Search

Introducción y objetivos: Bacopa (Plantaginaceae) representa el género con mayor número de especies de la tribu Gratioleae, ocupando una gran diversidad de ambientes húmedos en Sudamérica. El objetivo de este estudio es contribuir al conocimiento morfológico y taxonómico de las especies de Bacopa de Paraguay, aportando una clave de identificación para los taxones aceptados, descripciones morfológicas, ilustraciones botánicas, mapas de distribución, observaciones y estado de conservación a nivel de país. M&M: Los datos obtenidos se basan en el trabajo de campo y el examen de especímenes de herbario. El estado de conservación de las especies se evaluó en Paraguay, teniendo en cuenta sus distribuciones (criterio B), de acuerdo con las directrices de la UICN. Resultados/Conclusiones: Se registran para Paraguay 15 especies de Bacopa, una con dos variedades. Se citan los primeros registros de Bacopa australis y B. stricta para el país. Se presentan preliminarmente los estados de conservación de las especies y evaluaciones de distribución paraguaya. De los 15 taxones confirmados para Paraguay, 13 se encuentran con categoría de amenaza, 12 están en peligro (EN) y B. verticillata en peligro crítico (CR). Las especies se distribuyen en cinco ecorregiones, de las cuales el mayor número de especies (13) se encuentra en la región del Chaco Húmedo.

The use of renewable fuels, such as the biodiesel, can ease the demand of fossil fuel for the power generation and transportation fields in rural area. In this work, the performance impact of the application of castor oil biodiesel is evaluated with an automotive and a stationary diesel engine. The application of B20 and B10 biodiesel blends and pre-heated net biodiesel is considered. The viability of the employment of B10 and B20 blends to mobility and power generation was observed from dynamometric bench tests, where this blends performed similar to fossil diesel. With the pre-heated net biodiesel, however, a brake torque loss and a specific consumption increase were observed with relation to diesel fuel.

The tire inflation pressure, among other factors, determines the efficiency in which a tractor can exert traction. It was studied the effect of using two tire inflation pressures, 110.4 kPa in the front and rear wheels, 124.2 kPa in the front wheel and 138 kPa in the rear wheels, the energetic efficiency of an agricultural tractor of 147 kW of engine power, in the displacement speed of 6.0 km.h-1, on track with firm surface, with the tractor engine speed of 2000 rpm. For each condition of the tire pressure, the tested tractor was subjected to constant forces in the drawbar of 45 kN and 50 kN, covering 30 meters. It was used a randomized complete block with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (tire pressure and drawbar power) with four replications, totaling 16 experimental units. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, using the Tukey test at 5% probability for comparison averages. The lowest hourly and specific fuel consumption, the lowest slippage of the wheelsets and the highest efficiency in the drawbar was obtained with the tire inflation pressure of 110.4 kPa in the front and rear tires of the tractor, highlighting that lower pressures improve energetic and operational performance of the tractor.

