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The biofabrication of hearts is an emerging technology activity in which the Colombian state should invest in order to meet health demands, employ highly skilled professionals, and develop a labor sector that will generate high profits in the coming decades.

Introduction: The infertility affects 10 to 15% of the couples. An important cause inboth members of the couple is the disruption or absence of germinal cells. Models of invitro experiments have been carried out to study the molecular or genetic mechanismsinvolved and for the development of future treatments for this condition.Objective: To specify about the advances that have followed in cellular reprogrammingand to infer about its potential application in infertility by absence of female gametes.Methods: Thematic review. A computer research was done in Pubmed, Cochrane, CoreJournals, Clinical trials, Ovid, SciELO and LILACS. Also manual search in the newspapersor scientific websites: Cell, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHL), The HadassahHuman Embrionic Stem Cell Research Center, American Journal of Clinical Patology,Center for iPS Cell Research and Applications (CIRA). There were included those withoutlimit of age or gender and in Spanish and English that were published since 1950 to2012. Studies in humans and animals were included. 98 summaries of articles weregotten and 52 were considered pertinent. All of these were reviewed in complete text.Results: There were found important publications in the last fifty years that documentthe advances and the technological development got with the Stem Cell until the cellularreprogramming. Studies in experimentation models, in animals of different species andin human cells have proved that cellular specialization can become reversible, allowingthe creation of therapeutics tools for different pathologies, included the infertility byabsence of gametes, above everything by premature ovarian failure. New terminologyhas been proposed to identify to the cells that were created after the reprogramming asof gene factors of transcription every time better known.Conclusion: Cellular reprogramming is a field in development, that have become thekey to tackle pathologies in a future that today don´t have treatment. The delivery ofthe Nobel Prize of Medicine in 2012 to two of its pioneers (John B. Gurdon y ShinyaYamanaka), is an expression of recognition and also about the expectations that exist inthe cellular reprogramming for the health in general, and in particular for the infertilityby absence of male and female gametes. Rev.Cienc.Biomed. 2012;3(2):317-326RESUMEN:Introducción: la infertilidad afecta del 10 al 15% de las parejas. Una causa importanteen ambos miembros de la pareja es la disrupción o ausencia de células germinales. Sehan realizado modelos de experimentación in vitro para el estudio de los mecanismosmoleculares o genéticos implicados y para el posterior desarrollo de futuros tratamientospara esta condición.Objetivo: puntualizar sobre los adelantos que se han sucedido en reprogramacióncelular e inferir sobre su potencial aplicación en infertilidad por ausencia de gametosfemeninos.Metodología: revisión temática. Se realizó búsqueda informática en Pubmed, Cochrane,Core Journals, Clinical trials, Ovid, SciELO y LILACS. También búsqueda manual en losperiódicos o portales científicos: Cell, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHL), TheHadassah Human Embrionic Stem Cell Research Center, American Journal of ClinicalPatology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Applications (CIRA). Sin límite de edad,género, en lengua inglesa y en español, publicados desde el año 1950 hasta el año2012. Se incluyeron estudios en humanos y animales. 98 resúmenes de artículos fueronobtenidos, 51 considerados pertinentes y todos fueron revisados en texto completo.Resultados: se encontraron importantes publicaciones en los últimos cincuentaaños que documentan los adelantos y el desarrollo tecnológico cumplido con lascélulas madres hasta llegar a la reprogramación celular. Estudios en modelos deexperimentación, en animales de diferentes especies y en células humanas handemostrado que la especialización celular puede hacerse reversible, permitiendo lacreación de herramientas terapéuticas para distintas patologías, incluida la infertilidadpor ausencia de gametos, sobre todo por falla ovárica temprana. Nueva terminología hasido propuesta, para identificar a las células creadas luego de reprogramación a partirde factores génicos de trascripción cada vez mejor conocidos.Conclusión: la reprogramación celular es un campo en desarrollo, de grandes adelantosque rápidamente se ha convertido en la llave para en un futuro próximo abordarpatologías que hoy no tienen tratamiento. La entrega del Premio Nobel de Medicina enel 2012 a dos de sus pioneros (John B. Gurdon y Shinya Yamanaka), es una expresiónde reconocimiento y también de las expectativas que se tienen en la reprogramacióncelular para la salud en general, y en particular para la infertilidad por carencia degametos masculinos y femeninos. Rev.Cienc.Biomed. 2012;3(2):317-326

El avance en el conocimiento de la genética y en especial de la biología molecular, dio paso a una nueva era: la genómica, y a nuevos conceptos como transcriptoma, proteoma, metaboloma, epigenoma, que permiten el estudio de la estructura, organización y función de todos los genes y sus productos, así como de los mecanismos implicados en la regulación de su expresión y el modo en que unos genes interactúan con otros. El uso de nuevas tecnologías en la investigación con células madre favoreció el desarrollo de las células madre pluripotentes inducidas, con el empleo de numerosos métodos para su obtención. Esto demostró que la adición de un reducido número de genes posibilita la reprogramación de células somáticas y la formación de células madre pluripotentes con características embrionarias, sin necesidad de utilizar embriones humanos, lo que tiene sus connotaciones éticas y posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas en medicina regenerativa.The advance of the genetics and specially of the molecular biology, gave rise to a new era: the genomic and to new concepts like transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, epigenome allowing us to study the structure, organization and function of all the genes and its products, as well as the mechanisms involved in regulation of its expression and the way in which some genes interacting each other. The use of new technologies in research of stem cells favored the development of induced pluripotent stem cells using the many methods for its detection. It was demonstrated that the addition of a reduced number of genes allows the reprogramming of somatic cells and the formation of pluripotent stem cells with embryonic features, without the use of human embryos, which has its ethical connotations and potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Grande parte do conhecimento atual dos fenótipos celulares relacionados a doenças neurológicas foi obtida a partir de estudos de tecidos cerebrais coletados após a morte do indivíduo. Essas amostras geralmente representam os estágios finais da doença e, portanto, não servem como fiel representação de como os sintomas aparecem. Além disso, nessas circunstâncias, a patologia observada pode muito bem ser um efeito secundário do processo patológico ou mesmo da deterioração do tecido em vez de um fenótipo celular autêntico. Da mesma forma, modelos animais nem sempre recapitulam exatamente a patologia das doenças em humanos. Neste artigo, pretendo apresentar uma visão crítica dos recentes avanços obtidos a partir da modelagem de doenças neurológicas humanas, utilizando células-tronco pluripotentes. O foco na reprogramação celular de células somáticas, gerando células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas, justifica-se em razão do grande potencial experimental não só para a modelagem de doenças humanas, mas também como ferramenta biotecnológica para triagem de novas drogas, contribuindo para uma futura medicina personalizada.Most of our current knowledge about cellular phenotypes related to neurological diseases was gathered from studies performed in brain tissue collected postmortem. These samples often represent the end-stage of the disease process and may not represent a fair picture of how the disease developed over time. Futhermore, under these conditions, the pathology may as well be a secundary effect of the disease process or even due to the poor tissue condition and may not represent an authentic cellular phenotype. Likewise, animal models not always recapitulate the pathology from human disorders. In this article, I will present a critical view on the recent advances obtained from disease modeling using human pluripotent stem cells. The focus on cellular reprogramming as tool to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells is justified by the great experimental potential, not only for disease modeling, but also as a biotecnological tool for future drug-screening platforms and personalized medicine.