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Chile es un caso emblemático en la apertura de la educación superior al libre mercado y en la reformulación de las lógicas que regulan la producción científica en las universidades. Esto se traduce en un sistema de gestión del personal académico orientado por bonos de productividad asociados a las publicaciones de alto impacto, distribución de fondos de investigación condicionados a la productividad de investigadores y jerarquización de las tareas académicas. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio que buscó explorar y comprender cómo académicas y académicos de ciencias sociales, altamente productivas y productivos, describen la escritura científica desde la práctica laboral cotidiana enmarcada en nuevas regulaciones de la producción científica. A partir del análisis de 20 entrevistas, proponemos que hay facetas fundamentales para definir la escritura científica: la afectividad, la fragilidad y la estrategia. Éstas dan cuenta de aspectos cotidianos, así como de tensiones y conflictos presentes en el proceso de escritura científica

En este artículo abordamos el tema de las contribuciones positivas del paradigma del desarrollo humano y de la Organización para la Prohibición Completa de Pruebas Nucleares (CTBTO por sus siglas en inglés), al proceso de globalización que estamos viviendo. Para una mejor comprensión de su relevancia, hemos introducido una breve conceptualización histórica. Hemos distinguido tres periodos relevantes, en particular para el caso de la CTBTO. El primero de ellos inicia con la firma del Tratado de Paz de Westfalia en 1648, y que se caracteriza por la aparición de los Estados Nación modernos en diferentes partes del mundo. Este periodo llega hasta 1945 (claramente los movimientos independentistas en África se extienden más allá de esta fecha).El segundo, se extiende de 1945 hasta 1989 y se caracteriza por la formación de dos grandes bloques hegemónicos mundiales. Y el tercero que comienza desde 1989 hasta el presente y que se caracteriza por la aparición del multilateralismo. El desarrollo humano y la CTBTO surgen en este último periodo, y tiene como objetivo, respectivamente, promover el bienestar y el desarrollo de capacidades humanas, y el promover un mundo más pacífico y seguro. En nuestra presentación ilustramos con ejemplos de América Latina el impacto que ambos han tenido. Es nuestra esperanza que, en este mundo recientemente amenazado de nuevo por la guerra, nuestras instituciones y estas organizaciones globales sean capaces de hacer que predominen estos importantes temas humanos.

In the 2010s, conservative leaderships dominated governments in many western democracies. In this wave, Jair Bolsonaro was elected President of Brazil in 2018. This paper aims analyzing some of the government’s central strategies, especially the promotion of an intense neoextrativism as the main driver of economic growth, representing a new form of alliance between conservatism and neoliberalism. The disruption of environmental policies in Brazil is a main feature of this model. This paper makes a document and descriptive statistical analysis to show how this strategy is practiced, underlining its most important consequences. Our research has identified and described four strategies adopted by Bolsonaro’s Government that heighten this situation: the dismantling of spaces for social participation, militarization of environmental agencies, institutional breakdown, and cuts in budget resources. Finally, we alert about the severe consequences of this situation, which affects Brazilians and the global capacity to face environmental challenges.

Resumen La intención de este trabajo es analizar si el suicidio siempre es moralmente reprobable. Para ello, se expondrán y evaluarán los argumentos propuestos por Kant, uno de los más fervientes detractores del suicidio. El prusiano consideraba que el suicidio resultaba incondicionalmente reprochable al representar el aniquilamiento de la naturaleza racional y, por tanto, de la dignidad humana. Ahora, condenar de forma absoluta el suicidio es problemático, puesto que se pueden legitimar conductas o estados que contrarían, justamente, la dignidad humana. Por consiguiente, en aras de exponer la viabilidad moral del suicidio, se resaltará la importancia de considerar, antes de juzgar el acto, las circunstancias en que es consumado el suicidio y, asimismo, el posible daño que éste pueda llagar a representar para el individuo y la sociedad. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether suicide is always morally reprehensible. In this regard, we will examine the arguments put forth by Kant, one of the most fervent critics of suicide. Kant considered suicide to be unconditionally reprehensible, as it represented the annihilation of rational nature and, consequently, human dignity. However, an absolute condemnation of suicide poses problems, as it may legitimize behaviors contrary to human dignity. Therefore, in order to explore the moral viability of suicide, we will emphasize the importance of considering the circumstances in which the act occurs and the potential harm it may represent for the individual and society.

