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This paper argues that the nature of the bilingual education debate, represents a drama of societal self-definition. On one hand the commitment to preserve traditional power structures, and on the other, the desire to live up to theideals upon which the U.S.was founded. The latter implies the creation of a society where equality, freedom and justice represent more than just empty rhetoric. In order to build his case, the author examines the historical context of minority education in the U.S. and the surface text of the arguments both for and against the effectiveness of bilingual education. He concludes that the fundamental causes of minority students' school failure are rooted in socio historical processes of minority group disempowerment. The ways are outlined in which schools have traditionally reflected the societal power structure and rationalized the education disablement of minority students. An invention framework designed to reverse this pattern and prevent minority student academic failure is proposed. However, the author cautions that the implementation of empowerment pedagogy is unlikely to be facilitated by the dominant group because, almost by definition. empowerment pedagogy requires educators as individuals and schools as institutions to challenge the institutionalized racism that still persists in many aspects of society.

This is a paper-synthesis where the author summarizes his theory of development and underdevelopment. Some basic ideas are here presented: the economic theory of development must start wiht the study of history; underdevelopment is a specific historical and economical phenomenon, that cannot be thought in terms of linear stages of history; this historical phenomenon must be studied in structural terms, relating the historic and the economic aspects; the basic characteristic of underdevelopment is the dependency relation, expressed in the center-periphery system; in the study of development the basic concept to start with is the concept of social surplus, its forms of appropriation and utilization. The paper ends with an analysis of the frustrations of a reformist. Protectionism, that was justifiable in a first phase of industrialization, was maintained too long in Latin America; in a second phase, an active economic policy for exports was necessary. On the other hand the populist risk was always present, while the real social problems related to a high level of income concentration were not solved.

Neste trabalho comparamos as taxas de transição de série (repetência, promoção e evasão) obtidas pelo Serviço de Estatística do Ministério da Educação com base no Censo Escolar, com as taxas obtidas pelo PROFLUXO, modelo matemático que permite, utilizando dados do PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) do IBGE, obter estes indicadores. O quadro que surge indica que a metodologia do MEC contém erros graves que distorcem completamente a visão da realidade educacional do Brasil. Mostra-se que as taxas de evasão escolar, ao contrário do que indicam os dados do MEC, são muito baixas nas primeiras séries do 1º Grau. Este fato faz com quea visão de que as crianças no Brasil abandonam precocemente a Escola mor motivos de ordem social ou culturalestá completamente equivocada e que as famílias fazem um esforço enorme para que seus filhos permaneçam na Escola e que é a péssima qualidade da escola que impede, através da repetência, a universalização da Educação Fundamental da população brasileira.In this paper I compare the grade transition rates (repetition, promotion and drop out) given by the Education Ministry Statistics Office based in the school census data with rates form PROFLUXO, a mathematical model wich allows us to get theses indicators through the use of IBGE's PNADs (National Household Sample Survery). The picture we get from these indicators shows that MEC's methodology leads to serious errors witch distort the vision of Brazilian educational reality. Opossite to MEC's data it shows that the rates of school drop put are very low in the initial grades of elementary school. This finding leads to the understanting that the notion of child's early drop out from school caused by social on cultural determinants is misleading and that Brazilian families, on the contrary, make an enourmous effort to keep their children a school. On the other hand it shows die low teaching performance which prevents, through high repetition rates, the universalization of Elementary Education in Brazil.

O trabalho desenvolve as implicações da idéia de que quando uma teoria atinge um estágio abstrato de formalização, como é o caso de teorias físicas, da mecânica quântica, o significado de seus conceitos e proposições, objetivos para representação e inteligibilidade do mundo físico (realidade física em qualquer de suas acepções) é obtido a partir da própria teoria. Em síntese, "é a própria que dita o significado de suas proposições", segundo Einstein e Heisenberg. Em seguida apresenta uma análise do significado de 'teoria formalizada' para o caso das ciências de conteúdo empírico como a física, concluindo que a acepção adotada não pode ser reduzida a um 'formalismo interpretado' nos moldes aceitos pelos elementos do Círculo de Viena. Aspectos dinâmicos das teorias são também discutidos. Finalmente, a partir das considerações acima, é introduzido o conceito de 'endo-referência' e discutidas as suas conexões com o conceito kantiano de sintético a priori.The paper develops epistemological implications of the idea that, when a theory is in state of abstract formalization (as to-day physical theory, quantum physics for instance is), the meaning of its concepts and propositions, which are aiming at the representation and intelligibility of the external physical world is however to be taken from within the theory itself. " It is the theory itself which dictates the physical significance of its propositions" in the words of Heisenberg and Einstein. It contains also the analysis of what is meant by " formalized theory" for a science with empirical content as physics and concludes that it cannot be reduced to a mere "interpreta formalism" in the sense of logical impiricism. Finaly it works on the sense of endoreference connctions with a kantian concept of a priori synthetic.

As biotecnologias geram bens e serviços utilizando seres vivos ou partes deles. Esses procedimentos têm largo emprego em importantes setores econômicos, tais como agricultura, indústria farmacêutica, indústria de alimentos e bebidas etc. Recentes avanços da biologia celular e molecular permitiram uma revolução biotecnológica, aqui exemplificada pela engenharia genética. Neste trabalho discute-se os impactos da moderna biotecnologia na atividade econômica, destacando as estratégias das bioindústrias, os problemas de biosegurança (principalmente a liberação de organismos geneticamente modificados no meio ambiente), e os problemas de propriedade intelectual originados pela engenharia genética. Considera-se também o papel das biotecnologias nos países em desenvolvimento onde, ao lado de novas oportunidades para o desenvolvimento econômico e social, há o risco da perda de vantagens comparativasBiotechnologies consist in the use of living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products. These techniques have broad application in agriculture, biomedicine and food industry. Recent progresses in cell and molecular biology originated a biotechmological revolution, here exemplified by genetic engineering. This paper discusses the economic impact of modern biotechnologies, stressing the bioindustry strategies, the problems of biosafety (mainly the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment) and the problems of patents originated by genetic engineering. The role of biotechnologies in developing countries is discussed. In these countries the biotechnologies represent new opportunities for economic and social development but, also, bring the risk of loosing comparative advantages.

