Search

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

This paper analyzes Marcos Espinel’s life between 1835 and 1846. By studying his life, it is possible to understand the multiple forms of political participation of the Ecuadorian political leaders, their intellectual formation, and the changes in their political positions in the context of the nascent 19th-century republicanism. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first one considers printed activity within the political circle of José Félix Valdivieso in which Espinel was involved. This was used to support his project to re-annex Ecuador to New Granada and to promote the vote in 1839. In the second part, the paper studies Espinel’s contributions to the second administration of Juan José Flores, and Espinel’s political support of the provisional government of Vicente Ramón Roca.

This paper offers reflections about elements that affect women’s decisions about reproduction and abortion. It contributes to debates about policies, activist campaigns and the Bolivian Penal Code, in a context where inequalities and gender-based violence challenge the efficacy of technologies and laws to guarantee women’s ability to exercise the right to choose. The authors analyze women’s narratives about their experiences in two studies carried out in La Paz and El Alto, and consider different interpretations of men’s participation and approaches from the field of masculinities. The paper examines diverse situations relating to abortion that illustrate the complexity faced by women deciding on reproductive matters, alone or with the participation of partners and others.

Based on the case of the Strategic Alliance Aymaras without Borders between Chile, Peru and Bolivia this paper tackles the specific role of the Chilean part in the construction of a crossborder political space. It interprets the apparition of “autonomous” and indigenous territories of public action as a paradoxical manifestation of State consolidation. The government of Chilean territory is based on a combination of security and economic liberalism: how are those two characteristics inserted within a crossborder project which is leaded by marginal and indigenous authorities? Which are the specificities of the Chilean Aymara mayors in this process? The paper emphasizes a movement of securitization of the crossborder space through the elaboration of “development with identity” policies for the aymaras. The facilitation of crossborder and aymara mobility and exchanges matches with Chilean border security policies; the government of Chilean territory is taken over by the action indigenous elites who confirm the position of Chile as a vector of “good practices” within the region.

O artigo analisa o nascimento da Sociedade Econômica de Amigos do País na ilha de Porto Rico como um dos primeiros espaços de sociabilidade pública formal que reuniu periodicamente aos homens prominentes do poder político, econômico e social com o propósito de discutir temas relacionados com o coletivo do país. Foram estudadas as funções na constituição dessa organização e as realizadas pela Comisión de Instrução Pública nos primeiros anos de vida. Um tema central abordado refere-se ao projeto da Sociedade para constituir o primeiro gabinete de leitura no ano de 1835 o qual visou incentivar o habito pela leitura. No artigo se transita da historia institucional a historia de la cultura y de ésta a las práticas e representações que sobre a leitura e os leitores estão presentes no regulamento do Gabinete. Trabalha-se com fontes de arquivo, periódicos da época e bibliografia. Palavras-chave: Sociedade Econômica de Amigos do País. Gabinetes de leitura. História da leitura em Porto Rico Resumen En el artículo se analiza el nacimiento de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País en la isla de Puerto Rico como uno de los primeros espacios de sociabilidad pública formal que reúne, de manera periódica, a los hombres más distinguidos del poder político, económico y social con el propósito de discutir temas relacionados con el bien común. Se examinan las funciones con que fue constituida esa organización y las realizadas por la Comisión de Instrucción pública en sus primeros años de existencia. En particular se presta atención al proyecto que en el seno de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País se presentó para constituir el primer gabinete de lectura en 1835 con el objetivo de incentivar el hábito por la lectura. En el artículo se transita de la historia institucional a la historia de la cultura y de ésta a las prácticas y representaciones que sobre la lectura y los lectores están plasmadas en el reglamento del Gabinete. Se trabaja con fuentes de archivo, periódicos de la época y bibliografía. Palabras claves: Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. Gabinetes de lectura. Historia de la lectura en Puerto Rico Abstract This article analyses the rising of Amigos Del País Economic Society from the Puerto Rico island as one of the first spaces of formal public sociability, which gathered, periodically, the most distinguished men of political, economic and social power remains, with the purpose of discussing commonwealth related topics. In addition, this article examines the functions with which that organization was constituted and those made by the public instruction commission in their first years of existence. Particularly, the article focuses on the project of a reading cabinet that was presented in 1835 with the objective of promoting lecture. Also, this paper goes from institutional history to cultural history, and from this to the practices and representations that are showed through the cabinet´s rules. For this, we have worked with file sources and epoch´s news papers and bibliography. Keywords: Economic Society of Friends of the Country. Reading rooms. Reading history in Puerto Rico

This paper is based on research in the Establecimiento Penitenciario Mujeres de Chorrillos in Lima, Peru. I will analyze how citizenship intersects with race and gender inside the prison in order to limit or make available access to resources. Incarcerated non-Peruvians serving sentences for drug trafficking are the focus of this paper. Although the women included in this paper were all extranjeras, their citizenship status, combined with other positionalities, influenced their access to resources in multiple ways. Citizenship Is also a key factor in structuring relationships between foreign and Peruvian prisoners and the resulting hierarchy of this prison.

From a territorial perspective, the paper examines the current condition of metropolitan rural areas, based on the landscapes and their recent evolution in the valley of the Aburrá River which comprises the metropolitan area of Medellín. Literary narratives and folk music and its transit to the urban tradition are also employed in this study. Metropolitan rurality is characterized by social expressions and features from the physical environment. Overall the paper is oriented to produce an interpretation about the conditions and transformational dynamics of the metropolitan rurality within the Aburrá valley as the basis to define and debate this analytic category.

From a territorial perspective, the paper examines the current condition of metropolitan rural areas, based on the landscapes and their recent evolution in the valley of the Aburrá River which comprises the metropolitan area of Medellín. Literary narratives and folk music and its transit to the urban tradition are also employed in this study. Metropolitan rurality is characterized by social expressions and features from the physical environment. Overall the paper is oriented to produce an interpretation about the conditions and transformational dynamics of the metropolitan rurality within the Aburrá valley as the basis to define and debate this analytic category.