The aim of this paper is to carry out a brief analysis of the history of the first fifty years of the journal Miscelánea Comillas, as a contribution to the monographic issue celebrating its 75th anniversary. We will especially focus on the origin of the magazine and we will study some of its most significant personalities, such as Camilo M.ª Abad, Fr. Salaverri, Lucio Rodrigo, Fidel García Martínez, Ambrosio Sanz, Lorenzo R. Sotillo, Valeriano Andérez or Constancio Gutiérrez, most of whom were Jesuit Fathers, who have contributed with their papers to the development of scientific research in the fields of History, Theology, Philosophy, Moral and Canon Law, Sacred Scripture, etc. We will also analyse the evolution of the journal over time, its editors and the thematic field of the papers which have been published in it. Finally, we will carry out a detailed analysis of the issues of the first ten years, which we have studied, explaining the thematic contents of the papers published in the journal, its main authors at that time, etc.

The aim of this paper is to outline the current state of the university system and confront it with the cultural and social challenges that it should face. Based on certain statistical indicators referring to the last decade, we focus on the Spanish case, resulting in a critical diagnosis for all the groups with significant links to the higher education system. From the new paradigm of the European Higher Education Area, this paper analyses the role and responsibility of society, university institutions, professors and especially students, for their greater role and vulnerability.

This paper proposes an approach to the poetic write of the Colombian Raúl Gómez Jattin. As a result of the interpretation of the poems “Veneno de Serpiente Cascabel” and “El Elogio de los alucinogenos” written in the period from 1983 to 1986, this paper explain the symbolic multiplicity of poetic writing by Raúl Gómez Jattin. In relation with a viewpoint philosophical-literary this paper can decipher the relationship between the poetic saying and the connotations of otherness that the world of literature crosses, that from the poetry of Raúl Gómez Jattin is thought at the same time as descent, possibility of challenge to study the elements of the transgression what the Colombian poet Raúl Gómez Jattin needs inexcusable for the affirmation of life and literary space.

Coexistence is a fundamental for the exercise of the rights and duties of citizens and its preservation depends largely on the governance of public safety but the crime prosecution at the head of the police force is inadequate because it just moves the crime but does not eliminate its causes nor restore the damage caused to the victims. Thus, this paper describes different strategies to counteract the crime, their contradictions and also suggests an interagency work like a practice of experimental innovation in order to counteract the perception of insecurity. Finally this paper displays the benefits of data collection and analysis to support not only the police work but also to establish baselines for future public policy, as well as building scenarios with confidence and institutional credibility at the municipal level under the expectation of a post-conflict in Colombia.

Social protection to the elderly suffered great transformations throughout the twentieth Century. In this paper, we will try to highlight the most significant moments of social protection and help in this matter. We will go from the old Charity to the implantation of the public system of Social Services after the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its following regulations. We will finish with some reflections on the future of the social protection. We wanted to refer to some old Institutions that settled in Madrid and also to their legal status just because we are in Madrid, the place from this paper will be published. It is also the place where the author has been working, in the field of Social Work, for so many years.

The paper maintains that the modern dualism, which defends the objetivist status of the social science, is an ideological operation from the Restauration, which it is in the matrix of the modernity of the XIX Century. Actually, the intellectual lives of the main social thinkers, including those who defend the opposite, is marked by a deep historic engagement in which their think is a way of social public action. The paper presents the Spanish word of latin origin «Investigacción», which has their etymological correlate in the English word «Investigaction», like a way of express the methodological focus of this contradiction.

Objective assessment is very difficult to achieve, even more if it deals with competencies. In this paper a new method for competencies assessment is proposed. It tries to be as objective as possible. More specifically, the paper deals with the ability to work on interdisciplinary teams, personal initiative, creative skills, personal autonomy, systematization and honesty competency. It also shows that the proposed method is robust against an intention to be learnt by students. The paper also describes some experiences with proposed evaluation method in one mechatronic course of the Industrial Engineering at ICAI (Comillas).

This paper celebrates the 50º anniversary of our Social Work School created from the spirituality of Saint Vicente of Paul and recreated by the spirituality of the Jesuits. Deepening into these traditions still reserves a lot of potencials which could enrich the Social Work around us. This study exams the way of procedure of the Jesuits in the development of the Social Work in their universities along the world since more than ninety years ago. The result of that visit is that it exists an enlightening and empowering paradigm for the poor people. In the paper we expose systematically their characteristics and potencials. This Jesuit university project for the Social Work is based in the Jesuit educational wisdom and in the development of the social mission in the last fifty years, especially by the leadership of Father Arrupe, by the testimony of the Theology of the Liberation —especially by the martyrdom of Father Ellacuría— and by the government of Father Kolvenbach.

This paper deals with a number of considerations on the teaching of an essential area in the field of translation: legal translation. As translation is increasingly considered an intercultural endeavour, legal translation is of great importance as it is an excellent introduction to legal culture, a key element of a country’s general culture. It is also one of the main specialist fields for professional translators, so several essential skills to be acquired by would-be legal translators are also reviewed in this paper.