The aim of the study was to synthesize the urea (13CO(NH2)2), with 99% 13C atoms, and to perform a quality analysis for the diagnosis (breath test) of Helicobacter pylori. Furthermore, the process was submitted to economic analysis. The reaction was performed in a stainless steel reactor, lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, under low pressure and temperature. The synthesis method was shown to be appropriate (2.35 g; 81.9% yield), evidenced by physico-chemical and microbiological results, according to Brazilian legislation. The production and diagnosis costs were competitive compared with national and international market values, rendering this a valuable tool in clinical medicine.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Depois da introdução das agulhas de fino calibre (26G, 27G e 29G) e a conseqüente diminuição da incidência de cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter, a raquianestesia vem sendo cada dia mais empregada. Suas complicações são pouco freqüentes. Recentemente, entretanto, foi observada uma complicação aparentemente rara, de fratura da agulha durante punção subaracnóidea. O objetivo deste relato é registrar o fato e aventar as possíveis causas e sua prevenção. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, 90 kg, 175 cm, portador de hipertensão arterial sistêmica crônica e insuficiência renal crônica apresentou-se, em caráter de urgência, para transplante renal. Foi proposta a administração de morfina subaracnóidea visando analgesia pós-operatória. Inicialmente tentou-se, sem sucesso, punção em L3-L4 com agulha 27G, seguiu-se tentativa de punção em L2-L3 quando se percebeu deformação da agulha. Ao ser retirada a agulha partiu-se, permanecendo um fragmento de 43 mm no ligamento interespinhoso de L2-L3, confirmado por fluoroscopia. Foi induzida anestesia geral e procedeu-se exploração cirúrgica guiada por fluoroscopia com retirada do fragmento da agulha. A seguir, o transplante renal foi realizado sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: A diminuição do calibre das agulhas, que trouxe a vantagem da redução da incidência de cefaléia pós-punção da dura-máter, fez também com que elas se tornassem mais frágeis. Em casos onde os ligamentos são mais resistentes e a punção tentada mais de uma vez, pode haver deformação do material que fica susceptível a quebra. Conclui-se que em situações em que há resistência aumentada à passagem da agulha ou dificuldade de punção, o risco de sua deformação e a possibilidade de fratura devem ser confrontados com as vantagens do uso de agulhas de fino calibre.JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Después de la introducción de las agujas de calibre fino (26G, 27G y 29G) y la consecuente disminución de la incidencia de cefalea pos-punción de dura-máter, la raquianestesia viene siendo cada día más empleada. Sus complicaciones son poco frecuentes. Recientemente, sin embargo, fue observada una complicación aparentemente rara, de fractura de la aguja durante punción subaracnóidea. El objetivo de este relato es registrar el hecho y exponer las posibles causas y su prevención. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 53 años, 90 kg, 175 cm, portador de hipertensión arterial sistémica crónica e insuficiencia renal crónica se presentó, en carácter de urgencia, para trasplante renal. Fue propuesta la administración de morfina subaracnóidea con la finalidad de analgesia pós-operatoria. Inicialmente se intentó, sin éxito, punción en L3-L4 con aguja 27G, se siguió una tentativa de punción en L2-L3, cuando se percibió deformación de la aguja. Al ser retirada la aguja se partió, permaneciendo un fragmento de 43 mm en el ligamento interespinoso de L2-L3, confirmado por fluoroscopia. Fue inducida anestesia general y se procedió a una exploración quirúrgica guiada por fluoroscopia con retirada del fragmento de la aguja. A continuación, el trasplante renal fue realizado sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: La disminución del calibre de las agujas, que trajo la ventaja de la reducción de la incidencia de cefalea después de punción de la dura-máter, hizo también con que ellas se volviesen más débiles. En casos donde los ligamentos son más fuertes y la punción intentada más de una vez, puede haber deformación del material que se pone quisquilloso a la quiebra. Se concluye que en situaciones en las que hay resistencia aumentada por el pasaje de la aguja o dificultad de punción, el riesgo de su deformación y la posibilidad de fractura deben ser afrontados con las ventajas del uso de agujas de fino calibre.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: After fine spinal needles (26G, 27G and 29G) introduction and consequent decrease in post dural puncture headache, spinal anesthesia is being increasingly used. Its complications are uncommon however recently we have observed a seemingly unusual complication: needle fracture during spinal puncture. This report aimed at describing the fact and at pointing its possible causes in addition to its prevention. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 53 years old, 90 kg, 175 cm, with chronic systemic hypertension and renal failure presented for emergency renal transplantation. Spinal morphine was proposed for postoperative analgesia. Puncture at L3-L4 with 27G needle was attempted without success, and was followed by attempt at L2-L3 when needle deformation was observed. Needle has broken at removal, leaving behind a 43 mm fragment in the L2-L3 interspinous ligament, which was confirmed by fluoroscopy. General anesthesia was induced and fragment was removed by fluoroscopic surgical exploration. Renal transplantation was then performed uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased needle gauge has decreased post dural puncture headache but has also made needles fragiles. When ligaments are more resistant and puncture is attempted more than once there may be material stress leading to needle fracture. In conclusion, when there is increased resistance to needle introduction and puncture difficulty, the risk of deformation and potential fracture should be balanced against fine needle advantages.