This article deals with Huth & Co.'s activities in Chile during the 1820s-1850s. Huth was the only London merchant-banker that decided to go global before 1850, and also the only one to open a branch in Chile. The analysis of how his branches operated should take this into account, yet Huth's activities in Chile have only previously been examined using a bilateral approach to examine the economic relations between Chile and Britain. This situation was mainly due to the fact that the richest collection of primary material on Huth & Co. (the Huth papers at University College London) had been ignored by scholars working on Anglo-Chilean economic relations during the first half of the nineteenth-century. The main focus of this paper is on the information that we were made unaware of due to this restricted investigative approach. Among them are the connections established between Huth's branches in Chile and the USA, Asia, continental Europe and the rest of Latin America; and the important trade in Spanish quicksilver.El presente artículo trata sobre las actividades económicas en Chile de Huth & Co. durante el período 1820-1850. Huth & Co. fue el único mercader banquero de Londres que decidió tener una empresa global antes de 1850 y el único también en abrir una oficina en Chile. Por lo tanto, las actividades de la sucursal en Chile deben ser analizadas considerando estos dos importantes hechos. Sin embargo, antes de este estudio, las actividades de Huth en el país fueron examinadas usando un enfoque estrictamente bilateral de las relaciones entre Chile y Gran Bretaña. Esta visión restrictiva se debió en gran parte al desconocimiento de los historiadores interesados en las relaciones anglo-chilenas de una importante fuente de información: los archivos de Huth disponibles en el University College London. Debido a este desconocimiento, la historiografía no ha dado cuenta de importantes hechos tratado en este artículo. Por ejemplo, de las importantes conexiones establecidas por la sucursal de Huth en Chile con EE.UU., Asia, Europa continental y el resto de América Latina o sobre el importante comercio en azogue español.

Neste trabalho se aborda os grandes movimentos migratórios de espanhóis e antilhanos para Cuba ocorridos entre a Independência e a Revolução de 1930. São analisadas duas questões que se consideram substantivas, especialmente no âmbito do mercado de trabalho. De um lado as características básicas dos mercados de trabalho em Cuba, fazendo uma aproximação com as diferenças regionais na forma que os imigrantes se inserem nos mesmos, e de outro lado, relacionando a expansão açucareira e a configuração de estruturas regionais, fazendo referência aos dois contingentes principais de imigrantes que chegaram à ilha de Cuba nas primeiras décadas do século XX. RESUMEN En este trabajo se aborda el caso de los dos grandes movimentos migratórios en Cuba entre la independencia y la revolución, el español y el antillano, desde una perspectiva regional. Analizando dos cuestiones que se consideran sustantivas, especialmente em el ambito de estudio de los mercados laborales, por um lado, las características básicas de los mercados de trabajo de Cuba, aproximándome a las diferencias regionales em la forma en que los inmigrantes se insertan em los mismos; y por otro, relacionando la expansión azucarera y la conformación de estructuras regionales, haciendo referencia a los dos contingentes principales que llegaron a la isla. ABSTRACT This paper delas with the two biggest emigration flows towards Cuba in the period between independence and revolution: the Spanish and the Caribbean. Two very important issues are aimed, mainly from the perspective of the study of labour markets: the basic characteristics of Cuban labour markets and the way in which immigrants integrate into them. The paper also focuses on the close relationship between the growth of sugar business and the regional structures that appeared on the sland at that time.

Recent archaeological research demonstrates that the south-central highlands was a region of important sociocultural developments during the Early Horizon (ca. 800-200 BC). One reason for the prominence of this region was the local availability of obsidian, a widely exchanged lithic material. In this paper, we discuss the results of a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) sourcing study of a sample of 26 obsidian artifacts from the site of Pallaucha, an Early Horizon civic ceremonial center located near Vilcashuaman in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru. PXRF analysis demonstrates that the Quispisisa source was the most commonly exploited locality to acquire obsidian at Pallaucha even though other sources were in closer proximity. Our results complement the results of a study of a large sample of obsidian from the nearby, and partially contemporary, civic-ceremonial center of Campanayuq Rumi.

This paper presents a critical reflection about an Indigenous Support Program in Higher Education in Mexico (PAEIIES). This program has been sponsored by the National Higher Education Institutions Association (ANUIES) and the Ford Foundation (ff) in coordination with other 16 universities. This document reviews recent polemics and theoretical debates around Affirmative Action (aa) and faces them to some of the outcomes in a research conducted in 2004 to analyze the impact of PAEIIES in five institutions (Flores Crespo & Baron Pastor 2006). The work consists in contrasting some experiences of the program in relation to the difficulties to determine indigenous identities, the problem of privileging minorities within schools and ethnic groups, the difficulties for promoting better intercultural relationship, and to eradicate racism from schools. As an open conclusion, the paper reinforces the challenge of including more actively to indigenous students, the necessity of strengthening and multiplying interaction spaces, and the responsibility of deepening these programs in the institutions.

