas aplicaciones de la farmacogenómica en la psiquiatría destaca el desarrollo de psicofármacos y su monitorización, basándose en el estudio de complejos enzimáticos citocromosomales CYP450. Mediante el análisis del fenotipo metabolizador del paciente, clasificándolos en categorías, se puede ajustar la dosificación del fármaco en función de las necesidades terapéuticas. El uso de test farmacogenéticos en psicofármacos metabolizados por citocromos CYP2D6 y CYP2C19, como son los antipsicóticos atípicos, ayudaría a predecir la aparición de efectos adversos por sobredosificación y ajustar las terapias individualmente. Psychiatric illness is the sum of genetic predisposition, epigenetic factors, and biological and psychological stressors. These factors are manifested in certain symptom clusters or syndromes within a specific disease spectrum. Pharmacogenomics tries to interpret these inheritance patterns, identifying the responsible genes and trying to find out how they regulate different therapeutic targets. Among the various applications of pharmacogenomics in psychiatry, the development of drugs and their monitoring stands out, based on the study of CYP450 cytochromosomal enzyme complexes. By analyzing the metabolizing phenotype of the patient, classifying them into categories, the dosage of the drug can be adjusted according to the needs of the patient. The use of pharmacogenetic tests in psychiatric drugs metabolized by cytochromes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, such as atypical antipsychotics, would help to predict the appearance of adverse effects due to overdose and adjust the therapies individually.
- Published
- 2020
17. Esquizofrenia resistente: Definiciones e Implicancias del concepto de Esquizofrenia Resistente a tratamiento
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Pizarro-Galleguillos, Benjamín, Waissbluth, Cavieres, Álvaro, Moya, Pablo R, and Bustamante, M. Leonor
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Treatment resistant ,Resistencia a tratamiento ,Antipsychotics ,Clozapina ,Antipsicóticos ,Clozapine - Abstract
Resumen La esquizofrenia (EQZ) es una entidad clínica altamente heterogénea. Determina un severo impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y un alto costo para la sociedad. Los antipsicóticos son la primera línea de tratamiento, sin embargo, hasta un tercio de los pacientes presentaran una esquizofrenia resistente a tratamiento (ERT). Se ha propuesto que la ERT podría corresponder a un grupo neurobiológicamente distinto de la enfermedad con una arquitectura genética particular y no solo al extremo del espectro de severidad de la misma. A pesar de ello, actualmente no existe consenso en la literatura en torno a la definición de ERT. En este trabajo presentamos una revisión de diferentes definiciones de ERT centrándonos principalmente en las guías clínicas publicadas. Además se discuten las alternativas terapéuticas en ERT y, finalmente, se proponen perspectivas futuras en torno a la necesidad de desarrollar predictores de respuesta a antipsicóticos de primera y segunda línea, así como también la posibilidad de comprender la neurobiología de la ERT. Schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly heterogeneous clinical entity. It causes a severe disruption in quality of life, and it imposes a significant burden to society. Antipsychotics are the first line treatment, however up to a 30% of the patients will present resistance to treatment. Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) could be a neurobiologically distinct disorder and not merely an extremely severe form of SZ. However, there is no consensus in the literature as to the definition of TRS. In the present work we review different definitions of TRS, mainly from clinical guidelines. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic alternatives for TRS and suggest future perspectives regarding the identification of response predictors and understanding the neurobiology of TRS.
- Published
- 2019
18. [Argentine consensus on the diagnosis and therapeutics of treatment resistant schizophrenia].
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Corrales A, Vilapriño Duprat M, Benavente Pinto C, Garay C, Corral R, Gargoloff PR, Goldchluk A, Hönig G, Jufe G, Lamaison F, Leiderman EA, Morra C, Rebok F, and Gargoloff PD
- Subjects
- Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Schizophrenia, Treatment-Resistant, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Clozapine therapeutic use, Schizophrenia diagnosis, Schizophrenia drug therapy
- Abstract
Approximately 30% of people with schizophrenia fail to respond to first-line antipsychotic treatment which impacts the burden of the disease. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) denotes patients with failure to respond to at least two adequate trials of different antipsychotics. Clozapine is a unique drug approved for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia, however 1/3 of patients fail to respond to clozapine. Even though different strategies have been proposed for treating clozapine-resistant schizophrenia, the evidence is very limited, unclear, and of poor quality. A formal literature search was conducted and then, panel members were asked to complete 35 questions addressing different aspects of TRS. A modified Delphi method was used to unify expert opinion and achieve consensus. The expert consensus in diagnostic and treatment of TRS is the result of experts from the main national scientific societies under the organization of the Argentine Association of Biological Psychiatric (AAPB). The consensus statement aims to guide on diagnosis and treatment., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
- Published
- 2021
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19. Creer en la clozapina: fe y evidencias
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Inchauspe Aróstegui, José Antonio and Valverde Eizaguirre, Miguel Ángel
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antipsychotics ,randomized controlled trial (RCT) ,clozapine ,clozapina ,antipsicótico ,treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) ,mejoría ,improvement ,ensayo controlado y aleatorizado (ECA) ,esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento (TRS) - Abstract
Resumen: Muchos investigadores y profesionales creen que la clozapina es el tratamiento más eficaz para los pacientes con esquizofrenia. La clozapina se propone como el tratamiento de elección para la esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento (TRS) en muchas guías clínicas. Sin embargo, los estudios cada vez apoyan menos esta percepción y cuestionan que haya una verdadera diferencia entre distintos antipsicóticos en cuanto a mejoría funcional y recuperación. En este artículo se muestran y discuten las pruebas a favor de la clozapina y se analiza el estudio de Kane et al. (1988), el ensayo en el que la clozapina obtiene sus mejores resultados. Se concluye que, según la investigación actual, no hay pruebas para defender una superioridad relevante de la clozapina sobre otros antipsicóticos. El estudio de Kane muestra una diferencia a su favor pequeña y poco relevante, teniendo además un diseño sesgado que induce los resultados obtenidos. No obstante, nada de esto parece hacer cambiar la opinión y la práctica de investigadores y clínicos. Se reflexiona acerca del porqué de este estado de cosas y se proponen cambios significativos en la clínica e investigación actual en psiquiatría dirigidos al desarrollo de una clínica colaborativa que incorpore las psicoterapias y el apoyo en la comunidad, y se oriente hacia la funcionalidad, la recuperación y la calidad de vida. Abstract: Many researchers and clinicians think that clozapine is the most effective treatment for patients with schizophrenia. Clozapine is proposed as the treatment of choice for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) in many clinical guidelines. However, most of the studies do not support this conviction and put into question a real difference among antipsychotics in terms of functional improvement and recovery. In this article, we examine and discuss the evidence of clozapine's higher efficacy; especially, the study of Kane et al. (1988), the trial that found best results for clozapine. According to current research in the field, we conclude that there is no evidence to support clozapine's superiority over other antipsychotics. The study of Kane only shows a small, but not relevant, advantage for clozapine. In addition, its design is biased, somehow inducing the results achieved. Despite this, the beliefs and practices of researchers and clinicians have not changed. We discuss the reasons for this state of things and suggest some significant changes in the clinical practice and in research. These changes are aimed at the development of a collaborative clinical practice that integrates psychotherapies and support in the community, and is oriented towards functionality, recovery, and quality of life.
