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In conjunction with Mimar Sinan’s autobiographical memoirs, Ca’fer Efendi’s Risāle-i Mi'māriyye (Book on Architecture), penned around 1614, represents a unique primary source, not only within the Ottoman Empire but also in the broader Islamic world. Despite being one of the few texts authored by a scholar exploring the intricate interplay between architecture, diverse knowledge modalities, and artistic practices, the manifold implications and underlying aspirations of the Risāle, in terms of its connection to book cultures and writing traditions, remain inadequately comprehended. This article endeavors to shed light on specific sections from the Risāle, aiming to elucidate the ethical, social, and intellectual incentives that impelled a scholar like Ca’fer Efendi to undertake the writing of a book on architecture and the life of the chief architect, Mehmed Agha. To commence, we shall delve into the Risāle’s intended audience, considering the perspective of both its author, a member of the erudite class, and his patron, Mehmed Agha. Subsequently, we will probe how Ca’fer Efendi endeavored to underscore the architect’s and architecture’s social and ethical significance within his work, catering to his scholarly readership. This article will further explore the perception of architecture as a conduit for wisdom and knowledge, a rationale that elevated its standing within the hierarchy of sciences and ultimately facilitated a scholar’s authorship of a dedicated architectural book. Finally, we will delve into how an architectural publication transcended the realm of mere readerly pleasure, evolving into an integral component of Ottoman gift culture, thereby fostering the notion of architecture as a gift to society.

In recent years, the number of minor migrants, both accompanied and unaccompanied, arriving in European countries increased significantly. The impact of newcomers on the school systems of various European countries has highlighted problems in education continuity and in the accomplishment of educational goals. Relying on the preliminary data from the Erasmus+ KA2 project “Continugee” in Italy and Greece, this paper analyses the current policies and practices used in refugee children education. In addition to policy analysis, interviews with families, teachers and professionals operating in migrant shelters and schools were conducted, aimed to address both institutional and relational dimensions of schooling and to point out good practices in educational incorporation of refugee youth. Research shows that – notwithstanding a common concern throughout Europe, national and local regulations, and local practices do affect their access to quality education. Age limits, gender gaps, location of shelters, lack of adequate institutional educational facilities and of professional training make effective educational placement and continuity difficult. Schools have a very different level of effectiveness and European policy innovation is often jeopardized by lack of resources and staff motivation. Recognition of qualifications and skills, a supported participation into mainstream education, and a participatory approach with families and guardians are essential for effective school integration. Keywords: refugee, minors, education, training, policy, European

Objective. This study was conducted retrospectively to assess the cystic echinococcosis status of farm animals from the samples sent to Samsun Veterinary Control Institute of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, between January 2016 and December 2022. Materials and Methods. A total of 818 sheep, 160 goats, and 990 cattle necropsy materials were examined macroscopically and histopathologically according to World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines. Cysts were detected in 61 of examined materials. Results. The rate of total cystic echinococcosis positivity in farm animals was found to be 3.1% in northern Türkiye. Cysts were detected in at least one of the liver and lungs. It was detected in the liver in 24 cases (39.3%), the lung in 23 cases (37.7%), and both the lung and liver in 11 cases (18%). In addition, cysts were found in both of lung and spleen (1 case), kidney and liver (1 case), and heart and liver (1 case). The positivity rate was higher in sheep than in other ruminants, and the difference with other ruminant species was statistically significant. (p

The essential and fatty oils were investigated and a quantitative analysis of the root, green and stem parts of F. Longipedunculata was performed by GC-MS and HPLC-TOF/MS and their antioxidant (DPPH method) activities and potential binding of phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were determined using Molegro Virtual Docker software. In the root part of the plant, the prominent components of oil were β-phellandrene (53.46%), ocimene (6.79%), 4-terpineol (5.94%) and santalol (5.03%). According to the quantitative results, vanillic acid (141.35 mg/kg), ferulic acid (126.19 mg/kg) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (119.92 mg/kg) were found in the roots; quercetin-3-β-O-glycoside (1737.70 mg/kg), quercetin (531.35 mg/kg) and ferulic acid (246.22 mg/kg) were found in the in the green part; and fumaric acid (2100.21 mg/kg), quercetin-3-β-O-glycoside (163.24 mg/kg), vanillic acid (57.59 mg/kg) were detected in the stem part. The antioxidant activity of all parts of the plant was higher than the control with BHT. Silibinin, rutin, and neohesperidin exhibited a stronger affinity than nucleotides. In the silico analysis, many of the phytochemicals were attached with strong hydrogen-bonds and electrostatic effects to the amino acids to which nucleotides are bound. The results indicated that the plant showed antioxidant effects and can be effective against SARS-CoV-2 thanks to the different phytochemical compounds it contains.