O trabalho aborda o tema das culturas híbridas, examinando como as ideologias nacionais guianense e brasileira, que permeiam as sociedades indígenas e suas organizações políticas, são conceptualizadas pelos povos indígenas cujos territórios tradicionais foram divididos historicamente pela fronteira internacional entre a Guiana e o Brasil. Os povos indígenas que se identificam como Makuxi e Wapichana habitam aldeias em grande parte de etnias mistas ao longo desta fronteira, tendo uma longa experiência das sociedades pós-coloniais, localizados como estão nas periferias geográficas destes dois Estados nacionais. Examina-se as interpretações indígenas de ideologias nacionais e pós-coloniais, numa situação em que há uma intensa migração de mão-de-obra da região do Rupununi na Guiana para Roraima no Brasil, sobretudo para a capital do estado, Boa Vista, desde a independência da Guiana em 1966 e especialmente após a revolta do Rupununi em 1969. Antes disto a migração foi, sobretudo, no sentido contrário de Roraima para Rupununi. O ambiente atual é altamente politizado com uma presença forte de ONGs nacionais e internacionais que trabalham em parceria com estes povos indígenas. Identidades nacionais, regionais e indígenas se sobrepõem e se misturam em maneiras aparentemente contraditórias e ambíguas numa situação altamente dinâmica. Palavras-chave: Fronteira. Nacionalidade. Identidade Resumen El trabajo aborda el tema de las culturas híbridas, examinando como las ideologías nacionales guyanesa y brasileña permean las sociedades indígenas y sus organizaciones políticas. Éstas son conceptualizadas por los pueblos indígenas, cuyos territorios tradicionais fueron divididos históricamente por la fronteira internacional entre Guyana y Brasil. Los pueblos indígenas que se identifican como Makuxi y Wapichana habitan aldeas em gran parte de etnias mixtas a lo largo de esta frontera, teniendo una larga experiencia de sociedades pós-coloniales por su localización em las periferías geográficas de estos dos Estados nacionales. El artículo analisa las interpretaciones indígenas de las ideologías nacionales y pós-coloniales, en el contexto de las amplias migraciones de la mano de obra de la región de Rupununi em la Guyana para Roraima en Brasil, sobre todo para la capital del estado, Boa Vista, desde la independencia de Guyana em 1966 y especialmente después de la revuelta de los Rupununi em 1969. Antes de estos acontecimientos la migración fue sobre todo em el sentido contrario, de politizado com uma fuerte presencia de ONGs nacionales e internacionales que trabajan em apoyo a estos pueblos indígenas. Identidades nacionales, regionales e indígenas se sobreponem y mezclan, de formas aparentemente contradictorias y ambíguas, creando una situación altamente dinámica. Palabras claves: Fronteira. Nacionalidad. Identidad Abstract The paper approaches the theme of hybrid cultures, examining how the Brasilian and Guyanese national ideologies, which are in between the Indian societies and their politic organizations, are conceptualized by the Indian people which traditional territories have been historically divided by the international frontier between Guyana and Brazil. The Indian people that identify themselves as Makuxi and Wapichana live in village almost with mixed ethnics nearby this frontier, and have a long experience of the postcolonial societies, located how they are in the geographic peripheries of these two national States. The paper also will examine the Indian interpretations about national and postcolonial ideologies, in a situation which there is na intense migration of labor from the region of Rupununi, in Guyana, to Roraima, in Brazil, especially to the capital of the State, Boa Vista, since the independence of Guyana in 1966 and particularly after the Revolt of Rupununi in 1969. Before that, the migration was especially from Roraima to Rupununi. In these days the environment is highly politicized with the strong presence of national and international NGOs which work in partnership with these Indian people. National, regional and indigenous identities are put one on top of another and mixed in apparently ambiguous and contradictory manners in a situation highly dynamic. Keywords: Frontier. Nationality. Identity

Partindo do pressuposto de que o projeto de descolonização é ainda um projeto inacabado, este texto procura caracterizar a luta dos sindicatos das trabalhadoras domésticas como uma luta pelo fim de hierarquias coloniais presentes na sociedade brasileira. Para caracterizar a luta das trabalhadoras domésticas como uma luta descolonial, utilizamos os conceitos de colonialidade do poder (Quijano), diferença colonial e pensamento fronteiriço (Mignolo), assim como as contribuições da filosofia da libertação (Dussel). O texto demonstra que ao longo da histórica luta das trabalhadoras domésticas, iniciada em 1936, as hierarquias coloniais, baseadas em raça, classe e gênero, foram utilizadas, por estas mulheres, para explicar a opressão, dominação e exploração às quais elas se encontram submetidas. Por outro lado, estas categorias têm sido utilizadas pelas trabalhadoras domésticas na luta política contra a colonialidade do poder. O artigo baseia-se em entrevistas junto a trabalhadoras domésticas sindicalizadas e em documentos de alguns sindicatos da categoria. Palavras-chave: Colonialidade do poder. Trabalhadoras domésticas Resumen El artículo parte del presupuesto de que la descolonización es un proyecto inacabado, caracterizando la lucha de las trabajadoras domésticas como una lucha por el fin de las jerarquías coloniales presentes en la sociedad brasileña. Para definir esta lucha como descolonial, utilizamos los conceptos de colonialismo del poder (Quijano) diferencia colonial y pensamiento fronterizo (Mignolo), así como las contribuciones de la filosofía de la liberación (Dussel). el texto muestra que La lucha de las trabajadoras domésticas, iniciado en 1936, las jerarquías coloniales basadas en la raza, la clase, y el género han sido utilizadas por estas mujeres para explicar la opresión, la dominación y la exploración a las cuales han sido sometidas. Por otro lado, estas categorías también han sido utilizadas por las trabajadoras domésticas en la lucha política contra la colonialidad del poder. El artículo se apoya en entrevistas y documentos de algunos sindicatos de la categoría. Palabras claves: Colonialidad del poder. Trabajadoras domésticas Abstract Assuming that the project of decolonization is still unfinished, this paper attempts to explore the female domestic worker’s trade union movements as a struggle to end with colonial hierarchies in Brazilian society. To define this battle as decolonizing, I will use the concepts of colonialism of power (Quijano), Colonial difference and border thinking (Mignolo), as well as the contribution of philosophy of liberation (Dussel). This paper shows that during female domestic worker’s struggle, initiated in 1936, the colonial hierarchies (based on race, class and gender) were used to convey the oppression, domination and exploitation that subjugated them. On the other hand, the categories of race, class and gender have been used by female domestic workers to fight against colonial powers. The arguments of this article are further supported by interviews with female unionized domestic workers and on documents from some trade unions. Keywords: Coloniality of power. Female domestic workers

