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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2022 7(3), 1191-1209 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Potential for legislative differentiation: Space offered by the EU legislature. - II.1. Comparing the GDPR and the SAD. - II.2. Legislative contexts. - II.3. Zooming in: Identifying discretion. - III. Using the potential: Member States' implementation. - IV. Alternative to differentiated integration? - IV.1. Real decision-making authority or decisions on details? - IV.2. Political decision-making or fitting the directive into pre-existing structures? - V. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The "uniformity-based"-model of EU integration has lost considerable ground. It has become more and more considered as a model which takes too little account of national differences in economic, social, cultural and constitutional conditions and in political views. Differentiated integration (DI) raises issues, however. Equality of the Member States and the effectiveness of EU law and policy may be seriously impaired. This Article explores the potential of legislative differentiation as an alternative to more classic forms of DI. With legislative differentiation, we refer to the situation in which Member States are allowed to make substantive policy choices in the implementation of EU legislation and use such flexibility to customize EU legislation to their own domestic contexts. We explore this potential by assessing two case studies: the General Data Protection Regulation and the Child Sexual Abuse Directive. The analysis of these case studies shows that legislative differentiation is a multifaceted phenomenon that indeed has the potential to be an alternative to the classic forms of DI. Yet, in practice sub-optimal results have been found as well. Therefore, more consideration and a better incorporation of diversity in legislative processes is required to further enhance the potential of differentiated legislation.

La pandémie de SARS-CoV-2 a perturbé profondément la façon dont les enseignants universitaires travaillent, et la façon dont les étudiants étudient. L’enseignement en distanciel a apporté avec lui des solutions pédagogiques, mais l’expérience d’une année et demie a démontré que le e-learning a des caractéristiques propres, et il faut s’interroger sur ses apports. Cette interrogation est posée à propos de l’enseignement universitaire du droit, à travers l’analyse et les réflexions de deux enseignants et de deux étudiants, au sein de deux universités européennes (à Porto et à Budapest). L’article aborde les questions théoriques et pratiques posées: quelles sont les façons d’assurer une préparation pratique des étudiants à distance? Les régimes hybrides sont-ils meilleurs que les régimes entièrement à distance? Enfin, ce type d’enseignement peut-il faire perdre à l’enseignement juridique ses qualités intrinsèques, alors même que ce dernier constitue l’un des piliers de la démocratie?

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(1), 409-415 | European Forum Insight of 25 April 2019 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Background and facts. - III. Comment. | (Abstract) Tjebbes (Court of Justice, judgment of 12 March 2019, case C-221/17 [GC]) builds on and extends the scope of a line of existing cases that has started to redefine the relationship between EU citizenship and Member State nationality. This Insight inquires on which legal grounds the Court of Justice could justify its bold intervention in the domain of nationality law. The Court offered two justifications, saying that the Member States must "have due regard to EU law" when deciding on the attributions of nationality and that EU citizenship "is intended to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States". I argue that neither justification is persuasive and possible to square with the Treaties. The Insight also examines the requirement introduced by the Court of Justice that the rules on the loss of nationality must have due regard to the principle of proportionality and allow for an individual examination of the consequences of that loss. I argue that the desirability of such a proportionality requirement is not nearly as self-evident as the Court takes it to be.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(3), 921-941 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Horizontal federalism in the US. - II.1. Full faith and credit. - II.2. Extradition. - II.3. Interstate commerce. - II.4. Interstate compacts. - III. Horizontal federalism in the EU: mutual recognition. - III.1. Constitutional principle by accident? - III.2. Apogee and after. - III.3. Mutual recognition, harmonization and national autonomy. A decision making triangle. - IV. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The - vertical - relation between the central level and sub-central levels of government is a key issue in federal-type systems, including the EU. A question which usually attracts much less attention is how the - horizontal - relations between the sub-central levels are shaped. In this contribution, the legal arrangements in the US and EU legal orders to shape the horizontal relations between the (Member) States ("horizontal federalism") will be analysed and compared. Whereas the US legal system contains a variety of arrangements, the EU relies rather exclusively on the principle of mutual recognition. The central question is how legal arrangements of horizontal federalism balance harmonization (or control by the central/federal level), recognition and acceptance of foreign rules and (host) State autonomy. From the perspective of the host (Member) State, the question is thus to what extent it may apply its own rules (host State autonomy) or whether it must comply with central rules (harmonization) and foreign rules (from other States). This article examines how this balance is struck in different policy fields, what mechanisms are applied (especially in the US context) and which factors determine the choice for a particular balance.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(3), 861-864 | Article | (Abstract) Throughout the years the principle of mutual recognition and the underlying principle of mutual trust have greatly contributed to the EU integration process. The recent migration and terrorist crises that have stroke the Union and its Member States with full force have placed the individual and the respect for fundamental rights in the centre of the discussion concerning the meaning and scope of mutual recognition and mutual trust. This special issue revisits mutual recognition and mutual trust, and discuss the principles from various perspectives.