This paper publishes the results of a research about social volunteerism in Madrid. The research with focus groups shows that there is a strong volunteering sector in Madrid. The volunteers from Madrid belong to social organizations that have a clear image about themselves. These social organizations have an intensive internal life; they have hope in social changes, creativity and a critical point of view, but they are not developing a lobbyist public action. This paper analyses in detail the characteristics of the organizations and the components of the necessary plan to improve them.

This paper focuses on how Brazil designed and put into force a legal instrument that makes companies strictly liable for domestic and international acts of corruption and highlights the role of external drivers during a 15-year process. It also introduces the concept of ‘convenient accountability’ which suggests that Brazil has adopted the slowest and cheaper methods in order to see to demands of those who want and do not want greater accountability in the case of the new clean company act (Law 12846/2013); also dubbed as ‘anti-corruption law’. Despite the apparent force of the civil society in this case of ‘pressure from below’, until now, no company has been punished under Law 12846/2013. An already over-whelmed anti-corruption agency was chosen to enforce the new legislation in the federal and international spheres against companies, some of them being traditional campaign financers and governmental contractors. Hence, it still remains uncertain whether Brazil will effectively enforce its anti-corruption law that, on paper, even exceeds international requirements.

An important economic issue is whether Brazil is under a deindustrialization process or not. This paper deepens the complex debate about Brazilian deindustrialization and the authors suggest that there is not a simple answer. The causes of the deindustrialization process are analyzed and its ramifications and its impacts to the industrial structure are considered. Data and information about five industrial groups are considered since the 90´s. The paper demonstrates that Brazil is going through a premature deindustrialization process which is not generalized, although it restricts the country development.

This paper maps out three themes around which studies on Brazilian immigration to Portugal have revolved: "Class and Work"; "Gender and Prostitution" and "Identity Processes.” The first theme considers the division of migratory flows to Portugal into two "waves" differentiated by the social class of the migrants. The profusion of academic papers on "Gender and Prostitution" leaves open the question about the genealogy of the "mark of prostitution" that has stigmatized Brazilian female immigrants. Finally, “Identity processes” are marked by the ambivalence of miscegenation, a component of an imagined Brazilian identity and of an imagined Portuguese identity.

Based on the author’s field work in western Rajasthan, this paper forwards the argument that the growing chasm between its promises and delivery has made the state lose its credibility among the Bhils of western Rajasthan in India. The interviews and observations are based on twelve weeks of participation in the daily life of multiple actors in desert jungles of Jodhpur and Bikaner western Rajasthan. The main motive was to understand various postures on hunting- as a community activity as well as a legal input behind certain modern state laws. Still waiting for basic amenities such as reliable supply of water and electricity, forest communities as Bhils also remain unhappy with the way the power politics amongst caste plays out to suppress their ascent into public offices. Many practices of the state remain out of bounds for them. In as far as evoking from the state a moral-functional response over its failings is concerned, Bhils see no light at the end of the day either. They substantiate this by pointing out that, perhaps, their demands, requirements and expectations from the state still remain pretty much the same as the promises in the inaugural election manifestos of parties post-independence. However, although they find it hard to reach the state, its reciprocal reach towards intervening in day to day lives of the communities remains much more than its own ability to deliver for them. This is evidenced by the helicopter visions emanating from changed hunting laws which in turn change the way Bhils view the state and society around them. While Bhils come to terms with or question these laws in India, the irony is that the hunting of the very species which stands declared as under threat stands hunted clandestinely on ground by all kinds of actors, despite a ‘jail without bail’ provision that presumably should up the ante for criminal activities such as poaching. In this context this paper talks of the world view of the Bhils over the issue in general, their dilemmas and emic perspectives in particular. It also brings to light the implications of conservation politics by other communities in the vicinity such as the Bishnois who wage collective struggles to ensure protection of endangered species, while the state remains distant and lags behind in its approach to answer the issues raised by the Bhils, newer market strategies and products gain a quick entry as well as growing relevance in the Bhil lifestyles.

