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The linguistic reality in Bamako, Mali, has made it commonplace that most interactions are performed in a language combining Bambara and French. The reason is certainly that Bamako, as some researchers suggest, is an ethnic and linguistic melting pot. This “hybrid” language seems to have downgraded the notion of language delimitations, hence affecting consequently the identity of each language. In other words, Bambara seems to be an excuse for escaping the successful use of French while interactions in Bambara are significantly dominated by French. It is believed that such a situation favours none of the two languages at play. Already, initial observation has made it possible to assert that the most perceptible manifestations of code-switching in this particular context are intrasentential and extrasentential. To confirm this claim, the present paper will adopt a conversation analytical approach, based on the recording of naturally occurring language.

This study sought to present the evolutions and new trends of migrant fishing targeting small pelagics in West Africa from fishing to consumption stage. The work involved the characterization of migrant fishers targeting small pelagics in West Africa (country of origin, fishing gear and target species), modalities of access to resources, estimation of their catches and finally the assessment of the impact in the host countries. This work was useful to analyse changes in terms of the actors involved, the volumes and values of catches, and forms of valorisation and marketing of products from the migrant sectors over the period 2008-2018. Overall, the quantities of pelagic fish caught by migrant fishermen were increasing. The production of small pelagic by migrant fisheries has almost doubled over a decade, from an estimated of 180,000 t over the period 2008-2012, to a current estimated production of almost 324,500 t. More than 50% of this production was sold on the market in fresh or frozen form. More than 75,000 t (22%) and 94,000 t (28%) were destined for artisanal and industrial processing, respectively. Migrant fisheries thus supply more to industrial processing than to artisanal processing. Indeed, migrant fisheries have contributed over the last ten years to the emergence of fishmeal factories in West Africa. However, despite their significant evolution in terms of catch volumes and values, migrant fisheries still operate outside of legislative frameworks and without being explicitly accounted for in national statistics. Moreover, conflicts are increasingly important given the current tensions and issues surrounding the exploitation of small pelagic fish in West Africa. This work recommends the development of a common management plan for migrant fishers in the countries of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) and the West Central Gulf of Guinea Fisheries Committees (WCGC).

The seaside tourism that is treated on this paper is one of the first forms of tourism developed in this area which is based on the opening of the town to the Atlantic which offers a magnificent beach. The municipality also benefits from a large density of hydrographic network with the ramification of bolongs bordered by mangrove favorable to excursions. Despite these potentialities, seaside tourism today faces enormous constraints linked to coastal erosion. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of coastal erosion on tourism. The study was based on various phases of observations in the field and on surveys carried out among 292 heads of concession divided between four localities of the commune (Kafountine 69%, Abene 17%, Diannah 10%, and Diogué 4%). We also made maps on Arc Gis 9.3, after having used the GPS to take points of the different camps in the commune and Excel for the exploitation of digital data. The results show that the municipality offers a quality infrastructure offering that combines comfort and calm and that is essentially grouped on the coastal zone. The tourism sector in general and the seaside sector in particular are now facing enormous problems linked to coastal erosion, which hinders its development. The constraints associated with coastal erosion are materialized by the degradation of camps, the reduction of the beach and the degradation of the coastal vegetation. This phenomenon of coastal erosion is well known in the municipality. According to population surveys, 60% of those surveyed experience and experience coastal erosion on a daily basis. The populations of the islands, Kafountine Batara and Abene Badala are the most affected.