Quando o artigo Uma proposta de interpretação da teoria quântica em termos de variáveis" escondidas", de autoria de David Bohm, foi publicado, ele estava no Brasil, na Universidade de São Paulo. Atingido pelo McCarthysm, Bohm perdeu sua posição na Universidade de Princeton e, por isto, veio para o Brasil, onde permaneceu de outubro de 1951 a janeiro de 1955. Analisamos sua atividade neste período, incluindo sua interpretação da teoria quântica, e a recepção desta pela comunidade científica. Destacamos que, apesar das condições adversas, a sociedade brasileira foi capaz de acolher o cidadão e cientista perseguido politicamente, e assegurar a continuidade de seu trabalho científico. A ciência brasileira foi bastante beneficiada pelo ensino, pela pesquisa e pela permanente preocupação com os fundamentos da física, características do trabalho de David Bohm.When the paper A Suggested interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of "hidden" variables, by David Bohm, was published he has been in Brazil at University of São Paulo. He was hit by the McCarthysm, lost his post at the Princeton University and by this he came to the Brazil, where he stayed from 1951 (October) to 1955 (January). We analysed his activity in this period, including his interpretation of the quantum theory and its reception in the scientific community. We pointed out that notwithstanding the adverse conditions, the Brazilian society was able to recept the political persecuted scientist and citizen and to warrant the continuity of his scientific work. The Brazilian science was very benefited by the teaching, the research and the permanent preoccupation with the foundations of physics, features of David Bohm's work.

Os códices mesoamericanos têm o mérito adicional de nos fazer ver traços inesperados de imagens de Europa de maneira mais precisa quando ganham nova expressão em outras culturas. Com isso em mente, o objetivo de nossa apresentação é explorar determinadas formas que surgem quando o intérprete dos códices mesoamericanos pára para pensar sobre o tipo de relação que os diferentes sistemas semióticos - pictográfico, ideográfico e fonético - mantêm no espaço plástico do texto. Dessa perspectiva poderemos valorizar o significado poético das metáforas nas quais os ameríndios expressam visões peculiares das gentes e coisas européias.The Mesoamerican codices enable us to see, with a certain degree of precision, unexpected traits of images of Europe when shaped in other cultures. With this in mind, our paper aims to explore certain forms that show up when the interpreter of the afore mentioned codices focuses his interest in the type of relationship that the different semiotic systems - pictographic, ideographic and phonetic - maintain in the plastic space of the texts. From this perspective, it is possible to enjoy the poetic meaning of the metaphors used by the Amerindians in order to exprees unusual visions of European people and things.

Discute-se a relação homem/natureza do ponto de vista da ecologia, como ciência, e da ética. A ética subentende deveres para com a sociedade e não para com a natureza. Assim sendo, a obrigação moral de proteger a natureza tem em mente o bem-estar social e a melhor qualidade de vida humana. Nenhum princípio ético geral pode ser invocado para justificar a proteção indiscriminada a todas as espécies e ecossistemas. Entretanto, o sentido de utilidade, dos mesmos, para a espécie humana, deve ser tomado no seu mais amplo sentido, incluindo aqueles que são objeto da atenção dos cientistas, como fatores de benefícios potenciais à humanidade.In this paper the interaction man/nature from the ecological and ethical points of view are discussed. Ethics is related to the human societies and is not concerned with nature. In this way the human compromises with environment protection is restricted to the welfare of future generations. No ethical principle can be invoked to justify the indiscriminated protection to every species and ecossystems. However, the utility of the ecossystems and species must be taken in its largest sense including those which are object of interest for the scientists as benefical factors potentially useful for mankind.

Neste estudo, partindo-se de concepção do desenvolvimento como processo global (econômico, social e político), propõe-se formular modelos de intervenção pública em situações de pobreza, com o objetivo de superar o que se considera um dos maiores desafios para a modernização dos países menos avançados. Os modelos propostos são concebidos a partir da análise e interpretação detalhadas de três diferenciadas situações de pobreza no Brasil: o Nordeste rural (área considerada de baixa renda, ou subdesenvolvida), o Sudeste metropolitano (de nível médio-alto de desenvolvimento) e o Nordeste urbano (nível médio-baixo). Pretendem, porém, ter validade mais geral como enquadramentos a partir dos quais programas de combate à pobreza específicos, inseridos em estratégias de desenvolvimento, podem ser formulados e executados. O núcleo dos modelos é integrado por três variáveis básicas, às quais correspondem três ações estratégicas: o crescimento, com a indentificação dos mecanismos pelos quais os pobres podem dele se beneficiar; o conhecimento, representado pelo capital humano, de que decorre esforço de educação básica e de qualificação da pobreza; e o trabalho, considerado como variável-enlace entre o crescimento e o conhecimento, pelo qual se dá a inserção produtiva dos pobres e sua autopromoção social. São consideradas ainda ações complementares, envolvendo a extensão aos pobres das políticas sociais públicas; o planejamento familiar; a intensificação do uso do trabalho como forma de suplementação de renda; a assistência aos pobres considerados mais vulneráveis; e a extensão, a eles, dos direitos da cidadania, assegurados pela presença do Estado nas áreas de concentração de pobreza.The paper initially considers development a global process (at the same time an economic, social and political phenomenon) and discusses its implications for the modernization paths adopted by the less-advanced countries. This the basis for the proposition of public intervention models aimed at overcoming poverty situations, viewed as the major development challenge of these nations. The models proposed were conceived on the bases of detailed analyses of three different poverty situations in Brazil: the rural Northeast (an underdeveloped, or low-income area); the metropolitan Southeast (an upper middle-income area); and the urban Northeast (a lower middle-income area). Nonetheless, they intend to have more widespread validity as frameworks from which specific antipoverty programs may be conceived and implemented, as a part of development strategies. The models' nucleus is integrated by three basic variables and their correspondent strategic actions. The first one is growth and involves the mechanisms through which the poor can benefit from it are analyzed. The second is knowledge, embodied in human capital, which commands an effort of basic education and job-training aimed at the poor. The third is labor, a link-variable between growth and knowledge that provides the productive insertion and social self-promotion of the poor. The models include some complementary actions. They involve essentially social public policies targeted to the poor; family planning; the more intensive use of labor as a means to supplement income; assistance to the more vulnerable poor; and the extension of citizenship, provided mainly by the presence of the State in poverty concentration areas.