- Published
- 2018
20. ¿La exposición a clozapina en el adulto mayor está asociada a riesgo de leucopenia?
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Villanueva-Esparza, Pablo Andrés
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Adulto mayor ,Clozapina ,Leucopenia ,Clozapine ,Aged - Abstract
Resumen Introducción: La clozapina es un antipsicótico atípico usado en esquizofrenia refractaria. Es el único antipsicótico que requiere control hematológico debido a que el riesgo de agranulocitosis potencialmente mortal, limita su uso. No está claro si este riesgo aumenta en los adultos mayores; algunos estudios han demostrado que la neutropenia inducida por clozapina es más prevalente en la vejez, mientras que otros no han demostrado tal aumento. Objetivo: Cuantificar el riesgo de leucopenia en pacientes adultos mayores usuarios de clozapina. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en adultos mayores usuarios de clozapina del HHHA durante los años 2001-2016. Se revisó los tarjetones del programa de clozapina, las bases digitales de estadística del HHHA y del Programa Nacional de Clozapina. Se cuantificó el número de usuarios con eventos adversos hematológicos y la edad de los pacientes para diferenciarlos en mayores (expuestos) o menores de 60 años (no expuestos) y si estos tuvieron (casos) o no (controles), eventos de alarma. Se realizó un análisis estratificado. Resultados: El uso de clozapina en adultos mayores, resultó protector para el desarrollo de leucopenia. Introduction: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in refractory schizophrenia. It is the only antipsychotic that requires hematological control because the risk of agranulocytosis is potentially fatal, limiting its use. It is not clear if this risk increases in older adults: some studies have shown that clozapine-induced neutropenia is moreprevalent in old age, while others have not shown such an increase. Objetive: Quantify the risk of leukopenia in elderly patients who are clozapine users. Material and Method: A case-control study was conducted in elderly users of clozapine from HHHA during theyears 2001-2016. The clozapineprogram cards, the HHHA digital statistical databases and the National Clozapine Program were reviewed. The number of users with adverse hematological events and the age of the patients were quantified to differentiate them in patients older patients (exposed) or under 60 years old (not exposed), and if these had (cases) or not, alarm events (controls). A stratified analysis was performed. Results: The use of clozapine in older adults was protective for the development of leukopenia.
- Published
- 2018
21. [Clozapine and agranulocytosis: Rethinking the usefulness of its monitoring].
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Ribé Buitrón JM, González Rodríguez M, and Barceló Colomer ME
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- Humans, Agranulocytosis chemically induced, Clozapine
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- 2021
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22. Clozapine-Induced Eosinophilia: a Case Report.
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Monteleone F, Gonçalves M, Fonseca L, Simões S, Gonçalves A, Machado E, and Fonseca J
- Abstract
Introduction: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug eligible for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It frequently represents the best and the only choice in resistant schizophrenia. However, its use is feared by many professionals due to its possible adverse effects, such as eosinophilia., Case Report: We report a case of a young white male suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia who rapidly developed eosinophilia after starting clozapine., Discussion: We present a case of a 26-year-old white man diagnosed with schizophrenia with poor clinical response to several antipsychotics owing to which clozapine was started. Psychotic symptoms improved dramatically but a progressively ascendant eosinophilia was reported during serial haematological analyses. The patient remained physically asymptomatic. An exhaustive assessment with ancillary diagnostic tests revealed no cause for eosinophilia. Thus, a diagnosis of clozapine-induced eosinophilia was made. The drug was discontinued and eosinophil count progressively returned to normal but psychotic symptoms worsened., Conclusions: Clozapine treatment is frequently feared due to its possible side effects and complications, delaying its use in refractory schizophrenia. Also, to our knowledge, there are no specific guidelines on how to manage haematological side effects such as eosinophilia. This is problematic as, in some cases, it may lead to an unnecessary withdrawal of clozapine with a worsening of psychotic symptoms. We present a brief discussion of the recent literature on the subject., (Copyright © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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23. Agranulocitosis secundaria a clozapina: un estudio descriptivo en pacientes chilenos
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Tomás Gaete, Matías Ebner Á, and A Vargas
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Psychiatry ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine ,Clozapina ,Agranulocitosis ,Descriptive research ,Chile ,business ,Clozapine ,Psiquiatría ,medicine.drug ,Agranulocytosis - Abstract
Introducción: La agranulocitosis es uno de los efectos adversos más graves de la clozapina. Existe escasa literatura latinoamericana al respecto. Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de agranulocitosis o leucopenia secundaria a clozapina y sus factores asociados en una muestra de pacientes chilenos entre los años 2011-2016. Materiales y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de tipo observacional, retrospectivo con información virtual del Registro Nacional de Farmacovigilancia y definición de niveles de alarma según Norma Técnica de clozapina, realizando posteriormente análisis estadístico. Resultados: En total 60 pacientes, 8 pacientes con algún evento de alarma; Alarma 1:5; Alarma II: 1; Alarma III: 2. Las alarmas se distribuyeron entre la semana 1 y la 242. La incidencia fue mayor entre las semanas 0 y 12 (1,26%). Hasta la semana 18 habían ocurrido el 53% de alarmas I y 100% de alarmas III, la alarma II ocurrió en el mes 10. Discusión: Al comparar a los pacientes con y sin alarma, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el conteo basal de leucocitos y neutrófilos, sin diferencias en edad y sexo. Aquellos pacientes que han presentado alarmas y/o menores conteos basales de leucocitos o neutrófilos, eventualmente, podrían beneficiarse de un seguimiento semanal más prolongado. Conclusión: Este estudio corresponde a un primer paso hacia explorar el perfil de efectos adversos de clozapina en pacientes chilenos. Introduction: Agranulocytosis is one of the most serious adverse effects of clozapine. The Latin American literature is currently scarce on the subject. Objective: To describe the occurrence of agranulocytosis or leukopenia secondary to clozapine and its associated factors in a sample of Chilean patients between the years 2011-2016. Materials and Methods: An observational, retrospective type of study was designed base on virtual information from the National Pharmacovigilance Registry and definition of alarm levels according to the Technical Standard of clozapine, later performing statistical analysis. Results: total n 60 patients, 8 patients with some alarm event; Alarm 1:5; Alarm II: 1; Alarm III: 2. Alarms were distributed between week 1 and week 242. The incidence was higher between weeks 0 and 12 (1.26%). Until week 18,53% of alarms I and 100% of alarms III occurred, alarm II occurred in month 10. Discussion: When comparing patients with and without alarm, significant differences were found in the basal count of leukocytes and neutrophils, with no differences in age and sex. Patients who presented alarms and/or lower baseline leukocyte or neutrophil counts could eventually benefit from a longer weekly follow-up. Conclusion: This study constitutes the first step towards exploring the adverse effects profile of clozapine in Chilean patients.