Esse trabalho analisa a história de leitura, de escrita e de letramento de um grupo de trabalhadores da zona rural e da construção civil do Estado de Goiás-Brasil. A análise demonstra que a história oficial da alfabetização dos trabalhadores desdobra-se em várias versões cujos objetivos direcionam-se para a manipulação e apropriação da fala dos trabalhadores, produzindo, assim, o silêncio letrado. A partir dos estudos de Bakhtin e Paulo Freire, entre outros, foi possível reconstituir a história de leitura, de escrita e de letramento desse grupo de trabalhadores, não do ponto de vista do poder, mas daqueles cuja palavra tem sido silenciada. Esse processo dá-se não só pelo caminho da submissão, mas também pelo caminho da resistência, presente na fala e na existência dos trabalhadores. Palavras-chave: Trabalhadores. Submissão. Resistência. Resumen Este trabajo analiza la historia de la lectura de la escrita y de un grupo de trabajadores del estado de Goiás, Brasil. La investigación revela que la historia oficial de la alfabetización de los trabajadores es presentada bajo diversas versiones cuyos objetivos están dirigidos a la manipulación y apropiación del lenguaje de los trabajadores produciendo el silencio letrado. A partir de los estudios de Bakhtin y Paulo Freire, entre otros, fue posible reconstruir la historia de la lectura y de la escrita de este grupo de trabajadores no del punto de vista del poder sino de la palabra que ha sido silenciada. Este proceso se da no por el camino de la sumisión sino por el de la resistencia presente en el habla y en la vida de los trabajadores. Palabras claves: Trabajadores. Sumisión. Resistencia Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reading and writing history of a group of rural workers and a group of construction workers of the state of Goiás-Brazil. During the research for this paper, it became evident that the official reading and writing history is presented in various versions, with objectives that lead to manipulation and appropriation of the workers speech, this, producing the literate silence. Using the theoretical conceptions of Paulo Freire and Bakhtin as theoretical framework, the literacy history of these groups of workers was brought to light, not from the view point of power, but from the view point of silenced speeches. The emergence of this history occurs not only by the way of submissiveness, but also by the way of resistance, which is present in the speech and in the very existence of these workers. Keywords: Workers. Submissiveness. Resistance. Literacy

After thirteen years of its validation, the tlcan outcome still is controversial, particularly in reference to the agricultural facet. The positive macroeconomic evolutions (growth of commercial exchange, of direct inversion, of productivity) are questioned due to the inequity regarding the distribution of wealth between social sectors and large portions of the country as well as the inability of the industrial sector to absorb the employments lost in lesser competitive agricultural sectors. One of the consequences is that the intensification of the migratory movements inside the country as well as in the United States of America. Starting from descriptions of the structural-changed phenomena, which has affected agriculture during the last decade, this paper shows the way in which public intervention, in its new layout, has contributed to deepen the differences in terms of productivity between regions and socio-economical groups. At the same time this allowed to control the generalized process of diversification in activities and income at the heart of which the deliveries take a central roll, in the sense of a radical configuration in the economy of rural families. This paper stresses the consequences of these transformations in the nature and sense of the current transition, as well as the challenges, particularly the political ones.

This paper tries to assess the role played by mall development on urban space, as well as in the production of “new” suburbia for the upper-middle classes. The analysis will particularly focus on malls whose architectural design allegedly offers good urban quality and respect for environmental concerns. The laissez-faire attitude, far from being a lack of regulation or a mere roll-out of the public authorities from the management and planning of the peripheries, appears to be a specific way of intervening in certain spaces. In other spaces, such as downtown areas, public authorities wish on the contrary to be visible. Luxury commerce appears as a good tool for social stakeholders to gain visibility in different territories. The paper’s empirical dimension is informed by the case study of a mall located in Barra da Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro, where the local choreography of power between the various stakeholders tends to reflect the one that takes place at other scales (zonal and urban), since they are embedded in a municipal corpus of norms, regulations and discourses.

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the French presence in Peruvian Andean anthropology. The paper identifies and analizes the studies, principal works, authors and theoretical approaches developed either in France or by French researchers that had an influence upon the development of Peruvian anthropology. The paper presents the principal institutional frameworks in which French anthropology dealing with the Peruvian Andes has evolved, and its links with the Peruvian academic world.

This paper shows how had an early influence in Peru, especially through the work of Mariano Cornejo, a lawyer who held the first chair of sociology in San Marcos University in 1896. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, institutional links between French and Peruvian sociology became stronger thanks to scholarships, academic exchange programs, and research projects. Some of the French sociologists who had an important influence in this period were François Bourricaud (power and politics); Alain Touraine (social movements); and Pierre Bourdieu (culture and education). Finally, the paper points out some of the contemporary developments in French sociology that are particularly interesting for Peruvian scholars.

In this paper I report results of the recent archaeological research carried out at three Early Intermediate Period sites in the Acari Valley, on the south coast of Peru. Current results indicate that there were at least four different burial types, one of which appears to have been mainly reserved for infants while the other three were used for any member of the society, including infants. With one exception, each mortuary structure was built to house a single individual. Bodies were wrapped in textiles and placed in a seated posture, with the knees flexed towards the chest, the arms placed under the lower limbs and the hands near the genitals or the feet. In addition, body orientation is consistently toward north. Many graves were provided with a roof, while only some received offerings. These differences had nothing to do with age or sex, however. The mortuary customs discussed in this paper differ significantly from Nasca burial practices; for instance, Nasca goods are not among burial offerings. Such notable variations testify that Nasca and Huarato were different cultural traditions.

In this paper we describe the creation process of an Amazonian hero. Jumandy was one of the leaders of an indigenous rebellion against the Spaniards that took place in 1578 in the upper Napo area. Jumandy was discovered in archives by historians and ethnologists, and then established as a hero by the non-indigenous social elite of the Napo Province. Subsequently, the Napo Runa of the Ecuadorian Amazon adopted him as their hero in the context of the indigenous nationalist movement’s development. However, the vision of the hero Jumandy developed by the Napo Runa is different from the vision promoted by the non-indigenous social elite.

This paper studies memories of haciendas during the fiestas of Puyca (La Unión, Arequipa), a southern Andean village, and how some fiestas were redefined after the Land Reform. Based on the ethnographic case of the San Santiago fiesta, this article shows how the fiesta is a preferential context where hacienda memories are enunciated. The analysis of the discursive register used during fiestas, on the one hand, and the festive practices and structural changes in religious cargos, on the other hand, reveal much about the negotiations and actual power relations in Puyca.

This paper aims to strengthen a link between the history of cocaine and female imprisonment in Lima, Peru. First, I review the history of the traditional use of coca leaf in Peru and the development, use, and prohibition of cocaine, in a global framework. Second, I show how these are linked with the appearance of the category of figures knowns as «mules» and I analyze how women are targeted by the international drug trafficking networks to fill this role. Third, I analyze how drug trafficking can be considered as a survival strategy for many gendered, racialized and precarized women. Finally, I emphasize the idea that the profile of the women imprisoned in Lima for drug trafficking has to be understood from intersectional and global tendencies.

