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Introduction: The syndrome of pudendal nerve entrapment (SANP) is widely unknown and often misdiagnosed or confused with other diseases. It was first described by Amarenco in 1987. The classic clinical manifestation is pudendal neuralgia, a neuropathic pain in the genital area., Objectives: To make known its existence to the urology professionals through a systematic review of existing literature and its potential for diagnosis and treatment., Material and Methods: We performed a literature search through the database Pubmed using the terms Pudendal nerve, Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome, Pelvic floor neuropathic pain, Pelvic floor myofascial syndrome, Pudendal nerve decompression. Also, selected works in English, Spanish and French, also reviewing the articles relate this work., Results: We develop the highlights of the syndrome: anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, ecodoppler of internal pudendal artery, electrophysiological studies, diagnostic criteria, medical therapy, physical therapy treatments and surgery., Conclusion: It is an uncommon cause of pain in the pelvic floor and greatly affects quality of life of patients. Today, we have diagnostic and therapeutic tools that allow us to treat this disabling syndrome with good results.

Introduction: Myofascial pain syndrome in the pelvic floor is a very common condition in the urological field and is often ignored or misdiagnosed., Objectives: To present the prevalence of this syndrome to professionals of urology through a systematic review of existing literature and its potentials for diagnosis and treatment., Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search through the database "Pubmed" using the terms "Trigger points", "myofascial pain", "referred pain", "infiltrations" and "physical therapy", to which we add the term "pelvic floor". Then, we select the works in English, Spanish and French that we might like., Results: We develop the highlights of the syndrome: anatomy, etiology, anatomical-clinical correlation, epidemiology, perpetuating factors, diagnosis, medical therapy and physiotherapy treatment., Conclusion: It is the most common cause of pain in the pelvic floor and greatly affects quality of life of patients. Nowadays, we have diagnostic and therapeutic tools that allow us to treat this disabling syndrome with good results.

Objective: We report one case of renal angiomyolipoma with three characteristics: renal sinus origin, inferior vena cava tumor thrombus reaching the right atrium and Budd-Chiari syndrome., Methods: The characteristics of the case are presented and discussed., Results/conclusions: Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor. It is an uncommon tumor (2-6.4% of all kidney tumors), with a female predominance. Angiomyolipoma most often originate from the renal parenchyma but they can rarely originate from the renal sinus. They can involve the renal vein, the inferior vena cava and even the right atrium as a tumor thrombus. Angiomyolipoma commonly present as an incidental finding on radiographic studies, but the clinical presentation varies from flank pain to fatal pulmonary tumor embolism. The Budd-Chiari syndrome is an extremely rare presentation. Because of the risk of potentially fatal cardiopulmonary embolism and death, surgical treatment (radical nephrectomy plus tumor thrombectomy) of these lesions is indicated even when they are asymptomatic.

Radical prostatectomy (RP) is today, in any of its four approaches (perineal (PRP), retropubic (ARP), laparoscopic (LRP) or robotic (RRP), the standard surgical treatment in localized prostate cancer. It looks clear that the minimum invasive approaches (laparoscopy and robotics) are able to reduce hospital stay as well as blood loss and therefore transfusion requirement. Also, laparoscopic results at mid and robotics at short term, seem to indicate, that both are safe oncologically and able to obtain same or even superior, functional results. Our objective has been to evaluate the economic impact that these techniques have to consider their definitive implantation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of its potential implementation in our health system.

Robotic surgery is expanding little by little in urology. At present only few centers have incorporated this new technology in Spain but it is predictable that this number will exponentially increase in a near future. We described the experience of our center establishing and developing a program of robotic surgery that it is operating since July 2006. It is important to know some basic premises that it is compulsory to fulfill to reach optimal results.

Introduction: It is well known that radical prostatectomy (RP) is an excellent option in localized prostatic cancer especially from oncological control point of view. The efforts, during last decades, of the urological community in this field have been addressed in trying to improve functional outcomes (urinary and sexual morbidity) after the procedure. From the beginning of this century, three managements (open, robotic and laparoscopic) have been coexisting trying to get and prove the best results. The objective of this review has been to make the most exhaustive, rigorous and objective updating with the functional and oncological outcomes from the three (RP) techniques., Material and Methods: We have centered the comparison in four sections: perioperative, oncological outcomes, functional results and economic costs. With this purpose a systematic search was made in the following registers: PubMed, OVID, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, with the following terms: Retropubic RP. open RP, laparoscopic RP, robotic RP, Sexual function, urinary incontinence, quality of life, economic costs. At author's criteria, a total of 73 references were selected, that were individually analyzed., Results: Whatever the technique is, the mortality related to the procedure is extremely low, with little postoperative pain and minimum analgesic requirements. The oncological results are similar, measured in surgical margin terms: Open RP (14-20%), Laparoscopic RP (7.4-21.9%) and robotic RP (5.7-17.3%). Concerning functional results (sexual function and urinary continence), it is difficult to establish comparisons due to the multitude of existing byas (non randomized studies, different methods and measurement scales, different definitions, etc.) In the uni-insitutional studies, results seem to be equivalent., Conclusions: Laparoscopic and robotic RP series are still pending of mature outcomes, related to long term biochemical control and functional results. It seems that with these managements, blood loss and transfusion needs are minor compared to open surgery. Robotic technology adds very interesting advantages that could have an important role in homogenize the minimally invasive management, but are still pending of validation at medium and long term.