- Published
- 2017
24. [Clozapine in epilepsy and psychosis: effects on seizures and metabolic profile].
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Crail-Meléndez ED, Frausto-Luján MI, Aviña-Cervantes C, Martínez-Juárez IE, and Cruz-Peralta D
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- Humans, Clozapine therapeutic use, Epilepsy complications, Epilepsy drug therapy, Metabolome, Psychotic Disorders complications, Psychotic Disorders drug therapy, Seizures drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Clozapine (CZP) is an antipsychotic used in resistant psychosis, but has adverse metabolic effects and is associated with new onset or worsening of epileptic seizures (ES). There is not enough information available regarding its effect on metabolic variables and on ES in patients with epilepsy., Objective: To describe the effect of CZP on the metabolic and hematologic profiles, and on ES in patients with epilepsy and with psychosis and/or aggressive behavior., Methods: A case series of patients with epilepsy and psychosis and/or aggressive behavior that received CZP with an 18-week follow-up. Clinical records were assessed from 2008-2018. 30 patients with epilepsy that received CZP were included. A paired analysis (Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test) was performed with metabolic variables (glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides), hematologic variables, weight, body mass index (BMI), and monthly ES before and after CZP administration., Results: The median age to CZP initiation was 31.9 ± 16.07 years. Median CZP dosage was 193 mg/day. There were changes on BMI (p = 0.001; 3.2 kg/m2 increase, median = 3.08), triglycerides (p = 0.002) and glucose (p = 0.030). Weight increase was 7 kg (p = 0.292; median = 4 kg). Monthly ES mean was decreased from 4.9 (median = 2) to 2.04 (median = 1; p = 0.001)., Conclusions: This study provide information regarding the security profile of CZP in patients with epilepsy with psychosis and/or aggressive behavior. A decrease on monthly ES was observed, as well as moderate increases in triglycerides, glucose and BMI, which coincide with that described by other authors.
- Published
- 2021
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25. Antipsicóticos y suicidio
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Martínez-Aguayo, Juan Carlos, Silva, Hernán, Arancibia, Marcelo, Angulo, Claudia, and Madrid, Eva
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Antipsychotic ,schizophrenia ,clozapine ,suicidio ,clozapina ,Antipsicótico ,esquizofrenia ,suicide - Abstract
La relación entre antipsicóticos y suicidio es controversial debido a las diferencias expuestas en la literatura acerca de su acción específica. Uno de los puntos de discusión ha sido el aumento de la sintomatología depresiva y el impacto de algunos efectos secundarios sobre la suicidalidad, principalmente acinesia, acatisia y disquinesia tardía. Otro elemento controvertido es el efecto paradójico producto de la aminoración de los síntomas positivos al incrementar paralelamente la instrospección. Se revisará críticamente la principal evidencia disponible en torno al uso de antipsicóticos en relación al suicidio en el contexto de trastornos psicóticos y afectivos. No existe evidencia directa que avale una disminución en las tasas de suicidio con el uso de antipsicóticos de primera generación en trastornos psicóticos, probablemente por fallas metodológicas y por la multifactorialidad del fenómeno. En relación a los de segunda generación, podrían participar como protectores frente al riesgo suicida. En los trastornos esquizofrénicos se ha considerado a la clozapina como un fármaco antisuicida, debido a una acción antidepresiva directa y un efecto indirecto mediado por un mejoramiento en las funciones cognitivas. El mayor uso de antipsicóticos en los trastornos afectivos se observa en el espectro bipolar, sin reportarse mayor efectividad en el manejo del suicidio al compararse con estabilizadores del ánimo. Es crucial identificar el mecanismo de acción específico de los antipsicóticos para evaluar su real efecto sobre la suicidalidad. The opinions about the relationship between antipsychotics and suicide are controversial due to differences on reported evidence about their specific action. One ofthe most discussed topics is the increase of depressive symptomatology and the impact of some secondary effects on suicidality, mainly akinesia, akathisia and tardive diskynesia. Another polemical topic is the paradoxical effect due to the decrease ofpositive symptoms when increasing insight. We performed a critical review of the available literature concerning to the use of antipsychotics in relation to suicide in the context of psychotic and affective disorders. When appraising psychotic disorders, there was no direct evidence to support a reduction in suicide rates when using first-generation antipsychotics, probably due to methodological issues and multifactoriality ofthe phenomenon. Nevertheless, second-generation antipsychotics could be protective against suicide risk, specifically clozapine, which is considered as an antisuicidal drug on schizophrenic disorders due to a direct antidepressant action and an indirect effect mediated by an improvement in cognitive functions. On the other hand, when appraising affective disorders, bipolar spectrum has demonstrated the greatest use of antipsychotics drugs, showing effectiveness in the management ofsuicide not greater than mood stabilizers. It becomes essential to identify the specific mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs to assess their real effect on suicidality.
