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Introduction: Sensory ataxia is a frequent symptom in numerous neurological pathologies, being a frequent clinical manifestation in diseases related to genes influencing mitochondrial metabolism, such as POLG. The aim is to describe the differential characteristics of four patients with pathogenic variants in the POLG gene with clinical expression in the form of adult-onset ataxia and sensory neuropathy., Patients and Methods: We reviewed the clinical features of patients diagnosed with POLG pathogenic variants from a tertiary hospital., Results: Three men and one woman (mean age: 40 years; 27-46) with no family history were studied with symptoms for 10 years. All patients developed a gait disturbance related to sensory ataxia. All patients had oculomotor abnormalities. The neurophysiological study showed a sensory axonal neuropathy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging studies showed atrophy and cerebellar white matter lesion and muscle magnetic resonance imaging showed fatty substitution in thigh and calf muscles without a specific pattern. A molecular study revealed pathogenic variants in the POLG gene., Conclusions: In cases of adult-onset sensory ataxia, the molecular analysis of the POLG gene should be considered, especially if associated with sensory neuropathy or ophthalmoparesis.

Introduction: Although spinal fistulas account for 70% of all spinal arteriovenous malformations, they are an underdiagnosed condition. The arteriovenous shunt produces vascular congestion that gives rise to a progressive myelopathy, sometimes irreversible if it is not treated in the early stages., Aim: To describe the clinicoradiological characteristics of a series of patients with spinal fistulas., Patients and Methods: A retrospective search was conducted for patients diagnosed with a spinal fistula who were hospitalised in the neuroscience area of a tertiary care hospital., Results: A total of 19 patients (7 females and 12 males) were identified, with a mean age of 56 years. The spinal fistula was type I in 79% of patients, and a dorsal location was the most frequent. Most of the cases (90%) presented a progressive course. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in the diagnosis in 74% of the patients. In four cases angiography was required to reach a diagnosis, and in one of them it was necessary to perform an intraoperative biopsy. Three lumbar punctures were performed, two of which revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and high protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid. The average diagnostic delay was nine months. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients were treated and only 10% of them improved., Conclusions: When faced with a clinical picture suggestive of a spinal fistula, a diagnostic spinal angiography must be carried out, although the patient under study may present atypical cerebrospinal fluid characteristics and normal results in magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord.

Introduction: The pathophysiology underlying the association between migraine and other non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases is largely unknown. Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as a common link. Besides, endothelial dysfunction is considered as a predictor of structural changes in the arterial walls., Aim: To review the current knowledge about the functional (endothelial dysfunction) and structural (arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic diseases) arterial properties associated with migraine., Development: Studies of biological markers of endothelial dysfunction in peripheral blood, systemic and cerebral vasoreactivity, arterial stiffness indexes and direct visualization of macroscopic changes in the arterial wall have shown differences between patients with and without migraine, as well as between the different migraine subtypes., Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction, as a predictor of structural changes in arteries, has been proposed as an early marker for vascular pathology associated with migraine. In migraine patients there is an increase of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, but the correlation with vasoreactivity studies does not allow definite conclusions. Available data do not allow to conclude that migraine is associated with macroscopic alterations outside the cerebral arterial bed.

In spite that headache is, by far, the most frequent reason for neurological consultation and that the diagnosis and treatment of some patients with headache is difficult, the number of headache clinics is scarce in our country. In this paper the main arguments which should allow us, as neurologists, to defend the necessity of implementing headache clinics are reviewed. To get this aim we should first overcome our internal reluctances, which still make headache as scarcely appreciated within our specialty. The facts that more than a quarter of consultations to our Neurology Services are due to headache, that there are more than 200 different headaches, some of them actually invalidating, and the new therapeutic options for chronic patients, such as OnabotulinumtoxinA or neuromodulation techniques, oblige us to introduce specialised headache attendance in our current neurological offer. Even though there are no definite data, available results indicate that headache clinics are efficient in patients with chronic headaches, not only in terms of health benefit but also from an economical point of view.

Introduction: There is a general perception of neuroimaging procedures overuse, mainly of CT scan, in patients with headache in Spain., Aim: To analyze the use of neuroimaging techniques, mainly CT scan as it is of free access in our region, in routine clinical practice in patients with chronic migraine (CM)., Patients and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of a consecutive series of women diagnosed as CM in our headache clinic. The data on consumption of neuroimaging procedures were collected at all levels (emergency department, inpatient ward and neurologic outpatient consultation)., Results: We included 139 women with CM. A total of 106 patients (76%) had at least one CT brain scan. Twenty-eight patients (20%) had 2 or more CT scans. In 6 of these patients (21%) there was a clinical reason for repeating the studies, while there was no reason in the remaining 22 (79%). MRI had been carried out in our headache clinic in 59 patients (42%). In 43 (73%) MRI was normal, in 9 (15%) the MRI showed nonspecific lesions in the white matter and in 7 patients (11%) MRI studies were abnormal. There was no direct relationship between MRI lesion and CM. There were 15 patients with CM (11%) without any neuroimaging study., Conclusions: We could not find a real overuse of neuroimaging techniques in patients with CM in our health area.