The Square (2017) es una película de Ruben Ostlund en la que irónicamente critica el estado del individuo en la sociedad moderna en la que nació. Ruben Ostlund desarrolló el filme bajo la influencia de la filosofía de la Ilustración y, por este motivo, se enfoca en la razón. En nuestro estudio de esta película, pondremos en evidencia, con referencia a algunos conceptos de Jean Baudrillard, Arhur Danto y Donald Kuspits, que el arte contemporáneo —que se ha convertido en un producto y un objeto de consumo— ha perdido su significado. Asimismo, analizaremos la relación entre la Ilustración, el individuo y sus formas actuales, teniendo como referencia conceptos planteados por Max Horkheimer y Pankaj Mishra.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the optimum agricultural policy components for buffalo breeding respecting the welfare of breeders. The data used for the study was composed of microdata retrieved from buffalo breeders in Turkish provinces, where buffalo breeding is widespread. The data retrieved via face to face survey was analyzed and interpreted with descriptive statistics and Conjoint Analysis, which is one of the multivariate analysis techniques. In this study, we investigated and discussed the scope of supporting policies provided to buffalo breeders to promote buffalo breeding and to assure its sustainability. Besides, this research is a preliminary and innovative study that intended to focus on breeders' utility in the evaluation of supports provided to buffalo breeding. According to the findings, the most critical factor for buffalo breeders in terms of producer-oriented policy framework appeared as “subsidy in cash paid per head” (32.10%), which was followed by “investment support” with 21.25%. In addition to these tools, “marketing support” (16.51%), “product support” (16.18%), and “investment credit” (13.96%) appeared as essential and vital policy tools.

Los implantes habituales en aplicaciones biomédicas como el Ti y sus aleaciones y el acero inoxidable 316L pueden dañar los tejidos circundantes, ocasionando infecciones. Para evitar este riesgo, es necesario producir materiales de implantes de nueva generación que sean más ligeros que los biomateriales existentes, en los que las propiedades mecánicas y estructura sean similares al hueso. En este estudio, el material de implante de aleación de Mg AZ91 se obtiene mediante un procedimiento pulvimetalúrgico. Adicionalmente, para mejorar la biocompatibilidad y bioactividad, el material de implante obtenido se recubrió con hidroxiapatita (HA), conocido como biomaterial de base cerámica. Se aplicó un revestimiento de HA a la superficie de la aleación utilizan el método de deposición electroforética. Se examinaron las propiedades superficiales y la resistencia a la corrosión. Los valores de voltaje aplicados en el proceso de recubrimiento fueron 100, 150, 200 y 250 V, durante un tiempo de 2 min. Se utilizaron productos químicos de HA, etanol, alcohol polivinílico (PVA), N, N-dimetilformamida para preparar la solución de revestimiento. Se analizaron las microestructuras de los recubrimientos mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y se realizaron análisis elementales (EDS) de las superficies del recubrimiento. Se utilizó el método de difracción de rayos X (XRD) para determinar las fases de los recubrimientos y su concentración. Finalmente, se determinaron los valores de espesor del revestimiento y la rugosidad superficial. El comportamiento frente a la corrosión se determinó mediante la medida de potencial de corrosión, utilizando como electrolito un fluido corporal artificial.