- Published
- 2016
26. Intra-individual variation of clozapine and norclozapine plasma levels in clinical practice.
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Turrion MC, Perez J, Bernardo M, and Fernandez-Egea E
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- Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Clozapine therapeutic use, Drug Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Medication Adherence, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Schizophrenia drug therapy, Smoking, Time Factors, Antipsychotic Agents blood, Clozapine analogs & derivatives, Clozapine blood, Schizophrenia blood
- Abstract
Introduction: Clozapine plasma levels are useful to monitor drug compliance, and also to assess and to prevent some side effects. Recently, routine monitoring to all clozapine-treated patients has been proposed to prevent relapses. However, high intra-individual variability in plasma levels has been reported too, although these studies have some limitations., Methods: We analysed differences between 2clozapine plasma levels separated by at least one year in a subgroup of 28 outpatients (82% male, mean age 47.9 years-old) with diagnosis of non-affective psychosis in clinical remission whose clozapine doses and smoking habits remained unchanged., Results: We found a non-significant increase in clozapine plasma levels [.30mg/L (SD=.14) vs. .32 (SD=.17); t=-.858, p=.40] and a significant decrease in norclozapine plasma levels [.27 (SD=.11) vs. .22 (SD=.10); t=3.27; p=.003]. Absolute coefficient of variation (CV) between first and second assessment were calculated. Forty-six and fifty-seven percent of cases had CV 20% in clozapine and norclozapine, respectively. CV of 50% was seen in 20.7% and 13.8% of clozapine and norclozapine test respectively. We discussed potential causes of such high CV., Conclusions: Our study suggest high intra-individual variation even in a subgroup of very stable patients, which suggest that routine monitoring of these levels may be indicated in order to detect significant plasma variations. We think that clinicians should act with caution in case of a sudden decrease in plasma level. In the absence of obvious symptom severity variation, sources of intra-individual fluctuations might be considered first, before assuming poor compliance., (Copyright © 2019 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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27. Pattern of use of clozapine in Spain. Variability and under-prescription.
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Sanz-Fuentenebro FJ, Uriarte JJU, Bonet Dalmau P, Molina Rodriguez V, and Bernardo Arroyo M
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Spain, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Clozapine therapeutic use, Drug Utilization statistics & numerical data, Healthcare Disparities statistics & numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians' statistics & numerical data, Schizophrenia drug therapy
- Abstract
Introduction: International studies on clozapine use usually show lower than expected prescription proportions, under-dosing and delayed initiation of treatment, which has led to a number of initiatives aimed at improving its use and reducing the striking variability observed among practitioners. There are no similar studies on the Spanish population. Therefore we planned initial data collection from 4 territorial samples. We hypothesized that clozapine prescription would also be low and variable in our country. If this hypothesis were confirmed, a reflection on possible strategies would be necessary., Material and Methods: We accessed data on clozapine prescription in Catalonia, Castile and Leon, the Basque Country and the Clinical Management Area of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (Madrid)., Results: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia under treatment in these territories comprise around .3% of their total population; treatment with clozapine ranges between 33.0 and 57.0 per 10000 inhabitants; patients diagnosed with schizophrenia on current treatment with clozapine range between 13.7% and 18.6% of the total number of patients with this diagnosis. The coefficient of variation between centres and prescribers is often higher than 50%., Conclusions: Although below the figures suggested as desirable in the literature, global prescribing data for clozapine in the areas we studied are not as low as the data collected in other international studies, and are in the range of countries in our environment. However, the variability in prescription is large and apparently not justified; this heterogeneity increases as we focus on smaller areas, and there is great heterogeneity at the level of individual prescription., (Copyright © 2018 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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28. Patrones de prescripción de antipsicóticos en pacientes afiliados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia
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Machado-Alba, Jorge E and Morales-Plaza, Cristhian David
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antipsicóticos ,pharmacoepidemiology ,clozapine ,clozapina ,Schizophrenia ,esquizofrenia ,farmacoepidemiología ,antipsychotic agents ,Colombia ,drug prescriptions ,prescripciones de medicamentos ,haloperidol - Abstract
Introducción. La esquizofrenia altera la percepción del individuo, el pensamiento, el afecto y el comportamiento. El tratamiento farmacológico puede mejorar estas manifestaciones. Objetivo. Determinar los patrones de prescripción de medicamentos antipsicóticos en un grupo de pacientes afilados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo sobre base de datos de 6,2 millones de personas. Se seleccionaron los pacientes medicados con antipsicóticos, de ambos sexos, todas las edades, con tratamiento continuo de marzo a junio de 2012, y residentes de 57 ciudades colombianas. Se diseñó una base de datos sobre consumo de medicamentos, obtenidos por la empresa que dispensa dichos fármacos. Resultados. Se estudiaron 3.075 pacientes con edad promedio de 55,8±21,5 años; 50,3 % eran mujeres; 81,9 % recibían monoterapia y, 18,1 %, dos o más antipsicóticos. El orden de prescripción fue: atípicos, 77,1 %, y clásicos, 31,9 %. Los medicamentos más utilizados fueron: quetiapina (30,3 %), clozapina (23,7 %), levomepropamiza (18,4 %) y risperidona (14,9 %). Las combinaciones más frecuentes fueron: haloperidol más levomepromazina (n=67; 12,1 % de las asociaciones), clozapina más pipotiazina (n=54; 9,7 %) clozapina más risperidona (n=45; 8,1 %), quetiapina más levomepromazina (n=40; 7,2 %). Los medicamentos prescritos concomitantemente más frecuentes fueron: antidepresivos (n=998; 32,5 %); ansiolíticos (n=799; 26,0 %); hipolipemiantes (n=672; 21,9 %); antiparkinsonianos (341; 11,1 %) y antidiabéticos (n=327; 10,6 %). Conclusiones. Predominan los hábitos de prescripción de medicamentos de alto valor terapéutico, principalmente en la monoterapia antipsicótica. En la mayoría, se emplean en dosis superiores a las recomendadas. Se plantea la necesidad de diseñar estrategias educativas para corregir algunos hábitos de prescripción e investigaciones que evalúen la efectividad del tratamiento. Introduction: Schizophrenia alters individual perception, thought, affection and behavior. Drug therapy can improve these manifestations. Objective: To determine prescription patterns of antipsychotic drugs in a group of patients affiliated to the Social Security Health System in Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study with a 6.2 million people database. We selected 3,075 patients medicated with antipsychotics, of both sexes, and all ages, with continuous treatment from March to June, 2012, and residing in 57 Colombian cities. We designed a database on drug consumption, obtained by the company that distributes the drugs to the patients. Results: A total of 3,075 patients were studied, with an age mean of 55.8 ± 21.5 years; 50.3% of the participants were women. Of all patients, 81.9% were receiving monotherapy and 18.1% two or more antipsychotics. Prescription order was 77.1% atypical and 31.9% conventional. The most frequently used drugs were: quetiapine (on 30.3% of the patients), clozapine (23.7%), levomepropamize (18.4%), and risperidone (14.9%). The most common combinations were: haloperidol + levomepromazine (n=67, 12.1%), clozapine + pipotiazine (n=54, 9.7%), clozapine + risperidone (n=45, 8.1%), and quetiapine + levomepromazine (n=40, 7.2%). The most prescribed co-medications were: antidepressants (n=998, 32.5%), anxiolytic (n=799, 26.0%), statins (n=672, 21.9%); antiparkinsonians (n=341, 11.1%), and antidiabetic drugs (n=327, 10.6%). Conclusions: The practice of prescribing drugs with a high therapeutic value predominates mainly in antipsychotic monotherapy. Most agents were used in higher doses than recommended. This raises the need to design educational strategies to address these prescribing habits and research for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment.