Este artigo tem como ponto de partida a constatação de dois fenômenos atuais: a transição demográfica e o padrão crítico da distribuição de renda do Brasil. O argumento central nele contido situa o fortalecimento, ou não, das relações entre o Estado e a sociedade civil, num contexto em que a globalização passa a impor distintas diretrizes políticas no tratamento da questão social. Ao abordar a questão da integração social e territorial, num quadro caracterizado pela excludência social, a tese básica é a dé que a dimensão social deve estar inserida no conjunto das macropolíticas do país, principalmente as de establização. Enquanto a questão estiver afeta apenas às políticas compensatórias dará margem a falsos argumentos de descaminhos entre meios e fins, com elevados custos de ineficácia. Nesse sentido, apresentar-se-á neste trabalho algumas formas de encaminhamento na direção da construção democrática, envolvendo as relações entre Estado e sociedade. Como alternativa ao projeto de inserção competitiva, atualmente em andamento, propõe-se a abertura da economia com base em um projeto nacional, no qual as ações públicas sejam democraticamente definidas. Isso significa a eliminação de privilégios das elites e a abertura de canais efetivos com movimento social organizado, que possibilitem a publicização e quebra da onipotência do Estado.This article begins with the observation of two current phenomena: demographic change and the critical pattern of income distribution in Brazil. It's principal argument concerns the question of strengthening the relationship between the State and civil society in a context where globalization comes to impose distinct political directives on the treatment of the social problem. In dealing with the social and territorial integration question, which is strongly characterized by social exclusion, the basic thesis is that the social dimension must be introduced into the country's set of macro-politics, especially those related to stabilization. As long as treatment of the question is limited to only compensatory policies, there will be room for false arguments regarding means and ends, and resulting high inefficiency costs. The paper presents some ways of moving towards democratic construction which involve the relationship between State and society. As an alternative to the competitive entry project presently underway, it proposes economic overture based on a national project in which public actions are democratically defined. This implies the elimination of the elite's privileges and the opening of effective channels with the organized social movement which would permit publicization and a rupture to State omnipotence.

Neste ensaio trata-se dos conflitos que permearam a história da malária a partir do século XVII. Mostra que - graças à importância da malária como um dos maiores inimigos da humanidade - problemas de natureza puramente médica transpuseram os limites da medicina e interessaram distintos segmentos sociais. Em conseqüência, diferenças médicas de opinião foram transferidas para o grande público de uma maneira distorcida e ampliada. Isto deu origem a disputas partisans e apaixonadas de natureza religiosa, social, política e até racial. Desta forma, ao longo da história da malária, assistimos a uma auto-interessada manipulação dos fatos por grupos antagônicos objetivando a preservação de seus preconceitos e dogmas mais do que a solução dos problemas médicos reais da malária.This paper deals with the conflicts that permeated the history of malaria from the 17th century on. It shows that in many instances - due to the enormous importance of malaria as a major enemy of mankind - problems purely of medical nature extrapolated the frontiers of medicine and involved large social segments As a consequence, medical differences of opinion were transferred to the public in a distorted and amplified fashion. This generated passionate and partisan disputes of religious, political, social and even racial nature. Thus, throughout the history of malaria, we assist to a self-serving manipulation of facts by antagonistic groups interested in the preservation of their beliefs and dogmas rather than in the solving of the real medical problems posed by malaria.

Este é um estudo sobre o processo de criação da nova maneira de pensar o Brasil e o subdesenvolvimento que Florestan Fernandes institui (sua problemática). Trata especialmente da construção do conceito de capitalismo dependente como uma forma assumida pelo capitalismo. Mostra como Florestan Fernandes, desde 1959-1960, rompendo com a ideologia dominante e a partir do par conceituai autonomia/heteronomia, caracteriza a situação heteronômica: externamente, enquanto dependência econômica, social, política, ideológica e moral; e internamente, através do sistema das classes sociais, classes que apoiam aquela dependência mas que, em determinadas condições, podem opor-se a elas. Mostra ainda como Florestan Fernandes considera que a revolução social contra a ordem capitalista dependente é condição para o desenvolvimento.This is a study on the creation process of the new mode of thinking Brazil and underdevelopment which is instituted by Florestan Fernandes (his problematics). The paper is specially concerned with the construction of the concept of dependent capitalism as a form of capitalism itself. It shows how Florestan Fernandes, since 1959-60, breaking away from the dominant ideology and departing from the conceptual pair autonomy/ heteronomy, characterizes the heteronomous situation: externally, as economic, social, political, ideological, and moral dependency; and internally, through the social class system, classes which support such dependence but which, under certain conditions, may as well oppose it. It also shows how Florestan Fernandes believes that the social revolution against the dependent capitalistic order is a condition for development.