En este estudio, se analiza la sinterabilidad de composites de matriz de aluminio reforzados con WC 1, 3, 5, 9 y 15% (en peso) y obtenidos por inducción rápida y métodos tradiconales. El procedimiento seguido fue, en primer lugar, presionar mediante un método de prensado en frío no axial con una presión de 200 MPa. Algunas de estas muestras patrones se sinterizaron mediante un método de sinterización por inducción rápida a ultra alta frecuencia, durante 300 s a temperatura de 600 °C. Otras muestras se sinterizaron a 600 °C durante 1800 s. Se midieron los valores de densidad y dureza de los composites sinterizados y se ensayaron las propiedades microestructurales, y el comportamiento de abrasión y de fricción. Se observó que si se aumentaba la relación de refuerzo de WC la resistencia a la abrasión y el coeficiente de fricción tambien aumentaban. Finalmente, el estudio mostró que la sinterización a ultra alta frecuencia es una alternativa tan válida como el método tradicional de obtención de composites de Al-WC.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pomegranate seed flour (PSF) on dough and bread quality. PSF with 15.66% protein, 18.24% lipid, 52.22% dietary fiber, 40.60 g/kg GAE total phenolic and 1049.10 IC50 = μg/ml antiradical activity was substituted for bread wheat flour at 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% levels. While 5% PSF did not show any significant effect on water absorption, stability and pressure increased and development time and extensibility decreased as addition level increased. With the addition of PSF in wheat flour, decreases were observed in volumes, widths, heights and brightness of breads, while increases were detected in dietary fiber, a and b values and textural properties such as hardness and chewiness. The study demonstrated that fiber-enriched bread with good sensory and technological quality could be produced by substituting wheat flour with 5% of PSF.

La industria aeroespacial y del automóvil están necesitadas de materiales que combinen varias características, tales como bajo peso, elevada resistencia mecánica, alta resistencia a la corrosión y al desgaste. Las propiedades de las aleaciones de aluminio se pueden mejorar enormemente mediante el refuerzo utilizando partículas cerámicas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el efecto del envejecimiento por precipitación en el endurecimiento y el porcentaje de masa de partículas de SiC en la dureza y resistencia al desgaste de los compuestos de matriz de aluminio 6061, fabricados mediante prensado en caliente. Los compuestos se trataron en solución a 530 °C durante 1,5 h y luego se envejecieron artificialmente a 160 °C durante 18 h. La prueba de desgaste mediante un disco de bola se llevó a cabo con una carga 2 N y utilizando una bola de alúmina. La densidad de los compuestos se determinó de acuerdo con el principio de Arquímedes. La porosidad aumentó a medida que se incrementó el refuerzo de SiC. La dureza y la resistencia al desgaste mejoraron con las partículas de SiC y el envejecimiento. La dureza máxima y la pérdida de desgaste mínima se obtuvieron en muestras tratadas térmicamente que contenáin un 20% en peso de refuerzo de SiC.

ABSTRACT This study estimates the technical efficiency of goat rearing in the province of Isparta in Turkey using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The data used were collected from 92 goat farmers using the stratified sampling method by means of a questionnaire. The technical efficiency of the goat farming varied widely between 0.13 and 1.00. The mean efficiency of 92 goat farms was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.66 for constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, respectively. The greatest slacks were in feedstuff concentrates and labour used. The most significant factors affecting efficiency of goat production were farmer experience, cooperative membership, milk yield per goat, and family and hired labour. Technical efficiency should be improved by providing farmers with well-organised education, an extension program, and research and development programs on goat rearing.

ABSTRACT We assessed the effects of different amounts of water-treated black tea waste (BTW) in the diets of laying hens on performance, egg quality, yolk peroxidation, and blood parameters in this study. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, during which a total of 108 Lohman layers, of 24 weeks old, were randomly allocated to one of six dietary treatments (18 hens each); each treatment consisted of six replicate cages, each containing three hens. Experimental animals were fed a commercial diet that contained 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% BTW in place of wheat bran. Providing BTW in diets for laying hens, instead of wheat bran, did not have a significant effect on egg production, egg weight, or body weight change. As the amount of BTW in the diet increased, feed intake, cracked egg rates, and feed conversion ratio linearly increased. Additionally, use of BTW in diets of laying hens did not influence some egg quality parameters, such as shape index or shell strength. Increasing proportions of BTW in the diet, however, had a quadratic effect on yolk color and shell weight, a linear effect on yolk index and shell thickness, and a cubic effect on albumen index and Haugh unit. In response to increasing BTW percentage, there were no differences in blood parameters except for albumen, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase levels. Malondialdehyde values in the egg yolks obtained from treatment groups fed diets containing BTW at different levels and stored for 14 and 28 days were lower than in those of the control group, but there were no differences at 56 days. Results of our study showed that supplementing diets of laying hens with different levels of water-treated BTW did not have adverse effects on either animal performance or egg quality parameters and resulted in strong antioxidative activity. Consequently, BTW may be used to replace up to 100% of wheat bran in the diets of laying hens, but the best outcomes are observed at 4% BTW level.