- Published
- 2013
29. Mecanismos de cardiotoxicidad: antineoplásicos, anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos, antipsicóticos, cocaetileno y simpaticomiméticos
- Author
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Salazar, Lukas, Palacio, Ana Cristina, and Rodríguez, Javier R
- Subjects
daño miocárdico ,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,cocaethylene ,clozapine ,clozapina ,cardiotoxicity ,anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos ,cocaetileno ,catecolaminas ,cardiotoxicidad ,arrhythmogenesis ,myocardial injury ,antineoplásicos ,arritmogénesis ,antineoplastics ,catecholamines - Abstract
La interacción constante del organismo humano con diferentes sustancias, que incluso en muchas ocasiones se consideran inofensivas, tiene un alto impacto sobre todos los sistemas, siendo el cardiovascular uno de los más afectados. Por lo tanto, es vital reconocer los mecanismos por los cuales estas sustancias ejercen su efecto tóxico sobre este sistema, bien sea afectando la estabilidad de membrana y la función contráctil o generando disfunción de organelos intracelulares y estrés oxidativo. Numerosos estudios han descubierto efectos lesivos de sustancias, como la clozapina y las catecolaminas, que han tenido amplio uso durante largos años. En la actualidad aún se realizan investigaciones que buscan esclarecer los mecanismos cardiotóxicos de medicamentos de formulación común, entre ellos antineoplásicos y anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE), así como de sustancias de uso habitual que causan adicción, tales como alcohol, cocaína y cocaetileno, su metabolito activo. The constant interaction of the human body with different substances that are even in many cases considered harmless has a high impact on all systems, being the cardiovascular system one of the most affected. Therefore, it is vital to recognize the mechanisms by which these substances exert their toxic effect on this system, either affecting the membrane stability and the contractile function, or generating intracellular organelles dysfunction and oxidative stress. Numerous studies have found that drugs which have been widely used for many years such as clozapine and catecholamines, have harmful effects. Research is still being done seeking to clarify the cardiotoxic mechanisms of drugs commonly formulated, including anticancer and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as commonly used substances that cause addiction, such as alcohol, cocaine and cocaethylene, its active metabolite.
- Published
- 2011
30. Priapism Associated With the Use of Clozapine. A Case Report
- Author
-
de la Espriella, Mauricio
- Subjects
priapismo ,priapism ,agentes antipsicóticos ,Clozapina ,antipsychotic agents ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Clozapine - Abstract
Introducción: El priapismo es un efecto secundario no previsible del uso de antipsicóticos atípicos, especialmente clozapina. Método: Reporte de caso. Resultados y conclusión: Se describe el caso de un paciente de 54 años. La afinidad de este fármaco por los receptores alfaadrenérgicos facilitaría la presencia de esta entidad; sin embargo, el uso de betabloqueadores o anticolinérgicos en el manejo inicial del priapismo apuntan a que otros sistemas estén afectados con el uso de clozapina. La continuidad de los antipsicóticos luego del priapismo dependerá de la afinidad a receptores alfaadrenérgicos, las características clínicas y tratamientos previos, así como la evaluación riesgo-beneficio del uso de estos medicamentos. Introduction: Priapism is a predictable side effect of the use of atypical antipsychotics, especially clozapine. Method: Case report. Results: We describe a 54 year-old patient with priapism. The affinity of this drug to alpha-adrenergic receptors facilitates the presence of priapism, however the use of beta-blockers or anticholinergic agents in the initial management of priapism suggest that other systems are affected by the use of clozapine. The continuation of antipsychotics after priapism depends on the affinity of alpha-adrenergic receptors, clinical features, and previous treatments and the risk-benefit assessment of the use of these drugs.
- Published
- 2011
31. Miocarditis por clozapina: reporte de caso y revisión de tema
- Author
-
Castañeda Ramírez, Jhon Jairo, Cardona Deaza, José Luis, Miranda Rosero, Harold, and Franco Londoño, Jairo
- Subjects
Myocarditis ,clozapine ,clozapina ,Miocarditis ,sudden death ,muerte súbita ,hipersensibilidad ,hypersensitivity - Abstract
Introducción: La miocarditis es definida como la inflamación del músculo cardiaco. A pesar de que existen síntomas que pueden ayudar a realizar su diagnóstico, el paciente puede encontrarse asintomático o debutar con muerte súbita. La clozapina es un medicamento indicado para el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia refractaria, el cual puede producir cardiopatías. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente de 20 años, quién falleció debido a una miocarditis por clozapina. Método: Reporte de caso. Resultados: Se describe un caso asintomático y fatal de miocarditis por clozapina; se presentan las placas histológicas de miocardio con infiltrado eosinofílico, característico de la entidad. Discusión: Se describen las características de la entidad y la forma de realizar su diagnóstico. Conclusión: Aunque la miocarditis por clozapina es bastante rara (prevalencia: del 0,015% al 0,188%), puede producirse en mayor medida durante las primeras 8 semanas de tratamiento, período durante el cual debe investigarse de manera activa. Introduction: Myocarditis is a heart muscle inflammation. There are signs that can help make the diagnosis but, the patient may be asymptomatic or presented with sudden death. Clozapine is indicated for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia, it may cause cardiomyopathies. Objective: To report the case of a 20-year-old who died of myocarditis due to clozapine. Methods: Case report. Results: We describe an asymptomatic case of fatal myocarditis due to clozapine, and we show histological slides of the heart with characteristic eosinophilic infiltration. Discussion: We discuss the manifestations of the entity and how to diagnose it. Conclusions: Although clozapine myocarditis is rare (prevalence: 0,015% - 0,188%). It may occur within 8 weeks of treatment, time which should be actively investigated.