Este trabalho é uma tentativa de analisar retrospectivamente o episódio que envolve Salman Rushdie e seu romance Os versículos satânicos. Começo minha análise chamando atenção para o fato de que tanto o enredo da obra quanto o ambiente sócio-político-histórico em que ela aparece estão mergulhados no meio cultural da Índia de modo a não surpreender que o romance tenha se transformado numa questão tão explosiva no cenário internacional. Em seguida argumento que isso tudo nos ensina uma lição importante a respeito de leitura e interpretação. O que quer que Rushdie ou outra pessoa fizesse com o intuito de voltar atrás ou pedir clemência aos aiotolás enfurecidos, não havia como submeter o romance a uma re-leitura - a única interpretação final e definitiva já havia sindo impingida ao malfadado romance. Essa é a enrascada pós-moderna de Rushdie. A ironia - a mesma arma que ele tão habilmente havia utilizado não apenas nos Versículos satânicos mas também em seus romances anteriores - voltou-se contra ele, produzindo um inesperado efeito bumerangue. O que temos aqui é um caso de política da ironia em ação.This paper is an attempt to review in retrospect the episode involving Salman Rushdie and his novel The satanic verses. I begin my analysis by calling attention to the fact that both the plot of the novel and the socio-historico-political backdrop against which it is projected are so steeped in India's cultural milieu that it is indeed surprising that the novel became such an explosive issue on the international scenario. But then I argue that there is an important lesson to be learned from all this concerning reading and interpretation. No matter what Rushdie or anybody else could possibly have done by way of retracing the steps or pleading with Iran's enraged ayatollahs for clemency, there was no way his novel could have been subjected to a re-reading - the one final and definitive interpretation had already been foisted upon the ill-fated novel. This is Rushdie's postmodern predicamente. Irony - the one weapon he had so skilfully wielded not only in The satanic verses but in his earlier novels as well, turned back on him, producing an unexpected boomerang effect. What we have here is a case of the politics of irony at work.

A proposta de desenvolvimento sustentado representa atualmente elemento de aprofundamento das discussões quanto ao real significado dos conceitos de progresso e desenvolvimento econômico e social. A premência por alternativas estabelecida a partir das crises ambiental e de recursos tem induzido a procura de estratégias que traduzam uma solução consistente de continuidade dos processo de desenvolvimento, sem que para isso ocorra o comprometimento da base de sustentação das atividades produtivas. As perspectivas de desenvolvimento sustentado para o setor de papel e celulose na América Latina, especificamente quanto às atividades de exploração florestal, estão intimamente relacionadas a dois aspectos fundamentais: estabelecimento de uma sistemática de negociação política entre o setor produtivo e demais representantes da sociedade; inserção dos empreendimentos dentro de uma escala mais ampla, na qual estes estejam plenamente integrados à programas de desenvolvimento regional multi-setoriais. Ademais, torna-se cada vez mais necessária a consideração de particularidades ambientais, sociais e políticas inerentes a determinado local/região. Especificamente quanto a economias e sociedades latino-americanas, o reconhecimento do contexto histórico de desenvolvimento regional constitui elemento fundamental de planejamento estratégico e de compreensão do contexto ambiental e político. O estado das artes em ciência e tecnologia, embora apresente um nível significativo de incerteza, permite a incorporação e desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de gerenciamento. A gestão ambiental, representada pelo gerenciamento de processos ambientais e produtivos de forma integrada, apresenta-se como alternativa viável de transição para um modelo de maior sustentabilidade. Programas de planejamento estratégico, aliados a sistemas dinâmicos de gerenciamento ambiental, constituem as ferramentas atualmente disponíveis para implementação e aprimoramento das sistemáticas de manejo e exploração florestal.Nowadays the sustainable development proposals represent a keystone in discussions of the actual meaning of the progress and social/economic development and welfare. The urgency for alternatives established by environmental and natural resources crises has induced the search for new strategies that must represent continually solution without threatening the sustainability of productive activities. The perspectives for sustainable development of the Latin American forest sector, specifically pulp and paper, is closed related to: the establishment of politic negotiation and trading procedures amongst this productive segment and other representative society actors; the understanding to these enterprises in a broader scale, where they must be completely integrated in multisectorial regional development programs. Also, it is very important to consider regional and local features related to social, economic and environmental states and functions. Specially considering Latin American societies it is essential to evaluate the whole process over an historic and contextual perspective. The state-of-the-art in science and technology allows the development of new concepts in management and exploitation of natural resources, although one must considers the intrinsic uncertainty levels. The sustainable management, represented by environmental processes management procedures, represents an actual alternative for transition to models of enhanced sustainability. Environmental planning programs, together with dynamic and flexible management procedures, constitute available tools to implement and improve forest and environmental management strategies.

O trabalho discute os primeiros dois anos do Plano Real e em especial os seus efeitos sobre as relações externas do Brasil, à luz da experiência de programas de estabilização adotados no México, em 1988-1994, e na Argentina, desde 1991. Embora cada experiência nacional apresente as suas peculiaridades, argumenta-se que a economia brasileira vem revivendo a experiência mexicana e argentina em alguns pontos importantes, combinando sucesso no combate à inflação com acentuada e persistente apreciação cambial, elevados déficits no balanço de pagamentos em conta corrente e dependência de fluxos voláteis de capital internacional.This paper discusses the first two years of Brazil's current stabilization programme - known as the Real Plan - and in particular its effects on the country's external economic relations, in the ligth of similar stabilization programmes adopted in Mexico from 1988 to 1994 and in Argentina since 1991. Although each national experience has its peculiarities, it is shown that the Brazilian economy has been reliving the Mexican and Argentinian experience in some important respects, combining success in terms of inflation reduction, with strong and persistent exchange rate appreciation, high deficits in the balance of payments on current account and dependence on volatile international capital flows.