Objectives: To report the 7th case of pararenal angiomyolipoma published in the world literature and to review the international bibliography., Methods: We report the case of a 46-year-old female with history of renal colic and a complex mass on radiological tests., Results/conclusions: Extrarenal retroperitoneal angiomyolipoma is a rare pathology with no more than 7 published cases. The diagnostic difficulty and radiological similarities with liposarcoma make surgery the treatment of choice.

Objectives: To report one case of metachronous recurrence of idiopathic high flow priapism. METHODS. We describe the case of a 28-year-old male patient who presents with penile partial tumescence which started 10 hours before and history of a similar episode seven years before. Physical examination confirmed the clinical picture, with mild local discomfort on palpation. Blood tests were normal. Cavernous blood gases were compatible with arterial blood O2 saturation levels. The patient had a satisfactory progressive response to oral administration of diazepam. No pathologic findings were seen at the time of arteriography., Results: Complete resolution of the episode. Erectile function was satisfactorily preserved. There was no relapse after one year of follow-up., Conclusions: We remark the validity of a deferred therapeutic attitude in front of pictures of high flow priapism, as well as the possibility of resolution with conservative measures. We emphasize the peculiarities of this case, mainly its idiopathic character and the metachronous recurrence.

Renal leiomyoma is a benign mesenchymal tumour that, albeit very rare, has to be ruled out when a renal mass has been diagnosed. This tumour can arise from any organ of the genitourinary tract with smooth muscle cells, being the renal capsule the most frequent origin. As its behaviour is not aggressive, nephron-sparing surgery is indicated. However, as it is difficult to preoperatively differentiate the leiomyoma from the adenocarcinoma, the former is commonly diagnosed after examination of the entire organ surgically removed.

Objectives: To test the concordance between clinical and neurophysiologic data of the various types of erectile dysfunction, and to describe a diagnostic algorithm based on corpus cavernosum electromyography (cc-EMG)., Methods: 32 patients with a mean age of 50.6 years (typical deviation 13.2 years) referred with the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction underwent medical history, neuroandrologic physical exam, neurophysiologic studies (bulbocavernous muscle electromyography, S2-S4 latency period, threshold and latency of pudendal nerve somatosensory potentials, as well as genital sympathetic evoked potentials-SSR-), and corpus cavernosum electromyography(cc-EMG) both in basal conditions and after administration of 20 micrograms of E-1 prostaglandin (PGE-1)., Results: 1--A significative relationship was shown between clinical data of arterial or corpus cavernosum intrinsic origin erectile dysfunction and patients with vascular or structural lesion on cc-EMG data. 2--A significative relationship was shown between patients without previous pathologic history and patients with normal or anxiety cc-EMG. 3--No significative relationship was shown between patients with neurologic lesion and patients with autonomic lesion on cc-EMG. 4--No significative relationship was found between patients with peripheric neurologic lesion and patients with inferior autonomic lesion on cc-EMG. 5--A significative relationship was shown between patients with suprasacral neurologic lesion and patients with superior autonomical lesion on cc-EMG., Conclusions: Isolated application of pudendal nerve neurophysiologic techniques for the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction is not enough. Autonomic innervation studies should be included, with a cc-EMG dichotomic qualitative interpretation.

The urinary fistulas are not a frequent problem in our urological rutinary work, being the vesicovaginal ones the most common. However, it will be necessary to know them to be able to diagnose and treat them in the best way. In this article we classificate the different urinary fistulas (uro-gynecologicals, uro-vasculars, uro-cutaneous and entero-urinarys), explaining the possible etiologies and the correct management.