- Published
- 2011
32. Uso de clozapina en trastorno bipolar refractario
- Author
-
Lermanda S, Víctor, Holmgren G, Dagmar, Fuentes L, Cristóbal, and Guerra R, David
- Subjects
refractory ,Bipolar ,refractariedad ,Clozapina ,Clozapine - Abstract
Antecedentes: La combinación de múltiples agentes incluyendo el litio, los estabilizadores del ánimo y los antipsicóticos, representa la estrategia más común en el tratamiento del trastorno bipolar. La falta de respuesta, la irrupción de nuevos episodios durante un adecuado tratamiento de mantención, el deterioro funcional incluyendo la re-hospitalización, los intentos de suicido y la intolerancia a la medicación se consideran criterios clínicos de inclusión para establecer la resistencia al tratamiento en el trastorno bipolar. En el trastorno bipolar, la Clozapina como terapia única o en tratamiento combinado, se mantiene como un agente de segunda línea eficaz, con pocos datos clínicos disponibles, incluyendo principalmente períodos cortos de observación, muestras pequeñas y ensayos no controlados. Métodos: Analizamos datos clínicos en forma retrospectiva de cinco pacientes mujeres bipolares refractarias que se sometieron a tratamiento combinado que incluyó antipsicóticos atípicos. Debido a resistencia a este tratamiento de primera línea, se indicó Clozapina como antipsicótico asociado al tratamiento. Se establecieron períodos de análisis equivalentes para cada paciente, previo y durante el uso de Clozapina. Estos períodos se extendieron de 8 meses a 5 años y 2 meses. Resultados: La dosis diaria promedio de Clozapina fue de 260 mg. No se observaron efectos adversos. Los días de hospitalización totales disminuyeron de 979 días a 118 días y los intentos de suicidio disminuyeron de 14 episodios en el período previo a Clozapina a 1 episodio durante el período de tratamiento con Clozapina. En tres pacientes no se informó de re-hospitalizaciones ni de intentos de auto agresiones con el tratamiento agregado de Clozapina. Conclusión: La eficacia de Clozapina en pacientes bipolares con resistencia al tratamiento debiera considerarse como una opción de segunda línea en terapia combinada con respuesta insuficiente. Los beneficios terapéuticos de Clozapina pueden incluir la potencial disminución de la conducta auto-agresiva enpacientes bipolares como en esquizofrenia y en el trastorno esquizoafectivo. Background: The combination of multiple agents including lithium, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, represents the most commonly strategy in bipolar disorder treatment. Lack of response, breakthrough episodes during adequate maintenance treatment, functional impairment, including re-hospitalization, suicide attempts and intolerance of medication are considered clinical inclusion criteria for treatment resistance in bipolar disorder. In bipolar disorder, Clozapine as mono-therapy or in combination treatment, remains as a efficacious second line agent, with few clinical data available, mainly including short observational periods, small samples and uncontrolled trials. Methods: We analyze retrospectively clinical data about five female bipolar refractory patients who were under combined treatment including atypical antipsychotics. Due to this combined first line treatment resistance, Clozapine was indicated as an add-on agent. Equivalent analysis periods were established for each patient, previous and under Clozapine use. These periods extends from 8 months to 5 years and 2 months. Results: Clozapine average daily dose was 260 mgs. No adverse effects were noticed. Total hospitalization days decrease from 979 days to 118 days andsu icide attempts decrease from 14 ep isodes in pre Clozap ine period to 1 episode in the Clozapine treatment period. No re-hospitalization neither self harm attempts with Clozapine add on treatment were reported in 3 patients. Conclusion: Clozapine efficacy, in treatment resistance bipolar patients, should be considered as a second line option in combination therapy with insufficient response. Therapeutic benefits of Clozapine may include potential decrease of self harm conduct in bipolar patients as in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
- Published
- 2010
33. Comparación del efecto de la terapia prolongada con antipsicóticos atípicos o convencionales en la incidencia de diabetes mellitus 2: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
- Author
-
Sapunar Z, Jorge, Muñoz N, Sergio, and Vásquez A, Tatiana
- Subjects
Diabetes mellitus ,Antipsychotic agents ,Olanzapine ,Quetiapine ,Aripiprazole ,Zotepine ,Risperidone ,Ziprasidone ,Clozapine - Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have less extra pyramidal side effects and are more effective to control the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. However, their use may be associated to a higher incidence of weight gain, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We performed a systematic literature search to evaluate the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence associated to the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs, compared to conventional treatment. If users of all types of atypical antipsychotic drugs are compared with users of conventional treatment, no significant differences in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus were observed. If individual drugs are evaluated, clozapine and risperidone are associated with a higher risk of diabetes than haloperidol. Quetiapine is associated with a lower risk of diabetes than conventional treatment. The quality of the evidence found was low; therefore, new studies should been performed.
- Published
- 2009
34. Comparación del efecto de la terapia prolongada con antipsicóticos atípicos o convencionales en la incidencia de diabetes mellitus 2: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
- Author
-
Sergio Muñoz N, Tatiana Vásquez A, and Jorge Sapunar Z
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.drug_class ,Antipsychotic agents ,Aripiprazole ,Atypical antipsychotic ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Zotepine ,Clozapine ,Risperidone ,business.industry ,Quetiapine ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Endocrinology ,Olanzapine ,Metabolic syndrome ,business ,Ziprasidone ,Dyslipidemia ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have less extra pyramidal side effects and are more effective to control the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. However, their use may be associated to a higher incidence of weight gain, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We performed a systematic literature search to evaluate the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence associated to the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs, compared to conventional treatment. If users of all types of atypical antipsychotic drugs are compared with users of conventional treatment, no significant differences in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus were observed. If individual drugs are evaluated, clozapine and risperidone are associated with a higher risk of diabetes than haloperidol. Quetiapine is associated with a lower risk of diabetes than conventional treatment. The quality of the evidence found was low; therefore, new studies should been performed.