O texto apresenta um resumo das principais pesquisas realizadas pela autora no Museu Afro Brasileiro (MAFRO/ UFBA). Os temas de investigação estão relacionados com o patrimônio cultural afrodescendente, construído com base nas memórias ancestrais e na materialização dos saberes e práticas, nos objetos e temas que compõem as coleções do museu. O texto destaca os resultados de pesquisas realizadas com a participação de professores e estudantes de Museologia/ UFBA e outras áreas relacionadas no desenvolvimento de atividades que dão prioridade à formação dos alunos para a compreensão das coleções que representam as dinâmicas culturais afrodiaspóricas, ou seja, coleções que compõem o patrimônio cultural afrodescendente, diretamente relacionado com as lutas pela liberdade. Palavras-chave: Museu. Museologia. Memória Resumen El texto presenta una síntesis de las principales investigaciones realizadas por la autora en el Museo Afro Brasileño (MAFRO/ UFBA). Los temas de investigación están relacionados con el patrimonio cultural afro-descendiente, construidos con base en las memorias ancestrales y por la materialización de los saberes y prácticas, en los objetos y los temas que componen las colecciones del museo. El texto destaca los resultados de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo con la participación de profesores y estudiantes de Museología/UFBA y otras áreas relacionadas en el desarrollo de las actividades que dan prioridad a la formación de los estudiantes hacia la comprensión de las colecciones que representan las dinámicas culturales afro-diaspóricas, es decir, colecciones que conforman el patrimonio cultural de los afro-descendientes, directamente relacionadas con las luchas por la libertad. Palabras claves: Museo. Museología. Memoria Abstract The paper presents a summary of main research conducted by the author at Afro Brazilian Museum (MAFRO/UFBA). The research topics are related to the Afro-descendant cultural heritage built on the basis of ancestral memories and the materialization of knowledge and practices, on the objects andthemes that make up the museum’s collections.The paper outlines the results of research conducted with the participation of professors and students of Museology/UFBA and other related areas in the development of activities that give priority to the training of students for understanding the collections that represent the cultural dynamics of African diaspora, in other words, collections that make up theAfro-descendant cultural heritage directly related to the struggle for freedom. Keywords: Museum. Museology. Memory

This paper presents archaeological information about female healers or curanderas that are represented on Moche ceramics discovered in the archaeological complex of the Huaca del Sol and the Huaca de la Luna. The work of female healers is a little-studied topic in Andean cultural anthropology and the presence of these curanderas in the Moche period demonstrates cultural continuity between the pre-Hispanic past and the present. In this paper, we suggest that the information gathered about the mesa symbolism of these contemporary female healers can help archaeologists and historians who study pre-Hispanic cultures when looking to understand the significance of archaeological contexts or when reconstructing the world-view and ideology of past cultures.

Este artigo rastreia o desenvolvimento das leis de direitos autorais nos 50 anos da indústria musical jamaicana e explora como o copyright afetou o desenvolvimento da música popular durante o nascedouro do Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae e Dancehall. O artigo mostra que o copyright e os direitos de propriedade intelectual nunca foram uma prioridade no mercado musical da Jamaica, que, ao invés disso, trazia um sistema de motivações não-econômicas e autoria coletiva da música que se prestou mais a estimular do que a dificultar a criatividade. A Lei de Copyright de 1993 será examinada no sentido de analisar a virada em direção à proteção e à remuneração adequada para os criadores de materiais com direitos reservados. O artigo demonstra que o crescimento acelerado do gerenciamento da proteção dos direitos autorais na Jamaica depois de 1993 foi mais uma resposta para a pressão internacional das nações industrializadas, que estavam mais interessadas em controlar a pirataria da propriedade intelectual gerida pelos enormes conglomerados de entretenimento da América do Norte e da Europa, do que uma proteção para o criador individual do trabalho intelectual. Palavras-chave: Música popular. Jamaica. Propriedade intelectual Resumen Este artículo rastrea el desarrollo de las leyes de derechos autorales en los 50 años de la industria musical jamaicana y explora como el copyright afectó la música popular durante el nacimiento del Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae y Dancehall. El artículo muestra que el copyright y los derechos de propiedad intelectual nunca fueron una prioridad en el mercado musical de Jamaica, la cual tenía un sistema de motivaciones no económicas y autoría colectiva de la música que se prestó más a estimular que dificultar la creatividad. La Ley de Copyright de 1993 será examinada em el sentido de analizar el cambio en la protección y la remuneración adecuada para los creadores de materiales con derechos reservados. El artículo demuestra que el crecimento acelerado del gerenciamento de la protección de los derechos autorales en Jamaica después de 1993 fue en realidad una respuesta a la presión internacional de las naciones industrializadas, las cuales estaban más interesadas en controlar la propriedade intelectual generada por los enormes conglomerados de entretenimento de América del Norte y de Europa, de que dar una protección para el creador individual del trabajo intelectual. Palavras-chave: Música Popular. Jamaica. Propriedade intelectual Abstract This paper will trace the development of copyright in the 50 –year old Jamaican music industry and explore how copyright affected the development of popular music during the nascent years of Ska, Rock Steady, Reggae and Dancehall. The paper will show that copyright and intellectual property rights were never a priority of the music business in Jamaica, which featured instead, a system of non-economic motivation and communal authorship of music which assisted in fuelling creativity rather than retarding it. The 1993 Copyright Act will be examined in order to analyse the shift towards ensuring adequate protection and remuneration for creators of copyrighted materials. The paper will demonstrate that the accelerated growth in copyright protection and rights management in Jamaica after 1993 was more of a response to international pressure from industrialised nations who were more interested in controlling the piracy of the intellectual property of the large entertainment conglomerates in North America and Europe than protecting individual creator intellectual work. Keywords: Popular music. Jamaica. Intellectual property

