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Ticks play the main role, in veterinary terms, in transmitting important pathogens. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a widespread tick known for its ability to thrive in indoor environments and could be the main reservoir host for many TBDs. In this study, the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil was evaluated against R. sanguineus. The aerial part of this plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield obtained from this oil was 0.38%, its major chemical compounds were found to be Camphor (43.52%), Eucalyptol (13.66%), and Camphene (13.2%). The adult immersion test (AIT) using four concentrations (1µl/ml,2µl/ml,10µl/ml, 30µl/ml) revealed that this oil presented oviposition reduction percentages of 5.75%, 20.68%, 33.27%, and 46.84%, hatching reductions percentages of 5%, 15%, 35%, and 60%, and efficacy extract percentages of 10.46%, 32.58%, 56.63%, and 78.74% Further, the larval immersion test (LIT) using five concentrations (0.5µl/ml,1µl/ml, 2µl/ml, 3µl/ml, and 5µl/ml) revealed considerable larvicidal activities with LC50 and LC90 values of 2.286 µl/ml and 5.380 µl/ml, respectively. These results are encouraging and open interesting and promising horizons for its application as a bio-acaricide.

ABSTRACT: Muslim civilization built a state on the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus, which persisted for eight centuries from the 8th century, in relation to and in contact with the Christian kingdoms gradually emerging in the northern part of the peninsula. Examining the history of Spain in the mediaeval era involves revisiting the history of Al-Andalus and the nascent Christian kingdoms with contrasting historiographies. Here, we focus on the use of concepts related to the Middle Ages, which have sparked controversies today, necessitating a revision. Among the numerous terms, we specifically concentrate on the concepts of Conquest and Reconquest. The objective of our research is to define and historically situate these concepts (Conquest/Reconquest) used in various political contexts, which seem to respond to specific circumstances and ideologies that vary from one historian to another. If the term Reconquista is currently a subject of controversy in the world of historiography, so is the term Conquest, as they are interconnected by historical events. The Reconquista is tied to the emergence of the Spanish nation and the crafting of a renewed history of Spain. On the other hand, the Muslim conquest is the foundation that led to the creation of a Muslim state in Christian Western Europe during the mediaeval period, leaving lasting imprints on various aspects of life for centuries. The realisation and approval of this investigation have required a historical, analytical, and comparative method. RESUMEN: La civilización musulmana construyo un estado en la Península Ibérica, denominado al Ándalus, que desde el siglo VIII se mantuvo durante ocho siglos en relación y contacto con los reinos cristianos que, poco a poco, se fueron construyendo en el Norte peninsular. Tratar la historia de España en la época medieval es en consecuencia volver sobre la historia de al Ándalus y los nacientes reinos cristianos, cuyas historiografías en contraste. Aquí nos referimos al uso de conceptos sobre la Edad Media, que hoy día han suscitado polémicas por la necesidad de revisarlos. Entre tantos términos nos focalizamos sobre los conceptos, Conquista y Reconquista. Pues, el objetivo de nuestra investigación es definir y situar históricamente los conceptos (Conquista/Reconquista), empleados en diversos contextos políticos, que parecen obedecer a ciertas circunstancias, e ideologías que difieren de un historiador a otro. Si el término Reconquista es actualmente objeto de polémica en el mundo de la historiografía, lo es también el de Conquista, por ser relacionados por los hechos. La Reconquista está ligada al surgimiento de la nación española, y a la confección de una renovada historia de España, la conquista musulmana por su parte es el gremio que dio lugar a la creación de un estado musulmán en el Occidente cristiano en la época medieval, durante siglos dejando huellas en diversos aspectos de la vida. La realización y aprobación de dicha indagación ha exigido un método histórico, analítico y comparativo.

Artemisia herba-alba Asso (A. herba-alba) (Asteraceae) is widely used in herbal medicine as it is a mine of natural molecules such as davanone, which is an interesting product on the international market. The present research proposes a method for controlling the late larval (L4) and pupal stages of Culex pipiens based on the essential oil of A. herba-alba. The aerial part of this plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (CPG/SM) to determine its chemical composition. Three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 μl/ml) were prepared and directly tested on larvae (L4) and pupae under laboratory conditions to measure LC50, LC90, LT50, and LT90 values. The yield obtained in this study was 1.5%. Further, the analysis showed that the oil of A. herba-alba is a davanone chemotype that consists mainly of davanone (48.8%). The efficiency of this essential oil for toxicological parameters (LC50 and LC90) were 3.278 μl/ml and 7.573 μl/ml for larvae, and 1.213 μl/ml and 2.288 μl/ml for pupae. This study indicates that the essential oil of A. herba-alba has toxic properties for Cx. pipiens larvae and pupae. These results are encouraging and open up exciting and promising horizons for its application in the production of bioinsecticides.

The Amarna diplomacy (ca. 1365–1330 BCE) has been of interest for specialists ever since the discovery of the Amarna letter collection in the late 19th century. While it can be considered as one of the great archaeolo-gical discoveries of all time, it has largely remained out of academic purview in the field of International Relations (IR). IR scholarship continues to turn to the Greco-Roman experience in its attempt to delineate the chronological framework of the discipline. Far from being an anecdote in international history, this article aims to analyze what the letters convey for a student of world politics. What comes out of these missives through textual analysis of the primary sources is not only the various demands, wishes and security concerns of the actors involved but also classical IR themes such as power balancing, security dilemma and international anarchy. While there are question marks and lacunas, this paper asserts that the ancient Near Eastern world constituted an international arena where we see the makings of a genuine system of states more than a millennium before the writings of Thucydides. The Amarna letters, although incomplete, are a gateway to gain deeper synergy between IR theory and international history.