Objective: To determine the degree of association of detrusor-periurethral dyssynergia and detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia and if the voiding periurethral electromyographic (EMG) activity is also a valid method for diagnosing detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia., Methods: A clinical, videourodynamic and selective periurethral EMG study was performed in 24 patients (mean age 33 years) with spinal cord injury and hyperreflexia of the bladder., Results: The prevalence of bladder neck dyssynergia was 12.5% (3 cases) in this series. All patients with dyssynergic bladder neck also showed intermittent or sustained periurethral sphincter EMG activity. However, 15 patients showed increased intermittent or sustained voiding periurethral EMG activity that was not associated with detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia. Utilizing the videourodynamic demonstration of detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia as reference, selective periurethral EMG showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 29% for the diagnosis of detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia., Conclusions: The finding of bladder neck dyssynergia indicates the existence of detrusor-periurethral dyssynergia. However, not all cases of detrusor-periurethral sphincter dyssynergia is associated with bladder neck dyssynergia; therefore a videourodynamic study should be performed to rule out bladder neck dyssynergia in those patients with detrusor-periurethral sphincter dyssynergia. This is important in making the differential diagnosis and also has significant therapeutic repercussions.

Objective: To report a case of priapism secondary to leukemia, with special reference to the initial treatment in the emergency services., Methods: A 53-year-old male with chronic myeloid leukemia presented with prolonged involuntary painful erection of 12 hours' duration. The physical examination and particularly the cavernosal blood gas study, indicated low flow priapism. Punction-lavage of the corpora cavernosa was performed. Because complete response was not achieved with this procedure, adjuvant intracavernous methoxamine was administered., Results: Complete detumescence was achieved after the third dose of methoxamine. There was no recurrence and erectile function was preserved., Conclusions: We underscore the utility of combined cavernous lavage + adjuvant alpha-1 adrenergic agonist as initial therapy in priapism with this special etiology.

Objective: To report an additional case of paratesticular leiomyosarcoma., Methods: Herein we describe a 68-year-old male patient that presented with a growing, indolent, right inguinoscrotal lesion that he had noted several weeks earlier. Physical examination showed a mass involving the distal right spermatic cord and was confirmed by ultrasound and CT. Analyses were normal. Radical orchidectomy with high ligation of the right spermatic cord was performed., Results: Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a well-differentiated paratesticular leiomyosarcoma. Local recurrence was observed at 3 1/2 years' follow-up. Complete excision of the tumorous tissue was performed with no other adjuvant therapy. Six months thereafter, there is no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis., Conclusions: This tumor type is uncommon. Like other authors, we believe that orchifuniculectomy is the treatment of choice. Furthermore, adjuvant radio or chemotherapy does not significantly influence survival in these patients.

In spite of the development of non-invasive strategies, surgical treatment of the prostate (TURP) and, mostly transurethral resection, is the most effective choice for patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia who do not respond properly to pharmacological treatment. Absorption of hypotonic fluids used during TURP may cause hemodynamic and central nervous system disturbances. These symptoms, both taken separately or as a whole, are best known as "Transurethral prostatic resection syndrome" or "TURP syndrome". The original description of this syndrome dates from half a century ago; however, a number of items regarding its physiopathology and treatment remain unclear. We present a review of this pathological entity, compiling diagnostic and therapeutical approaches.

Objective: To analyze the series of patients who underwent replacement of their penile prosthesis between years 1990 to 1999, due to any kind of complication., Material and Methods: 85 patients underwent implantation, 13 different prosthesis models being utilized. It was replaced (once or more) in 15 of these patients (17.64%). The mean age at the moment of the replacement was 51.5 years. The most frequent surgical approach was the infrapubic one., Results: A total of 32 prosthesis-replacement interventions were carried out. The main causes were: mechanical failure (13 cases, 40.62%); infection (10 cases, 31.25%); and corpus cavernosum perforation (five cases, 15.62%). Progressive increase of complications incidence with regard to the ordinal number of the implanted prosthesis was not observed. Best overall results: Mentor Mark II and AMS 700 Ultrex Plus. At present day, only eight (53.33%) out of 15 reimplanted patients use their prosthesis with normality., Conclusions: Those patients who undergo replacement of their penile prosthesis are potential sources for later complications. Their knowledge and proper handling is important in order to a progressive improvement of the final results, (above all if--such as our case--these ones are not suitable for conformity).

We present an unusual case of single kidney metastasis from an primary esophageal neoplasm. Its main clinical and diagnostic topics are described. They made us consider him as a good candidate for surgery. The pathological study of the nephrectomy specimen was surprising. The postoperative period was unfortunate, however.