O artigo explora a inserção internacional de Granada entre 1979 e 1983. Se verifica que o país experimentou importantes transformações durante o governo do Primeiro Ministro Maurice Bishop. Entre tanto, também constata-se que divergências ao interior da elite revolucionária local terminaram provocando um virtual suicídio desta, o que facilitou a intervenção estrangeira no mês de Outubro de 1983. O artigo utiliza fontes primárias procedentes do Archivo Histórico do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil. Palavras-chave: Granada. Democracia. Libertação nacional Resumen El artículo explora la inserción internacional de Granada entre 1979 y 1983. Verifícase que dicho país experimentó importantes transformaciones durante el gobierno del Primer Ministro Maurice Bishop. Mientras tanto, también se constata que divergencias al interior de la elite revolucionaria local terminaron provocando un virtual suicidio de esta, lo que facilitó la intervención extranjera en octubre de 1983. El artículo utiliza fuentes primarias rescatadas en el Archivo Histórico del Ministerio de las Relaciones Exteriores del Brasil. Palabras claves: Granada. Democracia. Liberación nacional Abstract The paper explores the international relations of Grenada between 1979 and 1983. It suggests that this country underwent important transformations during the government of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. Meanwhile, the text also stated that divergences to the interior of the local revolutionary elite ended up bringing a virtual suicide of this and the foreign intervention in October of 1983. The paper use original sources from the Brazil’s Historical Archive of Foreign Affairs Ministry. Key words: Grenada. Democracy. National liberation

Este artigo explora uma das variações da identidade nacional jamaicana atraves das trajetórias discursivas da música popular, particularmente o reggae e a dança de salão. Usando exemplos destes dois gêneros, o artigo examina a centralidade e celebração da herva marihuana nesses discursos líricos. O trabalho também teoriza o papel da música popular como um compoente dos debates sócio-culturais jamaicanos, projetando discursos identitários no imaginário local, regional e internacional. O argumento do artigo coloca que esta projeção acompanhada de uma ambivalência local tem criado uma abertura para uma interpretação da identidade nacional jamaicana que está inextricavelmente vinculada à marihuana. Palavras-chaves: Marihuana. Dança de Salão. Reggae Resumen Este artículo explora una de las variantes de la identidad nacional jamaicana a través de las trayectorias discursivas de la música popular, particularmente el reggae y la danza de salón. Usando ejemplos de estos dos géneros, el artículo examina la centralidad y celebración de la yerba marihuana en esos discursos líricos. El trabajo también teoriza el papel de la música popular como un componente de los debates socio culturales jamaicanos, proyectando discursos identitarios en el imaginario local, regional e internacional. Argumenta el artículo que esta proyección emparejada a una local ambivalencia ha creado una apertura para una interpretación de la identidad nacional jamaicana que está inextricablemente vinculada a la marihuana. Palabras claves: Marihuana. Danza de salón. Reggae Abstract This paper explores the construction of one variant of Jamaican national identity through the discursive pathways of its popular music, particularly Reggae and Dancehall. Using examples from these two genres, the paper examines the centrality and celebration of the weed/marijuana in these lyrical discourses. The work also theorizes the role of popular music, as a component of Jamaica’s sociocultural debates, in projecting identity discourses into the local, regional and international imagination. It argues that, these sociocultural projections, coupled with local ambivalence, have created an opening for a rendition of Jamaican national identity that is inextricably bonded to the weed/marijuana. Keywords: Dance hall. Reggae. Marijuana

This paper examines the U'wa affair, a confrontation that became well know when a small indigenous group threatened to commit collective suicide in response to an oil exploitation project by two transnational companies (OXY and SHELL) associated with the state in Colombia. The story of a “tribe” willing to commit suicide in the name of what they consider to be sacred not only attracted the attention of the media all over the world, but the activism of numerous NGO's devoted to the environment and human rights. These organizations have played a key part in this confrontation which took place in the midst of the Colombian armed conflict. This article reflects on the set of images and representations which has guided the experience and the practice of the actors in dispute. At some point, all parties involved have prepared and even published maps intended to illustrate and sustain their argumentation. These maps all show the same combination of zones: those of the oil exploitation area and the indigenous lands, both the ones recognized by the state and the ancestral territories they claim as theirs. Each map shows these areas and the relation between them, but emphasizing particular features in different ways. They may thus be considered as cultural texts and constitute a corpus of information to approach and understand the conflict. Since cartography represents its objects in an allegedly objective manner, maps appear to be neutral in relation to the positions asserted by every actor. As a consequence, they offer a privileged standpoint from which to identify the hypotheses and assumptions that underlie their actions and enunciations. The paper explores, trough maps, and the “sub-text” in the arguments put forth by each of the antagonists: the notions, opinions and intentions they are not express explicitly (i.e., the “political unconscious” of the argumentation). The critical analysis of the conflict’s cartography shows how much the agenda of the environmental and human rights NGO’s resembles that of the oil boosters, and the means through which the indigenous cosmology is construed as static and essentialist, and in this way, rendered invisible and illegitimate in paradoxical ways.

The dimensions of the social exclusion phenomenon and its relation with poverty have been analyzed in many papers. Developed countries were the most concerned about this topic and conducted many researches on it. They propose that social exclusion is related to unemployment, ethnicity (immigrants) and age (elderly). In the case of developing countries, like Peru, social exclusion is an existent phenomenon but related to variables different from those of developed countries. In fact, the estimations made using the ENAHO Survey (2001, fourth trimester) show the different variables in which the social exclusion states in Peru. In this paper, we will try to propose answers to questions such as: Who is suffering social exclusion in Peru? What are they excluded from? Are all the poor excluded? What are the differences between an excluded poor and a non-excluded one? Is it important make this difference? Why? What are the implications of social exclusion to a country? Does social exclusion affect self-esteem and the capacity to challenge problems associated with poverty?

In this paper, the concept of ethnicity and the manner in which it is operationalized in national censuses are reviewed. Recognizing the need to register ethnic features in Latin American countries is, generally speaking, a relatively new process, generated by the variety of sociocultural dynamics existing in each country and by the reasons, specific to each country, that motivate this need. A conceptualization of ethnicity cannot therefore be applied in the same way to each national reality, which is reflected in the operationalization of each conceptualization in censuses. All this complicates efforts to establish standardized statistical criteria and procedures to allow the application of technically acceptable and politically admissible instruments, which could serve as a basis for comparing the situation of such groups in the different countries of the region. Despite all this, we believe it is necessary to continue progressing in this direction. We consider that a strategy which may allow relatively more secure conceptual progress is to begin by reviewing the most recent ideas on ethnicity, while using as a concrete reference the specific reality of a country that also has elements similar to those of other countries in the region. This is the case of Peru, where populations of Indigenous and African descent are found, albeit in very diverse proportions. Taking Peru as its reference, this paper first gives a brief presentation of the main current perspectives on ethnicity, and then discusses some of the implications of its operationalization in population censuses.