El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar las propiedades mecánicas y tribológicas de refuerzos de dióxido de titanio (TiO2) en una matriz de aluminio (Al). Se utilizó aluminio de pureza 99,8% reforzado con TiO2 ensayándose cinco cantidades diferentes de dióxido de titanio. Se mezcló polvo de aluminio y TiO2 en un molino de bolas durante 30 min, utilizando un mezclador con eje descentrado. La mezcla se compactó mediante la técnica de prensado en frío a una presión de 250 MPa. Se utilizaron dos métodos diferentes para el sinterizado. El compactado en verde se sinterizó a 600 ºC durante 300 s en atmósfera ambiental con un sistema de inducción de ultra alta frecuencia (UHFIS) y con un horno convencional a 600 °C durante 1800 s. Las propiedades mecánicas y micro-estructurales de las muestras se compararon utilizando diferentes cantidades de refuerzo. La dureza máxima se observó para un refuerzo con 5% en peso de TiO2.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to present the current situation of water buffalo breeding in Turkey, determine the relevant problems, and propose suggestions for its improvement. The research data were collected at the “Focus Group Interviews” with the sector actors from the cities engaged in buffalo breeding between July and September of 2015. The cities included Afyonkarahisar, Bitlis, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Muş, Samsun, and Tokat, where buffalo breeding was usually practiced by small-scale family enterprises that used traditional husbandry methods. The variables chosen as indicators of yield included milk yield, meat yield, and lactation period, which were found to be below global averages. The study revealed lack of adequate record-keeping of enterprises raising water buffalo. Buffalo breeders should take necessary steps to improve their strategies to increase buffalo milk yield, while government agencies should protect wetlands and prevent their unintended use, making relevant legal arrangements where necessary. Buffalo meat and milk should be promoted with an emphasis on their superior nutritional values. For the development of buffalo breeding in Turkey, necessary steps should be taken on both national and local levels.

Since the onset of the commercial application of soilless culture, this production approach has evoluted at a fast pace, gaining popularity among growers throughout the world. As a result, a lot of information has been developed by growers, advisors, researchers, and suppliers of equipment and substrate. This study aimed to determine the cost and return of soilless greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production and to prepare a sample budget for growers. Soilless cultivation is an alternative production method for Turkish growers and it is being practised on a commercial basis on 180 ha. Cost and return budgets can be useful for growers because they allows growers to compare total production cost and revenue varying grower type, production time, geographical location, operation size, and cost structure. Growers can identify items in their budget that have a greater effect on profitability, and make adjustments. In this study, economic aspects of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production was analysed as comparative. Total costs were subtracted from total gross revenue to calculate the net return of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production. The cost items of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production were initial investment costs, variable costs, and fixed costs. Net return obtained from cucumbers grown in a mixture of perlite and zeolite was determined as € 1.84 m-2, whereas it was € 1.48 m-2 in conventional soil-based production. Production and market risks both affect profitability and economic viability of soilless grown vegetables.Desde o início da implantação de cultivos comerciais sem solo suas técnicas de produção tem evoluido em ritmo acelerado, ganhando popularidade entre agricultores de todo o mundo. Como resultado, uma grande quantidade de informação tem sido desenvolvida pelos produtores, consultores, pesquisadores e fornecedores de equipamentos e substratos. Determinaram-se o custo e retorno financeiro da produção de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e preparou-se um exemplo de orçamento para produtores. Na Turquia o cultivo sem solo é um método alternativo de produção para agricultores e é praticado em bases comerciais em 180 hectares. Por conseguinte, avaliações de custos e retornos podem ser úteis para produtores porque permitem aos mesmos comparar o custo total da produção e o retorno segundo variações de tipo de olericultor, tempo de produção, localização geográfica, tamanho do empreendimento e custo das estruturas. Os produtores podem assim identificar quais itens em seus orçamantos tem maior efeito na rentabilidade e fazer ajustes. Nesse estudo aspectos econômicos de cultivos de pepino em casas de vegetação sem solo e com solo foram analisados e comparados.Os custos totais foram subtraidos das receitas brutas para fins de cálculo do retorno líquido de produções de pepino em cultivos com e sem solo. Os custos dos itens dos cultivos com e sem solo foram: investimentos iniciais, custos variáveis e custos fixos. O retorno líquido obtido pelos produtores de pepino cultivados em um substrato de perlita e zeolita foi de € 1.84 m-2 e de € 1.48 m-2 para o cultivo convencional com solo. Contudo, riscos de produção e de mercado afetam a rentabilidade e viabilidade econômica de hortaliças cultivadas sem solo.