A prominent question in recent comparative work is "when will the personal vote matter?" Typically, scholars approach this question at a cross-national as opposed to a cross-party level: that is, they highlight features of national electoral systems that create incentives for individual politicians to pursue a personal (or a party) vote, rather than highlighting features of parties that might predispose candidates in those parties to pursue personal (or party) votes. Implicitly, the electoral-systems comparisons hold constant party features. In this paper, in contrast, I focus on the characteristics of parties, as opposed to the characteristics of electoral systems, as determinants of personal vote seeking. I argue that adoption of an individualistic or collective strategy depends largely on a party?s access to and control over funding and patronage: generally, parties with good access to money and pork should adopt individualistic strategies, while parties with poor access to money and pork should adopt more collective strategies. In this paper, I explore the Brazilian case to test this claim. I test my claims at the national and district level, using multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, I explain how one party, the Workers? Party (PT), has overcome the incentives of the electoral system over the long run

This paper analyzes the importance that has the agricultural sector in the Coahuila economy; the impact of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in this sector as much as the perspectives with the NAFT Aoperation. The agrícultural sector of Coahuila is straggling in comparison with the other economic sectors of the state, and of agricultural activities of other regions of the country such as the Northwest and even more United States of America and Canada. In this conditions that you find the agricultural sector of Coahuila and if the same polices continued for the agrícultural, the competition process with the North AmericaFree Trade Agreement operation will not present in all their expansion at time expiration the agreement period to open the border totally. Of the joint branch that malees the agrícultural sector of Coahuila, few of them have the possibilities of competing in the internalional market.

O Cone Sul abriga um manancial de águas subterrâneas de extensão continental, denominado Aqüífero Guarani, cujo volume de água doce disponível é suficiente para abastecer permanentemente os 15 milhões de habitantes de sua região de ocorrência. Neste trabalho é feita uma descrição sumária do reservatório. São estabelecidas bases para o aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos e propostos mecanismos e arranjos institucionais, em âmbito internacional, com vistas a iniciar um processo participativo de gestão do manancial.The South Cone bears a groundwater source of continental extent called Guarani Aquifer, in which the volume of freshwater available is sufficient to supply the 15 million inhabitants of the region. The present paper gives a briefing on this reservoir, establishes the basis for the good use of the water resources, as well as proposes institutional means and arrangements at international level with a view to initiating a joint process to manage the source.

Neste trabalho procuramos discutir e determinar a polêmica tese de Florestan da centralidade do liberalismo na Revolução da Independência no Brasil. Para tanto, começamos por criticar o padrão expositivo adotado por Florestan em A revolução burguesa no Brasil, que prejudica a adequada apreensão dos fundamentos histórico-materiais da polarização utópica e revolucionária do liberalismo na primeira metade do século xix. Dessa crítica, extraímos uma proposta de retradução da leitura de Florestan com vistas a tornar explícitos os referidos fundamentos; movimento que procuramos efetivar na segunda parte do trabalho.The aim of this paper is to discuss and to determine Florestan's polemical thesis about the role of liberalism along the Independence Revolution in Brazil. We begin our discussion of this thesis criticizing the pattern of exposition adopted by Florestan in A revolução burguesa no Brasil. This pattern of exposition makes it difficult to learn the material and historical fundamentals of liberalism utopic polarization during the first half of the nineteenth century. From this criticism we extract a proposal of translating Florestan's work, as a way of clarifying it and making the material fundamentals that structure it explicit. Developing and presenting a particular proposal of translation is our goal in the second part of this paper.

This paper analyzes the provision of institutional child care in Sweden from a comparative perspective, testing the welfare state typology proposed by Gösta Esping-Andersen. Our attempt to analyze the provision of child care in the Scandinavian countries (with a focus on Sweden), in the United States, and in France according to the categories suggested by Esping-Andersen must be regarded as a test, because the original typology was based on a comparison of pension systems, sickness benefits, and public sectors as employers. Our study shows both the adequacy and some of the weaknesses of such an approach. As we point out some of the limitations perceived when the typology is employed in an analysis of the provision of social services ¾ i.e., when it is employed beyond its original parameters ¾ the feminist criticism of mainstream welfare state analyses is strengthened.

Based on 17 months of field research in São Paulo (1993-94), this paper examines how middle-class adults in 42 surveyed households verbalized their class identity during the inflation crisis. It concludes that consumption (goods and practices) are foundational to their class definitions, both in relation to other major classes and to other middle-class sectors.

Political scientists and sociologists alike have been intrigued by the phenomenon of low voter turnout in US elections during the second half of the 20th century. This paper explores the connection between religious affiliation and rising political alienation in America during this period. Recent studies on religion and politics in Latin American countries have identified lower-class religion, or the so-called church of the poor, as a catalyst that mobilizes the poor to engage in political action aimed at reforming or overthrowing political regimes. Using a Marxian framework and working with statistical analyses, this study shows that lower-class religion in America has the opposite effect. When all significant secular determinants of political alienation are controlled for, affiliation with conservative Protestant churches is shown to be significantly and positively related to nonvoting.

Through the process of redemocratization, Brazil has become a highly decentralized nation. The results of this transformation are visible in the federal arena, where financial problems have been encountered and presidents have run into trouble forming coalitions that allow them to implement public policies. Within the realm of the states, however, decentralization has brought mixed results due to regional inequalities. The paper analyzes the rifts and tensions now affecting Brazil?s federative system. It is argued that Brazil?s experience with decentralization has contributed towards democratic consolidation and has forced the federal government to negotiate public policy implementation with state and local government. At the same time, this experience reveals the limits of decentralization in nations displaying marked regional differences.

Anthropologists do not often use the concept of ideology. In this paper I would like to suggest why anthropologists have preferred other concepts. First I make a review of the uses of the concept of ideology in Marxism, and then a comparison between its meaning and the uses of the concept of culture in anthropology. I do this in order to explain why our discipline did not find it necessary to incorporate the concept of ideology.

