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RESUMEN El trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el costo, en porcentaje, del crédito comercial al consumo regularmente entregado por las casas comerciales en el Paraguay, desde la perspectiva del cliente final. Con este propósito, en el transcurso del año 2017, se realizó una investigación cuantitativa de alcance exploratorio. El trabajo de campo consistió en la revisión de las ofertas de las casas comerciales, publicadas en forma digital y por medios impresos. Posteriormente, se realizaron comunicaciones telefónicas personales, con los vendedores de esta casa comerciales, a fin de obtener los datos faltantes. Los datos principales son el precio de contado, el precio de lista y el monto de las cuotas. Se aplicó la fórmula de BAILY, a fin de facilitar el análisis y presentación de los resultados. A fin de comprobar los hallazgos de la investigación, se aplicaron las tasas en el sistema francés de amortización, cuyo de intereses se establecen sobre el saldo de la deuda y la tasa relevante. El resultado promedio de la muestra es de 83% de tasa nominal anual y de 139% de tasa efectiva anual. Si bien, la mayoría de ellas, no revela cual es la tasa a la que se calcula el valor de las cuotas, es posible determinarla a partir del valor al contado del bien y el monto y numero de cuotas a pagar. ABSTRACT The objective of the work was to determine the cost, in percentage, of the commercial consumer credit regularly delivered by the commercial houses in Paraguay, from the perspective of the final customer. With this purpose, in the course of 2017, a quantitative investigation of exploratory scope was carried out. The field work consisted of reviewing the offers of the commercial houses, published digitally and by print media. Subsequently, personal telephone communications were made with the sellers of this commercial house in order to obtain the missing data. The main data is the cash price, the list price and the amount of the installments. The BAILY formula was applied in order to facilitate the analysis and presentation of the results. In order to verify the research findings, the rates were applied in the French amortization system, the interest rate of which is established on the balance of the debt and the relevant rate. The average result of the sample is 83% of annual nominal rate and 139% of effective annual rate. Although most of them do not disclose the rate at which the value of the installments is calculated, it is possible to determine it based on the cash value of the asset and the amount and number of installments to pay.

This article presents the application of a methodological procedure for the construction of a statistical qualification model for the approval of commercial credits in a public financial institution. In this line, the main aim is to reveal the benefits of using generalized additive models (GAM), whose functional structures contemplate the possible non-linearity of the explanatory variables of credit risk in relation to compliance with the payment obligations of borrowers, compared to linear models like the logit. This topic becomes relevant in view of the need for financial institutions to have the right tools and information management systems that allow them to de-establish strategies to improve the placement of their loan portfolio with clients who can fulfill their agreed obligations within the established deadlines, without incurring partial or total delays; in short, minimizing your credit risk. Additionally, in order to meet the stated need, the methodological procedure is applied through programming in the R software, with which the modeling is easily replicable.

Los modelos de estimación de riesgo de crédito presentan una amplia trayectoria dentro del sector financiero, no siendo así para el sector real que informalmente busca un mayor retorno de la inversión con créditos comerciales, lo que en algunos casos ha implicado una adhesión a las operaciones avanzadas por el sector financiero en materia del cálculo de riesgo, a partir de las características propias de las empresas que emprenden este esfuerzo. Por tal motivo, se propone la construcción de un modelo de estimación de riesgo de crédito para que una empresa del sector textil amplíe los cupos de crédito de manera calculada. Para tal cumplimiento se propuso una investigación experimental que permitió la construcción del modelo bajo indicadores financieros. Se concluyó que al aumentar los cupos, a riesgo de la compañía, se gana participación en el marcado y se mejoran las utilidades con un riesgo aceptable dentro de los estándares financieros., Models of estimation of credit risk have a long history in the financial sector, not being so for the real sector that informally seeks a greater return on investment with commercial credits, which in some cases has implied adherence to advanced operations by the financial sector in the area of risk calculation, based on the characteristics of the companies that undertake this effort. For this reason, the construction of a model of estimation of credit risk proposed so that a company in the textile sector expands the credit quotas in a calculated way. For such compliance was proposed an experimental investigation which allowed the construction of the model under financial indicators. It concluded that by increasing the quotas, at the risk of the company, participation in the marking is gained and profits are improved with an acceptable risk within the financial standards.

El presente trabajo busca determinar si existió un impacto del crédito comercial y el microcrédito en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) a nivel municipal durante los años 2008 al 2011, y de ser así, cuál fue su magnitud. Para ello se realizan estimaciones con datos panel para 1008 municipios colombianos con las variables Crédito Comercial, Microcrédito, PIB departamental y el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI). Los resultados indican que ninguno de los dos tipos de crédito tuvo un impacto positivo en el comportamiento del Producto Interno Bruto a nivel municipal. Abstract. The present work seeks to determine if there existed an impact of the commercial credit and the microcredit on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at municipal level during the year 2008 to 2011. If there were an impact, estimate its magnitude. To accomplish this objective a panel data analysis was realized with information of 1008 Colombian municipalities, using the variables: Commercial Credit, Microcredit, Departmental GDP and the index of poverty Unsatisfied basic needs (NBI). The results of the analysis indicate that none of the two types of credit had a positive impact on the municipal Gross Domestic Product. Maestría