Objective: To study the utility of PSA density and predicted PSA results in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer using gland volume., Methods: 500 patients suspected as having prostatic cancer underwent ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy. Prostate volume and ultrasound characteristics, serum PSA density, predicted PSA and the difference between both were determined., Results: 44.8% of the patients showed evidence of cancer in the biopsy specimen. These patients had a significantly smaller prostate. The 0.1 and 0.15 PSA density cutoffs had a sensitivity of 96% and 94%, specificity of 10% and 20% and positive predictive value of 46% and 49%, respectively. The statistical values for PSA difference of 1 and 2 were 94% and 92%, 13% and 18%, 47% and 48%, respectively., Conclusion: PSA density and predicted PSA results could be useful to avoid biopsies in patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and no malignant tumor of the prostate.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to compare the hormonal changes and sexual activity between transplanted patients and patients in regular haemodialysis (HD)., Material and Methods: 130 patients, 98 RT carriers and 32 with CRF were evaluated with regard to the sexual function. The etiology of CRF is similar in both groups. All patients underwent hormonal determinations (FSH, LH, Prolactin, Testosterone, Oestradiol and PTH), complete serum testing and other diagnostic studies done selectively, 38 of 130 patients (14 in HD and 24 transplants) answered a personal questionnaire on sexual activity., Results: Oestradiol and prolactin levels are higher in the HD group compared to transplanted patients (p < 0.05). 70% of RT patients maintain their libido versus 35% of those in dialysis (p < 0.01). The former group refers good erection in 55% cases versus 21% of dialysis patients (p < 0.01). Intercourse frequency and degree of overall satisfaction is higher in the RT group (N.S.)., Conclusions: No significant differences were found in FSH, LH and testosterone levels. The normality of FSH levels may be a reflection of the integrity of the germinal line. 65% HD patients refer decreased or absent libido, to which the higher levels of prolactin and oestradiol found could contribute. No relationship was found between sexual function with the type of immunosuppression or the graft function.

Experimental studies and the clinical course have shown that bladder cancer is confined to the bladder wall for some time, during which optimal treatment by complete surgical excision can be achieved. Failures are most often due to the presence of distant metastasis at the time of surgery and most patients invariably die although local and regional control of the tumor have been achieved. It is difficult to evaluate the benefits that neoadjuvant measures (radio and chemotherapy) contribute to surgery, basically due to the difficulty in classifying the tumor with precision. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with less than a 40% likelihood of metastasis is unreasonable since 60% will not require it and will be unnecessarily exposed to the side effects of the cytostatic agents, which are not negligible. Furthermore, a considerable number of candidates to partial surgery have no metastasis at the time of diagnosis, therefore preoperative chemotherapy is not useful. It would be more reasonable to give chemotherapy postoperatively to those that are more likely to require it. Radiotherapy will not prevent tumor recurrence and is ineffective in carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, surgery is sufficiently aggressive in regard to the tumor and the possible dissemination to the lymphatics to require adjunctive measures with locoregional effects.

Objectives: Priapism induced by intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs is uncommon, easily managed and carries a very low risk of possible sequelae. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of postinjection priapism is discussed., Methods/results: The series of Schramer, Padma-Nathan, Levine and other authors are reviewed. The incidence of postinjection priapism has been found to be less than 0.5% in general, although the incidence has been reported to range from 3 to 12% when papaverine is used alone., Conclusions: Priapism induced by intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs is uncommon and easily managed. Treatment, however, should be instituted rapidly.

Prostate cancer is the most common neoplasia in males and, since it is curable only when detected in the early stages, it was estimated that screening would detect tumours in curable stages which would enhance the results in the fight against the disease. This, however, has not been elucidated since the condition's natural history in many cases unknown and it may be that unnecessary and iatrogenic overtreatment is being induced. The paper analyzes the various tests and diagnostic procedures available, primarily digital rectal examination, PSA determination, and transrectal ultrasound all used individually and in combination. Several unknown aspects await to be answered and many long-term studies continue to be necessary to explain whether early diagnosis of asymptomatic disease and subsequent treatment can improve life expectancy and quality of life as compared to plain treatment of symptomatic cases. We hope the answer will be available shortly and that we are "able to diagnose cancer in time but treat it only when we know it is required.

Augmentation and substitution erocystoplastias are currently widely accepted techniques for the treatment of several benign and malignant diseases. Appearance of neoplasia on the various gut segments used after a latency period ranging from 5 to 25 years following initial surgery has been described. The paper presents one case of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma initially located in the region of ureteral reimplantation, in a patient with augmentation cecocystoplastia performed as a result of vesical retraction secondary to genitourinary tuberculosis. Appearance of this type of neoplasia in an increasing population, quite often young, compels the urologist to keep a tight watch. Endoscopic monitoring of the new bladder is the most effective diagnostic procedure. A once-a-year endoscopy after an interval as yet not definitely established, but which could be around 10 years after initial enterocystoplastia, seems advisable at least in cases at higher risk.

Reporting the case of a patient diagnosed with an abscess of the seminal vesicle, treated successfully through parasacral transgluteal percutaneous aspiration lead by computerized axial tomography (CAT). This represents the first case in the literature of percutaneous access to the seminal vesicles through this route. CAT is an effective diagnostic test which makes non-surgical treatment for this type of abscess simpler. A review is made of the literature with regard to the etiology, diagnosis and therapy of seminal vesicle abscesses.