The relationship between myth and music suggested by Levi Strauss- is a matter for discussion, and is being constantly renewed as a result of mass culture. Rock and roll generated its own idols such as Elvis Presley, who was the centre of a cult, of a church even. A similar phenomenon the bailanta- has appeared in Argentina in the field of popular music, revealing a new area of the study of popular religions. In this paper I would like to focus on the new religious movements, and more specifically, on the case of Gilda, a bailanta singer, who is the object of a cult following her tragic death in an accident.

A HISTÓRIA DO CARVÃO fóssil no Brasil tem início em 1795 (primeira descoberta), mas somente a partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial passa a adquirir status de indústria moderna. De 1970 em diante têm lugar trabalhos de pesquisa geológica sob bases técnicas adequadas que mudaram o panorama do conhecimento de nossos depósitos. Há oito grandes jazidas e diversas menores no Brasil, sendo que 88% dos recursos estão no Rio Grande do Sul. Os parâmetros geométricos e físico-químicos são conceituados e apresentados para os principais depósitos. As reservas mundiais de carvão são cerca de quatro vezes superiores às de seus principais concorrentes: petróleo e gás natural, além de terem distribuição geográfica mais desconcentrada. O maior consumo de carvão nacional está na termoeletricidade; outros consumidores são a indústria cimenteira, petroquímica, papel e celulose, alimentos e cerâmica. A siderurgia, que já foi grande consumidora, hoje depende inteiramente de importações. O balanço de exportações/importações mostra um déficit de US$ 807 milhões, sendo o segundo produto na pauta de importações. Mais do que a insuficiência de recursos, constata-se serem as dificuldades na indústria carbonífera devidas a erros de planejamento, de caráter técnico e político, tornando-se necessário, portanto, resolver os problemas pendentes do passado antes de projetar novos empreendimentos.ALTHOUGH THE HISTORY of the Brazilian fossil coal started in 1975, when it first was discovered, it was only after the II World War that it began to reach the status of a modern industry. Since 1970 a proper geological exploration has improved the knowledge on coal deposits. There are eight large coal fields and several minor ones in the country, most of them (88%) in the Rio Grande do Sul state. The geometric and physicochemical parameters of the main deposits are defined and presented in this paper. The world coal reserves correspond to about four times those of its major concurrents: oil and natural gas, and they have a better geographical spread. Thermoelectricity uses most of the Brazilian coal; cement, petrochemical, paper and cellulose plants as well as food and ceramic industries are usual consumers. The steel manufacturing industry was an important consumer in a recent past, but nowadays it totally relies on the imported coal. Brazil's balance of trade in 1996 showed a deficit of US$ 807 million and coal is the second commodity of the country's imports. More than a lack of money, the main difficulties of the coal industry were due to a technical and political misplanning that is indispensable to correct, before projecting new enterprises.

A DESTRUIÇÃO DOS recursos naturais da Amazônia continua aumentando, especialmente o desmatamento, apesar de a retórica dos últimos 50 anos ter mudado de conquista e exploração para desenvolvimento sustentável. Entretanto, mudanças positivas são percebidas, ainda que pequenas: o crescimento da participação popular nas decisões; o Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica, que começa a dar resultados práticos; o interesse internacional melhor orientado; existem experiências bem-sucedidas e melhor documentadas sobre desenvolvimento sustentável; e muitos dos antigos mitos sobre a realidade amazônica estão sendo abandonados. O crescimento da população urbana é uma das principais mudanças percebidas. Hoje, mais de 60% de sua população é urbana e tem grande influência nas decisões políticas, ainda que não necessariamente favorável para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste trabalho explora-se algumas das razões pelas quais o desenvolvimento amazônico não é sustentável: entre outras, um paradigma de desenvolvimento sustentável mal definido, a persistente deficiência na identificação dos atores amazônicos e na solução de seus conflitos no planejamento regional, a fragilidade crescente das instituições públicas, a aplicação do simples crescimento econômico como estratégia dominante de desenvolvimento, o limitado acesso à educação, a desordem social. Duas ações estratégicas, que não constituem novidade, são consideradas essenciais para mudar gradativamente o padrão do desenvolvimento na região: a intensificação do uso da terra e a elevação da produtividade nas áreas já desmatadas (acima de 100 milhões de hectares na Amazônia produzem pouco ou nada); a avaliação e o pagamento em escala nacional e internacional dos serviços ambientais fornecidos pela floresta. Esses dois requisitos deverão ser acompanhados pela adoção outras estratégias bem conhecidas, como o manejo sustentável da floresta natural, o reflorestamento de áreas desmatadas não-aproveitáveis na agricultura, estabelecimento de áreas protegidas efetivamente manejadas, entre várias mais.AMAZON NATURAL resources destruction trends continues to increase, especially deforestation, despite changes in rethoric that during the last 50 years moved from conquest and exploitation to sustainable development. However, a few positive changes are noticeable: Amazon people's participation in decision making increased, the Amazon Treaty is starting to produce practical results, the international concerns are better oriented, there are more and better documented success stories to replicate and, several pervasive and prejudicial myths about the Amazon are being lost. Urban population growth is one of the principal changes in the Amazon. Over 60% of the Amazon population are urban and its influence in policy making is very high and not necessarily favorable to sustainable development. In this paper are explored some of the reasons for which development is not sustainable in the Amazon: a sustainable development paradigm ill defined and poorly understood, a persistent lack of identification of actors and their conflicts in most planning exercises, growing fragility of states to organize and provide the rules of the game for development and, of course, the application of the economic growth as dominant strategy combined with lack of education and social order, corruption and other associated evils, are briefly discussed. Two strategic actions, that are not new, are considered central to gradually change the pattern of development in the Amazon: intensification of the use of the land and productivity elevation in already deforested areas (well over 100 million hectares that currently produce very little or nothing); the valuation and payment, at national and international scale, of the environmental services of the forests. These two central requirements are coupled by several other well-known and complementary possibilities such as natural forest management; establishment and management of protected areas, redefinition of success indicators for the Amazon, ecotourism etc. Education, information and participation are essential to allow democracy to play its role in sustainable development.