- Published
- 2009
35. Prescripción de antipsicóticos atípicos en pacientes hospitalizados de la Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria
- Author
-
Nieto R, Rodrigo and Silva I, Hernán
- Subjects
prescription ,risperidone ,clozapine ,atípicos ,olanzapine ,clozapina ,olanzapina ,prescripción ,quetiapine ,antipsychotic ,quetiapina ,atypical ,Antipsicóticos ,risperidona - Abstract
Introducción: En los últimos años se han incorporado al medio nacional diversos antipsicóticos de nueva generación, pero el modo de utilización práctica por los clínicos ha sido poco documentada. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el patrón de prescripción de los antipsicóticos en pacientes hospitalizados en una institución psiquiátrica nacional. Métodos: Se estudió retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados en la Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria entre Marzo y Septiembre de 2005. Se registraron los diversos antipsicóticos empleados y sus dosis para cada diagnóstico, tanto como indicación de uso permanente o esporádico. Resultados: En el período estudiado hubo 246 egresos y se empleó algún antipsicótico en el 80% de los casos. Su principal indicación fue en esquizofrenia, psicosis exógena y trastorno bipolar, pero también fueron utilizados con frecuencia en otros cuadros como en trastornos de la alimentación, de la personalidad y en depresión monopolar. Los más empleados fueron los antipsicóticos atípicos, solos o asociados con un neuroléptico de uso esporádico. Los antipsicóticos atípicos más prescritos fueron risperidona (41%) y quetiapina (34%). Las dosis utilizadas variaron ampliamente según los diversos diagnósticos. Conclusiones: Los antipsicóticos, en especial los atípicos, son ampliamente utilizados en el tratamiento de diversas patologías psiquiátricas en pacientes hospitalizados Introduction: During the past fewyears, several new generation antipsychotic drugs have been incorporated in our country. However, the manner in which these drugs are actually used by our clinicians has beenpoorly documented until now. This study aims to characterize the prescription pattern of antipsychotic drugs for inpatients at a Chilean psychiatric institution. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study using clinical records of inpatients at the University of Chile Psychiatric Clinic between May and September 2005. We registered every antipsychotic drug used and its dosagefor every diagnosis, including whether it was prescribed as permanent or as PRN. Results: During this period there were 246 hospital discharges and some kind of antipsychotic drug was used in 80% of cases. The main diagnoses associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs were schizophrenia, exogenous psychosis and bipolar disorder, but they were also used frequently in other diseases such as eating disorders, personality disorders, and unipolar depression. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were the most frequently used, whether alone or in PRN combination with a neuroleptic drug. Among atypical antipsychotics, the most frequently prescribed were risperidone (41%) and quetiapine (34%). The dosage used was widely different depending on the diagnosis. Conclusión: Antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical ones, are broadly used in the treatment of inpatients with several psychiatric disorders
- Published
- 2008
36. Clozapina, neutropenia y test de prednisona
- Author
-
Wulff M, Cristian
- Subjects
test de prednisona ,clozapine ,clozapina ,prednisone ,prednisone test ,neutropenia ,prednisona - Abstract
Introducción: La clozapina es uno de los neurolépticos atípicos más eficaces para tratar esquizofrenias resistentes. En un 0,5 a 0,8% de los pacientes puede producir una grave complicación -agranuloátosis- que es potencialmente mortal. Para detectar oportunamente este problema se monitorea el tratamiento mediante el recuento periódico de leucocitos y recuento absoluto de neutrófilos. Objetivo: Medir la reserva medular de neutrófilos mediante la administración de prednisona en pacientes que reciben clozapina y que presentan un recuento de leucocitos < de 3.500 mm³ y/o de neutrófilos < 2.000 mm³. Método: A 16 pacientes que presentan una o ambas condiciones se les administra prednisona 50 mgr el 12 hrs oral durante un día y se repite el recuento de leucocitos y recuento absoluto de neutrófilos la mañana del día siguiente. Resultados: Los dieciseis pacientes presentan un aumento del recuento absoluto de neutrófilos, promedio 5.863 mm³ ± 2.656, máximo 13.501, mínimo 2.667. El recuento basal absoluto de neutrófilos promedio fue 1.589 mm³ ± 244, máximo 1.975, mínimo 1.095. Conclusiones: Tomando como referencia los resultados de la administración de prednisona a sujetos sanos en investigaciones anteriores, la respuesta medular de los pacientes estudiados se consideró satisfactoria y de acuerdo al protocolo sugerido por el médico hematólogo se continuó con el monitoreo habitual sin complicaciones posteriores Introduction: Clozapine is one of the most efficient atypical neuroleptics to treat resistant schizophrenias. In 0.5 to 0.8% of the patients can produce a serious complication -agranulocytosis-that is potentially mortal. To detect opportunely this problem the treatment is monitored by regular white blood count and absolute neutrophil count. Objective: Measure the central reserve of neutrophils by means of the administration of prednisone in patients that receive clozapine and that they present a recount of leukocytes < of 3.500 mm³ and/or of neutrophils < 2.000 mm³. Method: To 16 patients that present an or both conditions is administered prednisone 50 mgr. c/12 hrs oral during a day and the white blood count and absolute neutrophil count is repeated the morning of the following day. Results. The sixteen patients present an increase of the recount of neutrophils, average 5.863 mm³ + 2.656, maximum 13.501, minimum 2.667. The basal recount average was 1.589 mm³ + 244, maximum 1.975, minimum 1.095. Conclusions: Taking as reference the results of the administration of prednisona to healthy subjects in previous investigations, the central answer of the patients studied was considered satisfactory and in agreement to the protocol suggested by the medical hematologist continued with the habitual monitoring without subsequent complications
- Published
- 2007
37. Síndrome neuroléptico maligno y poliserositis en paciente usuaria de clozapina: una asociación infrecuente
- Author
-
Eymin L, Gonzalo, Andresen H, Max, Godoy F, Jaime, and Rada G, Gabriel
- Subjects
neuroleptic-induced ,Neuroleptic malignant syndrome ,Clozapine ,Bromocriptine - Abstract
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome is a complication of antipsychotic medication use. Clozapine use is also associated with polyserositis and eosinophilia. We report a 17 years old female treated with clozapine, valproic acid, lithium carbonate and lorazepam that consulted in the emergency room for confusion, lethargy, catatonia, rigidity, myalgya and fever. Complete blood count showed eosinophilia. An abdominal CAT scan showed ascites and pleural effusion. Clozapine was discontinued and bromocriptine was started. One week after admission, the patient remained febrile and liver enzymes were elevated. Valproic acid was discontinued. Inflammatory parameters stated to subside and the patient was discharged afebrile days after admission (Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 1225-8)
- Published
- 2005
38. Increase in white cell and neutrophil counts during the first eighteen weeks of treatment with clozapine in patients admitted to a long-term psychiatric care inpatient unit.