Diversifying sources of farming income is a crucial issue for the welfare of rural populations. Indeed, in rural areas, any additional work dedicated to activities that are not directly related to farming may contribute to rises in income, albeit modest. This paper demonstrates that, despite the potential of activities that complement farming, both in terms of job creation and income generation, there continues to be little understanding of this area of rural economy. This weakness is due to the heterogeneity of such activities, which produces a great deal of conceptual confusion, and to the shortcomings of national statistics, which do not register these activities properly. In spite of these difficulties, this paper seeks to provide an overview of the importance and characteristics of the activities that complement farming in Peru. Four main conclusions emerge from the results presented here: the unquestionable underestimation of these activities and the income they generate; the significant proportion of agriculture in complementary activities; the concentration of these activities in two or three sectors and the relative stability of their distribution in time and space, according to sectors; and a rather marked division of labor between men and women.

Gabriela Mistral and Pedro Aguirre Cerda made acquaintance of themselves in 1916. Since then, they maintained correspondence until 1941. The paper is based on a set of twenty-seven letters written by Gabriela Mistral to Pedro Aguirre Cerda from different places of the world, published in Mapocho journal in 1977. It also includes the Epistolario de Gabriela Mistral issued in the Epistolario de Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938-1941) published by the Centro de Estudios Barros Arana. Finally, it incorporates a letter by Juana Aguirre de Aguirre to Mistral, dated in 1942. This is completed by different references that both of them made in their letters to other people. The paper reviews four aspects of the relation between Gabriela Mistral and Pedro Aguirre Cerda. The first topic is in regard to the poetess daily life aspects. A second question its related with Gabriela Mistral’s professional matters, specially the ones connected with her labor as an educator, as an international government employee and as a publicist of our country in other places of the world. The third issue is related to the poetess’s opinions concerning issues about Chilean politics. Finally, the fourth topic is in relation with subjects concerning Mistral’s private life and personal opinions.

Recent archaeological research demonstrates that the south-central highlands was a region of important sociocultural developments during the Early Horizon (ca. 800-200 BC). One reason for the prominence of this region was the local availability of obsidian, a widely exchanged lithic material. In this paper, we discuss the results of a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) sourcing study of a sample of 26 obsidian artifacts from the site of Pallaucha, an Early Horizon civic ceremonial center located near Vilcashuaman in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru. PXRF analysis demonstrates that the Quispisisa source was the most commonly exploited locality to acquire obsidian at Pallaucha even though other sources were in closer proximity. Our results complement the results of a study of a large sample of obsidian from the nearby, and partially contemporary, civic-ceremonial center of Campanayuq Rumi.

This paper presents background information on the canal cleaning ceremony and request of rains in Socaire, northern Chile. The intention is to highlight the ritual importance of the mountains and the role that the elements of nature have with the social organization in this community. Different hypotheses about the importance of the sky and the existence of possible ceque lines are discussed, as well as geographic proposals for the location and hierarchy of the tutelary hills of the region. Based comparison with ethnohistorical information from Cuzco and other radial systems of the Andes, we confirm the importance of water and mountains as sacred entities in the Atacameño world, particularly in the months of August, September and October, which coincide with the beginning of the agricultural year, the cleaning of canals and the awakening of the grandparents in Socaire, respectively.

Aguada Portezuelo pottery from northwestern Argentine region is characterized by its marked polychromy and its broad repertoire of finishing techniques, mainly involving the surface treatments and the decoration of the vessels. These vessels present positive and negative motives together with the presence of pre- and post-firing painting. This paper presents detailed information on the main technological features involved in their production. The concept of craft specialization is discussed and revised in relation to the ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological models proposed in the central Andes.

In this paper I present a general discussion, using a “recursive” approach, of ideas and concepts that I consider important to improve the study of ceramic production by Andean communities. I understand this as a “nuclear practice”. Based on archaeological ethnography, I discuss the notion of community as an “assembly” of human and non-human agencies, and “affective networks” as a means of social “commitment”. To exemplify my approach to analysis, I present the case of the pottery community of Chipihayco, located in the valleys of southern Bolivia.

In Central America, the series of post-federal wars after 1840 showed how State politics were developed in a regional setting, in which the Arch of Conchagua was inserted. The area around the Fonseca Gulf, shared by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, acquired a great economic and strategic pre-eminence in those years. The dominant groups encouraged a concept of common space, seeking the support of other interregional actors based on their political mobilization and economic interests. In this paper we assert that during the mid-19th century the region of the Conchagua Arch was a space for the circulation of people, ideas, and businesses with new characteristics, under the leadership of the dominant group of San Miguel in Eastern El Salvador. To prove it we will address the historic background of the common space and later analyze the socio-political and economic factors that led it to be formed.

In this paper, I address the processes of constructing person and the acquisition of a new soul in the Awajun society (Jivaro linguistic family, Peru). This is based on psychotropic plants —tobacco, angel trumpet, ayahuasca and chagropanga—, the words and discourses about them as well as the implicit logics. On the other hand, it involves shamanism and vision quest. We will realize that these respective logics have different meanings to different people (common people or shaman): they are both opposite and complementary. Opposite, since the vision quest assumes a purge and a spiritual experience to be “clean, beautiful, adorned” and to have a life of plenty while shamanic practice requires a contamination to be prickly and to be able to gain access to the invisible. These perspectives are complementary, since the shamanic practice protects the individual from magical aggression or witchcraft during the vision quest.

Cashinahua kinship is renowned for its Kariera-like alternate generation system. What can then be the novel aspect of its study? A linguistic approach reveals several levels and nuances in verbal attitudes among the speakers (modes of address, greetings, speech registers), which are mainly focused on the contextual use of kinship terms. The paper proposes an ethnolinguistic description of this aspect of Cashinahua verbal art, which has received little attention in the literature on the Pano languages of the South American lowlands.