The developments in and broad use of computer technologies have brought fundamental changes to the ways in which architecture/engineering/construction (AEC) professionals collaborate and design, partially because the developments in technology achieved the creation of computer tools that are technically and financially feasible to use. Technological developments have not only provided new opportunities and possibilities for design but have also contributed to the complexity of many design processes. In this paper we present an experiment that studies communication between two designers using four different technologies. In addition, their verbal communication activities are compared using protocol analysis. The findings of this study provide a clearer understanding of the implications of working collaboratively in a design team in virtual design contexts. Our studies have shown that designers are able to adapt to different environments, from the traditional face-to-face environment to a variety of virtual environments, and still be able to communicate and collaborate. DOI: 10.3763/aedm.2008.0088 Published in the Journal AEDM - Volume 5, Number 3, 2009 , pp. 107-123(17)

Abstract A 68 year-old male patient was hospitalized for radical prostatectomy. He had no abnormal medical history including neurological deficit before the operation. Prior to general anesthesia, an epidural catheter was inserted in the L3-4 interspace for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. After surgery for nine hours, he developed confusion and flaccid paralysis of bilateral lower extremities occurred. No pathology was detected from cranial computed tomography and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging no pathology was detected. His thoracic/lumbar magnetic resonance imaging. Intraabdominal pressure was shown to be 25 mmHg, and abdominal ultrasonography revealed progression in the inflammation/edema/hematoma in the perirenal region. The Bromage score was back to 1 in the right foot on the 24th hour and in the left foot on the 26th hour. Paraplegia developed in patients after epidural infusion might be caused by potentiated local anesthetic effect due to retroperitoneal hematoma and/or elevated intra-abdominal pressure.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyse the socio-economic structure of water buffalo farming in the province of Muş, in Turkey. The stratified sampling method was used to calculate sample size of buffalo farms in the Central, Korkut, and Hasköy districts of Muş province, where buffalo farming is widespread. Data were collected from the 94 farms by surveys in the 2013 production period. A single budget analysis method was used to calculate production cost and profit for water buffaloes. Plant production constituted 37.85% of the gross production value, while animal production accounted for 62.15%. The biggest share in the gross production value derived from water buffalo farming (45.71%). Fixed and variable costs were 51.44% and 48.56% of the production cost (USD11691.06), respectively. The largest part of the variable cost was the feed cost (75.81%). The cost of per kilogram buffalo milk in the region was calculated as USD0.64. Consequently, it is important to ensure the continuation of breeding studies to increase milk yield, giving information to farmers about modern techniques, developing policies to increase the scale of the farms, and implementing regional and national policies to increase awareness of buffalo milk and milk products.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to calculate costs of milk production, gross production value, gross margin, absolute profit, and relative profit of dairy cattle farms located in the provinces of east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Primary data were collected from 148 dairy cattle farms designated using the Neyman Stratified Sampling method through surveys. Dairy farms were classified into four groups according to the number of cows. The data belong to the 2012 production season. A single product budget analysis method was used for calculating production costs. According to the results, variable costs amounted to 65.91% of total production costs. Feed cost (86.52%) was the main component of variable costs. The cost of 1 kg of milk, on average, was calculated as USD 0.261. The cost of milk was USD 0.499 on group 1 farms, USD 0.399 on group 2 farms, USD 0.272 on group 3 farms, and USD 0.233 on group 4 farms. Among the farms under study, average gross margin value was negative only on group 1 farm, and positive in all other groups. Absolute profit value was positive only on group 4 farm, and negative in all other groups. The average relative profit of the farms was 0.9067. The expansion of dairy farms could be reached by reducing the feed cost as well as increasing the scale of farms.