NESTE ARTIGO PROCURO analisar criticamente um poema de Manuel Bandeira, intitulado Lua Nova, composto no Rio de Janeiro em 1953. Lendo os versos à luz de algumas reflexões de Dilthey, busco neles a expressão das vivências do poeta, tentando assim compreender, através de Lua Nova, sua constante recusa de todo o excesso e sua serena aceitação do ritmo da vida, que contém como fim inevitável e fundamente significativo a própria morte.THIS PAPER is an attempt at analysing a poem by Manuel Bandeira, called Lua Nova, composed in 1953 in Rio de Janeiro. Reading the verses in the light of some Dilthey's reflections, I look for the expression of the poet's experiences, then trying to understand, through Lua Nova, his constant refusal of all excess and his serene acceptance of life's rhythm, which contains as an inevitable and deeply significant end death itself.

This paper will develop three themes. First, I show that the democratization, federalism, and nationalism literatures have been developed in relatively mutual isolation and that we can only make more meaningful and powerful statements about comparative federalism if we relate the three literatures to each other. Second, I demonstrate that all federal systems constrain the lawmaking capacity of the democratically elected legislators at the center. However, I argue that it is analytically and politically fruitful to study democratic federal systems as existing along a demos-constraining to demos-enabling continuum. I also make a strong case that at all points in the continuum, federal institutions can have a great impact on policy. I can not develop these arguments without directly addressing and confronting the most influential political scientist who has written on federalism, the late William H. Riker. Riker?s classic and still influential arguments about federalism stand in fundamental opposition to those I advance in this paper. Once these conceptual and methodological debates about federalism have been addressed, in the third part of the paper, I construct and operationalize the analytic framework of the demos-constraining continuum, by evaluating four propositions about federalism, using data from India, Germany, Spain, the United States, and Brazil.

The article explores to what extent the color of men accused of rape influences decisions made within the criminal justice system. It follows the flow of people and paper through the system?s various arenas, including police departments, the Ministério Público, and criminal courts. Based on data produced by these bodies, it is concluded that black defendants are discriminated against and that race is a factor which breeds inequality in an accumulative fashion, right from the police stage of the process.

O TRABALHO DÁ ênfase à natureza econômica da saúde num momento em que o setor terciário da economia é o que mais cresce e a área da saúde é de todas a mais dinâmica. Aborda a crise da saúde pública considerando seus problemas, métodos e serviços. Adota o conceito de comunidade epistêmica para a análise da situação atual. Identifica duas correntes, com paradigmas conceituais distintos - o da Saúde Pública e o da Economia da Saúde. As principais agências de formulação desses paradigmas são, respectivamente, a Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Banco Mundial. No plano nacional, lembra que a Constituição de 1988 previu um Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) universal, com integralidade das ações, descentralizado e participativo, com controle social. O SUS vem sendo implementado através de Normas Operacionais e dos mecanismo de compensação representados pelas Comissões Intergestores. Questão ainda não totalmente resolvida é a do financiamento do SUS.THIS PAPER emphasizes the economic nature of health care at a time when the tertiary sector is the one fastest growing in economy and health care is the most dynamic. It touches upon the public health crisis considering health problems, methods and services. The epistemic community concept is used to analyse the current situation. Two trends are identified, exhibiting distinct conceptual paradigms: one in Public Health, the other in Health Economics. The main agencies for the formulation of those paradigms are, respectively, the World Health Organization and the World Bank. On the national level, the 1988 Constitution provided a universal Unified Health System (SUS - Sistema Unificado de Saúde), complete in its activities, decentralized and fully engaged, under social control. The SUS has been established according to the Operational Rules and the compensation mechanisms represented by its Intermanaging Committees. An issue not yet fully settled is the SUS finacing.

NESTE ARTIGO é descrito o Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), implantado inicialmente em cidades pequenas, na região Nordeste do Brasil, apresentando bons resultados, como a redução à metade da mortalidade infantil e a melhoria de todos os programas de saúde. Até há três anos ele estava ausente das megalópoles brasileiras. Hoje, um convênio entre a Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo e entidades sem fins lucrativos, tornou possível a implantação do PSF na cidade de São Paulo, onde atualmente há 81 equipes, cada uma composta por um médico, um enfermeiro, auxiliares de enfermagem e agentes comunitários, responsável por 800 a 1.200 famílias. No trabalho são também salientados conceitos como a participação da comunidade, a qualidade da assistência e a integralidade, com a inclusão de saúde bucal, saúde mental e assistência ao parto. Serviços especializados oferecem retaguarda e realizam exames laboratoriais quando necessário. O custo estimado, é de R$ 63,60 per capita/ano. O autor conclui que o Qualis/PSF é viável, desde que as três esferas de governo destinem o que devem e podem à saúde.IN THIS ARTICLE the Family Health Program (FHP) is described. The FHP was carried out in little and poor communites of Northeastern Brazil with amazing results, such as cutting down to a half infant mortality and improving all health programs. As recently as three years ago none of the Brazilian megalopolis had adopted it. Today an agreement between São Paulo's State Health Department and some non-profit organizations has made it possible to bring FHP to the city of São Paulo, where there are presently 81 teams, each comprizing one physician, one nurse, some nursing assistants and community agents, and tending from 800 to 1.200 families. In this paper some other concepts are also highlighted, such as community participation, health care quality and total health care, which includes mental care, dentistry and childbearing assistance. Specialized services give support and perform laboratory tests when necessary. Estimated costs are R$ 63.60 per capita/year. The author concludes for the feasibility of Qualis/FHP, provided all government levels honor their commitment to finance the health system as they should and can do.