In a dance of Moors and Christians in the region of Texcoco, the character playing the role of St. James wears a realistic mask known as the Divine Face. People reject calling it a “mask” because they consider it a miraculous object, and they believe the person who wears it becomes a saint, or even Jesus Christ. This paper documents the practices and beliefs centered on the Divine Face, and the rules that must be observed by those who are in close contact with him, so he will “be happy”. We briefly review studies concerning the personification of gods, pointing out similarities between the ethnographic material and the concept of ixiptla among the ancient Mexicans. We discuss the distinctive features of the described phenomenon, and present a proposal of how this concept has persisted in spite of the apparent modernization of the region.

The devils or judas are dancers who appear during Holy Week in Tamapatz –a community located Southeast of Aquismón, in the Huasteca, San Luis Potosí. They are dressed as conceptualized beings that share many characteristics with the Devil, and combine elements of the Teenek world and the Mestizo world in their personalities. They all help each other in their association, because they participate in the same places and share culinary preferences and ethical values. But why does this happen? What is it that allows the Devil to relate to the devils? The exchange of strength, understood as vital energy that gives the extant beings the power of acting in the world, offers us a possible answer. In this paper we analyze the attributes of the devils’ strength, beginning with the following questions: where does that strength come from? What are its characteristics? How is the exchange between the devils and the Devil achieved and what are its effects?

Ritual practices have a “sound face” which is frequently unnoticed or is tangentially described in anthropological studies. This paper explores the sound dimension of the ritual system in the Huasteca region, called “el costumbre”. We present the different sign systems, formed and transmitted by sounds, that when staged reinforce the general meaning of each one of the included rituals. We explore how music brings to mind a collection of experiences that are interlaced in order to create a new experience, charged with strong emotion. These emotions make the sacred world plausible.

As it is known, several researchers observed that in the sixteenth century, the meanings of the names of the twenty-day cycles of the Mexica calendar do not match the cycle of the seasons. As the vague Mexica year (Xihuitl) of 365 is approximately a quarter of a day shorter than the tropical year (also known as a solar year) of 365.2422 days, the Mexica year (Xihuitl) used to supplant the tropical year at a steady rhythm. Michel Graulich (1976, 1979) assumed that the lack of coincidence between the names of the rituals and of the twenty-day cycles with the seasons of the year was due to the firm nature of the passage of time and by calculating backwards, he concluded that the names of the twenty-day cycles coincided with the seasons was during the period from 680 to 683 A.D. This paper reviews his concepts and calculations.

Dynastic pots or receptacles form part of a ceramic material that stands out for the decoration and distinctive details on its surfaces. Pots of the Kaan dynasty stand out because their narrative hieroglyphics depict lists of governors whose origins seem to have been lost in the mists of time; however, there are exceptions and in some cases, the theme of the artifact is complemented with references about the content, use and the owners in question. Through comprehensive epigraphic and iconographic analyses, this paper discusses the case of the K955 pot, which was used to hold an intoxicating beverage consumed in different types of rituals. The results of these analyses allow us to infer different social-political contexts in which the use of the artifact took on a greater relevance.

Although they seem to have converted very few people over the years, since the mid 50’s, Protestant missionaries have played, a crucial role in the political, social and economic lives of the Chacobo of Bolivian Amazon. Recently, their influence seems to have diminished, probably due to less affluent Bolivian missionaries being substituted for North American or Swiss missionaries from the SIL or the Misión Suiza. However, the influence of evangelicals is still quite strong because, among other reasons, most contemporary leadership roles are held by people who have been trained by missionaries and who come from families that have deliberately chosen to take sides with them. Paradoxically, some of the Chacobo who have worked with and/or for the missionaries, for instance as Bible translators or preachers, have nonetheless failed on the local political scene. In spite of their undeniable aptitudes, they simply lacked the other essential ingredient for power: support from influential kinship networks. This paper will therefore reflect on the respective importance of social versus religious determinants on the success of political careers among the Chacobo from 1955 until now.

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the development of historical climatology in Latin America in an attempt to identify the main perspectives presented by this discipline in the region. It is based on the assumption that this field of study is mainly linked to the discussions of climatology and environmental history. Climate history has been approached in a heterogeneous way in accord with the academic tradition of the country and the theoretical-methodological perspective considered. Nevertheless, there is value in the heterogeneity of Latin American studies of climate. It includes features that express a mestizo academic identity. The varied perspectives created werebased on the idea that each one works by itself coexisting and mixing inside this identity.

Indigenous Maya people of Campeche have a specific well-structured normative and juridical system of their own. This is recognized by the Indigenous Law as a normative expression with legal character derived from Customary Law. Although Mexican hegemonic law enforcement recognizes structured and tacit rules, codes and procedures among those native communities, this legal system and related practices are still vulnerable to misinterpretation because of misunderstandings by the judicial authorities. This different way to understand Customary Law forces judicial authorities to request specialized opinions (expertise) about practices among Mayan people or communities. In this paper, we will ponder about the importance of the biocultural expertise and their role as guiding documents for the judicial authorities in cases of controversy. We thus reframe the criteria which expert witnesses and law enforcers must apply to legal cases when analyzing different cultural contexts and cosmovisions.

Traditionally the school of Sagres is considered as an initiative of scientific research and training under the command of Henry the Navigator, which played a key role in his exploration and expansion project through the Atlantic Ocean. Until the 20th century, it has not been investigated under the lens of the professional historian, whom has unraveled the truth and has questioned its existence. The intention of this paper is to study the school in depth, establishing a historiographic trajectory from its origins until the present. The goal is to understand where historical reality begins, and the myth ends.

This paper examines two initiatives of learned associations to construct integrating guides to the past in two localities: Manizales, Colombia and San Luis Potosí, Mexico through a description and analysis of the appearance and trajectory of the journals Archivo Historial (1918-1923) and Bohemia (1942-1947). These journals are treated as concrete expressions of the work of the intellectuals of these cities to generate and spread knowledge about the locality and the region. Behind the work is the question about the conditions and activities carried out by the creators of these publishing initiatives in their efforts to search, collect and interpret information in order to generate the milestones that established the local and regional past.