Objetivo Delinear um perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com glaucoma congênito atendidos no serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Regional de São José, bem como a evolução destes pacientes com os tratamentos empregados. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, descritivo que avaliou 32 pacientes com glaucoma congênito atendidos em ambulatório, desde a primeira consulta quando ingressaram no serviço e consultaram pelo menos duas vezes no período de 1º de março de 2009 até 1º de fevereiro de 2011. Resultados Houve predominância do sexo feminino (59,37%). Com relação à lateralidade, ambos os olhos foram acometidos em 91% dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes (78,12%) apresentava glaucoma congênito primário. Oitenta e cinco cirurgias foram realizadas para o glaucoma congênito, destes 63,52% foram submetidos à trabeculotomia. A pressão intraocular aferida na primeira e na última consulta diminuiu em 85,93% dos 64 olhos, já em relação à pressão intraocular média houve uma diminuição de 82,81% em relação ao valor na primeira consulta. Ao realizar a comparação do diâmetro corneano horizontal da primeira consulta em relação à última, bem como da primeira consulta em relação à média das aferições de todas as consultas, em 25,42% ocorreu aumento. Conclusão Nos pacientes com glaucoma congênito, houve predomínio do acometimento bilateral e do sexo feminino. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou diminuição da pressão intraocular na última consulta em relação à primeira e em poucos pacientes houve um aumento do diâmetro corneano horizontal.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(1), 67-92 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. A word about the artificiality of secessions' exceptionalism. - III. The principle of democracy and its limits. - IV. Secessions and the ethos of European integration. - V. How to approach a seceded territory. - VI. Conclusion. | (Abstract) We argue that EU law and the ethos of European integration, premised on inclusiveness and the taming of the State requires the Union to remain neutral in the context of the permutations of statehood at the national level leading to the emergence of the new State entities in Europe. We show that the matter of permutations of statehood is not new or exceptional, unlike what is sometimes claimed, and demonstrate that the EU is not to blame for facilitating the viability of newly-emerging States in Europe, since this is one of the natural bi-products of the very nature of the Union. In this context intervening into national constitutional secession politics and making threats to prevent the newly-emerging States from joining the EU would not only be an ultra vires action for the EU to take. It will also be both counter-productive and deprived of any purpose, which leads us to conclude that EU law should be deployed as inventively as will be necessary to ensure continued membership in the EU of the entities seceding from the current Member States.

Este estudo teve por objetivo medir a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à percepção de corrimento vaginal patológico por gestantes residentes em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Aplicou-se questionário padronizado a todas as parturientes nas maternidades do município em 2007. Utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e análise multivariável por regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de corrimento vaginal foi de 40%. Análise ajustada mostrou as seguintes razões de prevalência: 1,6 (1,4-1,8) para adolescentes; 1,3 (1,1-1,6) para aquelas com até oito anos de escolaridade; 1,3 (1,1-1,5) para aquelas que ingeriram álcool; 2,0 (1,8-2,2) para aquelas que referiram corrimento vaginal em gestação anterior; 1,4 (1,3-1,6) para infecção urinária na gestação atual; prematuridade em gestação anterior mostrou-se protetor com RP = 0,8 (0,7-0,9). Os serviços de saúde deveriam priorizar diagnóstico e tratamento de corrimento vaginal entre gestantes adolescentes, de baixa renda familiar e escolaridade, com história prévia de corrimento em gravidez anterior e infecção urinária na gravidez atual.This study aims to determine the prevalence self-reported abnormal vaginal discharge and to identify associated risk factors in pregnant women in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A standardized questionnaire was applied to all pregnant women admitted for delivery in local maternity hospitals. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and Poisson regression was applied using multivariate analysis. Prevalence of vaginal discharge was 40%. Adjusted analysis showed the following prevalence ratios for vaginal discharge: 1.6 (1.4-1.8) for adolescents; 1.3 (1.1-1.6) for 8 years of schooling or less; 1.3 (1.1-1.5) for alcohol consumption; 2.0 (1.8-2.2) for vaginal discharge in the previous pregnancy; 1.4 (1.3-1.6) for urinary tract infection in the current pregnancy; and 0.8 (0.7-0.9) for history of prematurity. Local health services should target adolescent women, those with low schooling or low family income, and those with a history of vaginal discharge in the previous pregnancy or urinary tract infection in the current pregnancy.

There are very few qualitative studies about the different models of cooperation founded in the last years in the field of community crime prevention in Germany. Qualitative methods are helpful in identifying and in analyzing the conflicts in interest and the negotiation process that takes place among the local institutes. The conflict in interest makes it difficult to work together and in the worst case it can completely block cooperation. With the help of qualitative methods, the soft skills and structural requirements for successful cooperation can be identified and discussed. The aim of this article is to show that it is necessary to examine the "inner life" of cooperation especially in crime prevention committees by using qualitative methods and with more rigor than in the past. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503202

It is my intention to put aside all tiresome discussions of phrase terminology, take the terminology of Brink 2004 for granted, and produce some new empirical facts about phrases, answering questions like: How many phrases are there in Danish – in total and with individuals? What is the numeric relation between idioms and collocations? Are idioms most often metaphorical? The investigation is a continuation of Brink 1979, and an updated version of the largest Danish dictionary is used as a base from which test samples are taken. Some statistical signification tests are carried out with a favourable result.

ABSTRACT Despite many years of dedicated research into the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, there is still no single distinct cause for this puzzling condition. In this overview, we attempt to link knowledge on the complex three-dimensional pathoanatomy of AIS, based on our ongoing research in this field, with etiopathogenic questions. Evidence from multiple recent cross-sectional imaging studies is provided that supports the hypothesis that AIS has an intrinsic biomechanical basis: an imbalance between the biomechanical loading of the upright human spine due to its unique sagittal configuration on the one hand, and the body’s compensating mechanisms on the other. The question that remains in the etiology of AIS, and the focus of our ongoing research, is to determine what causes or induces this imbalance.