The following paper seeks to offer an alternative explanation of the ontoepistemic assumptions of Sociology. The ideas are conceived considering sociology as Social Science. In order to do this, the article provides a definition of science based on Kuhn’s notion of Paradigms as applied to Sociology. Furtherly offers a proposal for the reconstruction of sociological notions, based on anthropological assumptions.

In view of the proximity of the XXI Century and the Third Millennium, this paper seeks to reflect upon new horizons that can change the ideas of society, particularly those involved in the academic activity of social sciences in order for them to be able to face the challenge of changing the epistemological concepts that underline the above mentioned conceptual scheme of thought, substituting it for a new biosocial paradigm. In other words, it tries to define a set of concepts that includes environmental values where there is a respectful and tolerant relationship between individuals and with their biophysical environment. Otherwise, current lifestyles and forms of development could increase pollution and environmental degradation, leading to an irreversible process that would deteriorate the ecosphere, placing the survival of some biotic species, including humans, in danger, and eventually the death of the ecosystem.

This paper criticizes the position that holds that the only meaningful political actions and the only formation of significant political identities are related to the economic bases. In other words, those within capitalist productive relations where the basic class contradictions can be found. The author of this paper basically takes into consideration two analytical criteria from the social movements theorists who argue that collective action can arise from sources other than the economic structure, such as the political or cultural dimension as well as from ethnic and gender relations. This shows that the sources of collective identity can be formed by something other than class. These different types of social movements create new identities and life styles.

Political related research is a threestage process. Scientists are in charge of an epistemological phase where the object of its study is constructed. During a theoretical-logical phase, they must also clearly establish their research problems and formulate their hypotheses. And finally, there is a phase where different techniques are applied in order to obtain the information they require. This paper argues that it is during the first stage that defining whether it will be a qualitative or a quantitative analysis is supposed to be determined, but that pretending to choose only one of them is a false dilemma, for political science requires of both of them

This paper intends to explain the role of rural societies in the development strategies of different countries and regions at the end of this century. Consequently, it tries to establish a parallel between the industrialized world and developing countries, particularly Latin American ones. The former has been characterized for their integration strategies, while, other that a few exceptions, the latter have followed one of exclusion. Thus, in the case of Europe, Japan and the United States, the rural sector has enjoyed different kinds of government support in the field of agriculture, industry and services, which contrasts sharply with the impov erished Latin-American countryside. Today, in view of the disintegration tendencies of globalization, this gap seems to be growing even wider and its impact is being felt violently in peripheral economies.

This paper underlines the relevance of sociological research focused on the study of the multiple changes that have affected Mexican rural society over the last decade. It also expects to contribute to the knowledge of the social sector that this rural society belongs to: the small grain producers for the market who are undergoing a transformation encouraged by the new economical policies within the neoliberal framework currently ruling the country. This work attempts to contribute as discussion material both for people who study rural matters, as well as for students who are interested in the subject.

The objective of this paper is twofold: it examines the implications of the process of tertiarization (expansion of services sector) on the quality of employment available in Mexico in the nineties, and it underlines the relationship between feminization of the labor force and gender inequalities prevalent in the labor market. We have found that tertiarization has brought about a decline in wage employment which can offer better working conditions for the economically active population. We have also found that women form part of the most precarious sectors, but also that they are segregated into female occupations. The interpretations presented in this paper were based information from surveys and from the census.

This article analyzes the limits of sociology in understanding recent transformations in modernity. Of particular interest are the epistemological difficulties found at the theoretical roots of sociology in dealing with the tasks arising from the biotechnological revolution currently under way and its eugenic impacts on future society. The paper's argument is that the main task is an interdisciplinary review of relations between the concept of human nature and prevailing social and political values. In order to better comprehend the radical challenge of modernity in the 21st century vis-à-vis classical modernity's values, two heuristic figures are presented: the dilemma of technical modernity and the contradiction of sociology.

This paper seeks to review the studies that assess the satisfaction of basic needs in our country. A particular emphasis is placed on Baja Californias´s position within the national setting. Furthermore, the results are contrasted with a study that addresses exclusively the case of Baja California, and afterwards clarify the results reported on the studies of national coverage with regards to this state. Finally, some remarks are presented that pertain to the position of such state in the country as a whole and also to the indicators that were used.

Traditional ethnographies have been based on the ideas of locality. But with the rise of globalisation processes this concept has been increasingly questioned on a theoretical level. In the last decade, US-American anthropologists called for multi-sited ethnographies. However, the practical implications for research with such a shift have not been broadly discussed yet. Now, with the internet and different kinds of virtual interaction patterns, ethnographic work faces a new challenge. This paper argues that it is necessary to focus on the implications of fieldwork in virtual settings for ethnographic practice. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0001213

As we stand poised to enter the next millennium there is perhaps no better opportunity to reflect on the beliefs, values and techniques that are shared and debated by qualitative researchers throughout the United States. This paper explores some of the challenges facing those who pursue qualitative inquiry in the course of completing a graduate research degree: how we learn about research methodology and how we think about, use, and support the use of computer software research tools. The paper explores some of the assumptions inherent in the language of inquiry and discusses critical issues that qualitative researchers struggle with and continue to debate. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs000136

Crime and social control are fields of qualitative research in the social sciences, where behavior is not inherently deviant or criminal, but rather, deviance is a matter of interpretation and judgment. "Crime" is constructed and negotiated in social discourses and processes of social interaction in and with institutions of social control. Therefore only qualitative inquiries of "crime" make sense. This paper reports examples of qualitative studies (from ethnography, hermeneutical sociology of knowledge, ethnomethodology/conversation analysis, discourse analysis and narrative analysis) especially of deviant subcultures, reporting conflicts to the police, police inquiries and interrogations and criminal court procedures. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs000195