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ABSTRACT Previous studies have confirmed the potential of hyperspectral spectroscopy (HS) to detect charcoal rot toxin effect on soybean (Glycine max). However, there is no evidence that it can differentiate among difference responses to that effect. This research tested the potential of HS (900–2400 nm) to differentiate different responses to charcoal rot effect caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Known susceptible ‘Pharaoh’ and resistant ‘Spencer’ cultivars of soybean seedlings at the V1 stage were tested, and HS reflectance was measured in each treatment at 0 h (just before toxin treatment), 24 h, and 36 h after toxin treatment. For both cultivars, reflectance generally decreased up to 10% over time for controls and increased for treated seedlings up to 22%. Pharaoh had significant increases in reflectance 24 and 36 h after treatment, while Spencer did not exhibit significant changes in reflectance over the 24 and 36-h periods. The ratio of Al-Ahmadi et al. (2018) was also evaluated. Spencer showed a higher ratio than Pharaoh. Based on our results, HS can be used to compare the relative resistance of soybean cultivars to charcoal rot and is a potential screening technique to classify soybean cultivars based on their resistance to charcoal rot toxin.

The water storage beneath the ground surface is the function of the Rainfall in an area. The underground water is the main source of irrigation and effect the agriculture production. So directly or indirectly the rainfall influences the agriculture. The years with the good rainfall enjoy the high agriculture production as the requirement of water is facilitated. The paper presents the rainfall pattern for last 25 years in study area with the analysis of variation of rainfall year by year. For the study, different techniques and tools are employed so the variation where it is seasonal or annual can be shown.

At present, reforms of the critically flawed system of medical education in Nepal are urgently needed. The integrity of Nepal’s medical education system is threatened by investors, including members of Nepal's parliament, political leaders, and influential businessmen who treat the creation of new for-profit medical schools as an easy way to generate profits quickly and effortlessly, while no effective, impartial central authority exists to regulate the situation. The pressure to approve new medical schools increases even when the resulting education may be substandard and debt-burdened graduates neither able to find post-graduate training opportunities nor willing to accept positions outside of the Kathmandu Valley. A major force driving efforts to reform, systematize, and improve medical education in Nepal is the series of ten non-violent fasts-unto-death campaigns of one dedicated physician, senior orthopedic surgeon Dr. Govinda KC. To put his efforts into historical context, we review medical education in Nepal from 1978, when Nepal's first medical school, the Institute of Medicine, was created. We seek to clarify whether the current trend toward for-profit medical education is compatible with the rule of law in Nepal, or whether Nepal risks becoming a failed state as it ignores the need to align the production of physicians with that of national health needs.

Head and neck canceris a major health problem globally with the projected incidence of 1,176,149 cases, an approximate 20% increase, in 2020. Most research today is directed towards reducing this incidence by understanding the mechanism and etiologic factors associated. Majority of these factors are habitual, with tobacco use being the most common. There are many variations in the use of tobacco ranging from smoked to smokeless, as well as novel innovations like e-cigarette and tobacco tablets, being introduced today. There are also many studies suggesting tobacco use as a gateway drug to other habitual substances, including alcohol and marijuana use. Many of these substances are now being utilized more by the youth than adults, which might develop a shift in the age of incidence in the future. Few countries have asignificant population of immigrants, who bring with thema diverse range of traditional habits, the effects of which still have to be studied on the population. An overview of the various habitual etiologiesassociated with head and neck cancers, and their mechanism of action have been reviewed here so as to get a holistic idea of these substances. Resumen: El cáncer de cabeza y cuello es un problema de salud relevante en el mundo, con una incidencia proyectada de 1176149 casos, un aumento aproximado del 20%, en 2020. La mayoría de las investigaciones actuales apuntan a reducir esta incidencia con la comprensión de los mecanismo de su génesis y los factores etiológicos asociados. La mayoría de estos factores son adicciones, siendo el uso del tabaco el más común. Hay muchas variaciones en el uso del tabaco que van desde con o sin combustión, así como novedosas innovaciones como el cigarrillo electrónico y las tabletas de tabaco, que se están introduciendo hoy en día. También hay muchos estudios que sugieren el uso del tabaco como una droga de entrada al uso de otras sustancias adictivas, incluido el consumo de alcohol y marihuana. Muchas de estas sustancias ahora están siendo utilizadas más por los jóvenes que por los adultos, lo que podría causar un desplazamiento en la edad de incidencia de estos cánceres en el futuro. Algunos países tienen una importante población de inmigrantes, que traen consigo una amplia gama de hábitos tradicionales, cuyos efectos en la población aún tienen que ser estudiados. Se revisaron aquí los mecanismos de acción de las diversas adicciones asociadas etiológicamente con los cánceres de cabeza y cuello, con el fin de dar una visión global del problema asociado al uso de estas sustancias. Keywords: Osteogenic distraction, Distractor, Craniofacial surgery, Midface.

Agriculture is the primary activity which directly or indirectly influences the other activities. It play vital role to achieve the self-sufficiency in each sector or economy. Irrigation plays a crucial role in farming for those areas suffering from irregular pattern of rainfall. Rajasthan is the state of India which usually faces the drought condition as the monsoon gets fall. The farming in this state totally depends on the irrigation. This paper includes the district-wise distribution of cropping intensity and irrigation intensity including the comparison of 2013-2014 with the year 2006-2007.

Agricultural activities are integrated with climatic conditions and elements such as temperature, humidity, rainfall etc. Rainfall is the prominent feature of climate which directly or indirectly influences agricultural activities. The rainfall pattern and its erratic characteristics have been created problems for farmers as every year its pattern gets change. In India, more than 70% people rely on agriculture and allied activities for their survival. The farming in India totally depends on the mercy of rainfall distribution and intensity as the farmers are not aware about new technologies, tools and methods in farming. This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the rainfall variability in Jaipur district, which is situated in sub-humid region of Rajasthan.

For the former colony, decolonization is a dialogue with the colonial past, and not a simple dismantling of colonial habits and modes of life. Nowhere are the complexities and ambiguities of this dialogue more evident than in the vicissitudes of cricket in those countries that were once part of the British Empire. In the Indian case, the cultural aspects of decolonization deeply affect every domain of public life, from language and the arts to ideas about political representation and economic justice. ln every major public debate in contemporary India, one underlying strand is always the question of what to do with the shreds and patches of the Colonial heritage. Some of these patches are institutional; others are ideological and aesthetic.

In this article, we define and study generalized forms of extended matrix variate gamma and beta functions. By using a number of results from matrix algebra, special functions of matrix arguments and zonal polynomials we derive a number of properties of these newly defined functions. We also give some applications of these functions to statistical distribution theory.

En el artículo, escrito en 1998, se revisan los estudios antropológicos sobre violencia étnica que se habían llevado a cabo desde 1990. En estos estudios se había identificado la incertidumbre social como catalizador para este tipo de violencia, conclusión de la que se sirve para este análisis de la globalización. Siendo éste un fenómeno que no hace sino crear incertidumbres, la violencia étnica que se desencadena en este contexto resulta brutal.

In this article, we study several properties of extended Gauss hypergeometric and extended confluent hypergeometric functions. We derive several integrals, inequalities and establish relationship between these and other special functions. We also show that these functions occur naturally in statistical distribution theory. MSC: 33C90