- Author
-
Capllonch A, de Pablo S, de la Torre A, and Morales I
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Biomarkers blood, Clozapine therapeutic use, Female, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Incidence, Leukocyte Count, Leukopenia blood, Leukopenia diagnosis, Leukopenia epidemiology, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Neutrophils metabolism, Retrospective Studies, Antipsychotic Agents adverse effects, Clozapine adverse effects, Leukopenia chemically induced, Schizophrenia drug therapy
- Abstract
Introduction: Clozapine is an antipsychotic drug that has shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia, but its use is limited due to its side effects, particularly by the risk of causing agranulocytosis. A study was made on the variations in white cell and neutrophil counts in patients treated with clozapine in a Long-term Psychiatric Unit., Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted with a sample of women of our long-term psychiatric care unit who had been treated with clozapine. A study was made on the variations in white cell and neutrophil counts during the first 18 weeks of treatment, as well as the onset of leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and the influence of concomitant drugs., Results and Conclusions: The study included 55 patients on treatment with clozapine. The incidence rate of neutropenia was 1.82% (95% CI; 0.05-10.13). The incidence rate of leukopenia and agranulocytosis was 0%. An increase in white cell and neutrophil counts from baseline to week 3-4 was observed. Only small variations were observed after this time, but the counts remained higher than the initial values. These changes were statistically significant in the white cell count: One-way repeated ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction F (11.47, 37) = 2.114 (P= .011); and in neutrophils: One-way repeated ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction F (10.3, 37)=3.312 (P=.0002), and MANOVA F (18, 37)=2.693 (P=.005), ŋ
2 P =0.567. The influence of concomitant drugs (lithium, valproic and biperiden) was not significant on the overall increase found in white cells or neutrophils (MANOVA)., (Copyright © 2016 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. [Schizophrenia and antipsychotics: Metabolic alterations and therapeutic effectivity].
- Author
-
Hönig GJ
- Subjects
- Benzodiazepines, Humans, Olanzapine, Antipsychotic Agents pharmacology, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Clozapine, Schizophrenia drug therapy, Transcription Factors drug effects, Transcription Factors metabolism
- Abstract
Schizophrenia presents a high predisposition to present metabolic alterations. This is evidenced in patients never treated with antipsychotics (naïve) and first-degree relatives who do not have the disease, both groups have alterations in the glucose tolerance curve, increase in basal insulin, inflammatory factors and adiponectin (APN). In schizophrenics, antipsychotics increase the frequency of appearance of obesity and metabolic syndrome. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in APN and increase in leptin. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia correlates with the activation of transcription factor SCREBP1 and 2, in a dose and time dependent manner. The activation of SCREBP increases the expression of enzymes that synthesize triglycerides and cholesterol. There is a strong correlation between the appearance of metabolic alterations and response to treatment in all antipsychotics, this is more evident with clozapine and olanzapine. This relationship between the metabolic effect of the antipsychotic and the effectiveness of the treatment could be related, directly, with the inhibition of GSK3β produced by the antipsychotics.
- Published
- 2018
40. Metabolic disorders in schizophrenic patients treated with Clozapine
- Author
-
Patricia Muñoz and Roberto Gallardo
- Subjects
Embryology ,clozapine ,diabetes mellitus ,clozapina ,hyperlipidemia ,hiperlipidemia ,Cell Biology ,Anatomy ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
En pacientes esquizofrénicos los antipsicóticos atípicos están considerados como las drogas de mayor ventaja en el tratamiento de las psicosis. Sin embargo, pueden provocar un trastorno importante en el peso, en la homeostasis de la glucosa y de los lípidos. La obesidad es un factor importante en la patogenia de la Diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias secundarias y de hipertensión arterial. Se ha descrito que la clozapina actúa como antagonista de receptores a nivel hipotalámico, que puede generar hiperinsulinemia y el síndrome plurimetabólico (Síndrome X) de alto riesgo vascular en obesidades moderadas o severas (IMC > 30 kg/m²). Se describen tres casos (2 mujeres, 1 hombre) que fueron tratados por un período mayor de 5 años con clozapina, en dosis entre 300-400mg/día y monitorizados clínicamente (peso, glicemia y perfil lipídíco). Estas evaluaciones permitieron establecer trastornos metabólicos relevantes. Se sugiere la importancia de una adecuada evaluación metabólica y adoptar medidas nutricionales en pacientes tratados con antipsicóticos atípicos. Atypical antipsychotic drugs are considered to provide major advantages in treating schizophrenic patients. However, they can cause significant increases in weight, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Obesity is an important factor in diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Clozapine has been described as acting as an antagonistic agent of several receptors at the hypothalamic level, accentuating hyperinsulinemia and plurimetabolic syndrome, of high vascular risk in obesity. Three patients (2 women, 1 man) treated with clozapine for 5 years or more at a dosage of 300-400 mg/day were clinically monitored for their body weight, glycemia, and lipid profiles, resulting in the diagnosis of significant metabolic disorders. It is suggested that patients undergoing treatment with atypical antipsychotics should also receive adequate metabolic and nutritional evaluations.
- Published
- 2004
41. Concentrations in plasma clozapine levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients.
- Author
-
Iglesias García C, Iglesias Alonso A, and Bobes J
- Subjects
- Adult, Antipsychotic Agents blood, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Clozapine blood, Clozapine therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotic Disorders blood, Schizophrenia blood, Treatment Outcome, Antipsychotic Agents pharmacokinetics, Clozapine pharmacokinetics, Psychotic Disorders drug therapy, Schizophrenia drug therapy
- Abstract
Introduction: There is great variability in plasma levels of clozapine. The objective of this study is to know the characteristics of patients treated with clozapine and the relationship between them and the variability of plasma levels., Material and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study of all patients currently treated with clozapine in a Psychiatric Service with a diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis or schizoaffective disorder. The present study assessed physical situation, psychopathology and functionality of the patients and explored the associations and correlations between clinical variables and plasma levels., Results: We studied 39 patients, predominantly men, with negative and depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (metabolic syndrome and smoking). Significant variability in dose and even greater in clozapine levels were observed. The levels of clozapine at equal doses/kg of body weight were higher in non-smokers, they had positive correlation with BMI and negative correlation with systolic BP, disruptive behaviors and number of cigarettes consumed., Conclusion: Plasma level monitoring clozapine is an important tool to avoid clozapine plasma levels monitoring and minimize undesirable clinical situations (metabolic syndrome, sedation, negative symptoms and functional impairment). It is also important to control the effects of a smoking habit for optimum drug bioavailability., (Copyright © 2017 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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