The show ‘The Art of Diplomacy – Brazilian Modernism Painted for War’ was opened on 5th April and displayed until 22nd June 2018 at the Sala Brasil, the exhibition space of the Brazilian Embassy in Trafalgar Square, London. This was a partial restaging and tribute to the 1944-1945 ‘Exhibition of Modern Brazilian Paintings’, held at the Royal Academy of Arts in London and seven other major galleries across the United Kingdom. Out of the one-hundred-sixty eight original artworks, twenty-four paintings by twenty artists were found in the public galleries of seventeen cities throughout the UK. They were shown, together with a video produced for this occasion and several historical documents unearthed during a four-year academic research project. The investigation for this meta-exhibition inspired this author’s PhD dissertation on “Public Diplomacy on the Front Line: The Exhibition of Modern Brazilian Paintings within Brazil’s Second World War Foreign Policy”, for which this essay serves as a sort of epilogue. The dissertation hermeneutically examined the diplomatic motivations and outcomes of this wartime initiative, concluding that it was a public component of a foreign policy designed to increase Brazil’s prestige in the aftermath of WW2. It also demonstrates that the exhibition was a successful endeavour, although its outcomes were weakened by the political discontinuity that followed the replacement of its mastermind, Minister Oswaldo Aranha (1894-1960), and President Getúlio Vargas (1882-1954). The TAoD, which was diplomacy-driven as much as the exhibition that it celebrated, took place within a historical, political and cultural context entirely different from the one in which the original show came into existence. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the 2018 project evolved vis- à -vis its diplomatic background, while also forming a corpus for future analyses and interpretations.

The Brazilian path to political emancipation that culminated two centuries ago was a rather peculiar one. After becoming the head of the Portuguese empire in 1808, Brazil became an independent country under the rule of the same royal family that governed the colony. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Brazilian independence did not entail a delinking from Portugal, due to which the Brazilian Western identity was taken for granted. We will also discuss how this absence of delinking had consequences in the long run. Despite the Brazilian colonial past, several intellectuals and foreign policymakers assumed the Brazilian Western identity and made disdainful and hostile comments when writing on the Afro-Asian decolonization process.

This paper was written under the research project CRiCity: “Children and their Right to the City: Tackling urban inequity through the participatory design of child-friendly cities” developed in Lisbon and Porto and funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through national funds (PTDC/SOC-SOC/30415/2017). We focus on two case-studies developed in Porto. Our aim is to present some of the findings of the focus groups and drawing activities developed with children in two institutions. During this research, it was evident that children from middle and high classes are more subjected to institutionalization, domestication and hyper-protection processes than those from lower social classes. Also, we conclude that the phenomena of insularization and specialization contributes to aggravating restrictions on public spaces by producing forms of socio-spatial segregation depending not only on age, but also on class and social status.

What is the meaning of ‘nature’ in Asian cultures? How do Asian people perceive their relations to nature? What types of environmental ethics do Asian cultures exhibit? This paper considers these questions in two major Asian traditions, Indian and Chinese. It points out that the concept of nature has played a crucial role in Asian people’s lifestyles, beliefs, and ethical thinking. To them, nature is seen not merely as a means of livelihood, but rather the fountain of harmony, spirituality, and inspiration. The paper examines whether Asian environmental ethics is anthropocentric or nonanthropocentric. It concludes that, despite some limitations, Asian traditions nourish an alternative environmental ethic, which is a companionship with nature, and should be granted as a valuable resource for environmental education.

This paper is a galeatus, a kind of humanist Hispanic essay, to alert aboutthe troubles of the current University, specially the Ibero-American, which isaffected by external forces and fake syndromes. The paper pretends to show that problems are not economic and financial; they are in deep, how authority and autonomy are despaired. For this reason, it is contemplated here a type of humanist solutions and a defense of basic disciplines, specially Political Philosophy, and the relevant academic tool, the books, so rejected today.

This paper conceptualizes landscape from a temporal and spatial perspective which emphasizes peoples’ interactions and activities as an inherent part of understanding the landscape itself. Today, peoples’ interaction with the landscape has become more complex, largely owing to the changing notions of place in contemporary urban living. In this context, the paper examines the role and significance of the landscapes of everyday life in urban environment and delineates how it (re)constructs ordinary human and social meanings that are necessary conditions for our existence. The paper is presented in three sections. In the first section, it discusses the concept of everyday life and its relevance in the contemporary urban living. In the following section, it examines the complexities encountered in urban landscapes today .The third section of the paper discusses how meaningful interaction experienced with everyday landscapes offer valuable insights for addressing the challenges posed by the complexities of urban city living. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for attention towards the largely neglected or overlooked domains of ‘ordinary’ everyday landscape by designer professionals, which plays a crucial role in creating meaningful relationship between people and place.

En este artículo se aborda el problema del lugar de la filosofía en la educación universitaria actual a través del análisis de una cuestión concreta: la estandarización de la escritura académica y sus efectos sobre la práctica de la filosofía y su enseñanza. A partir del análisis formal del “paper” académico como patrón único de producción y de valoración de la investigación actual, se valoran sus consecuencias sobre la relación entre pensamiento, escritura y educación. Se llega a la conclusión de que la estandarización de la escritura en la universidad globalmente homologada actual conduce a una asfixia del pensamiento no sólo en la filosofía sino en todos los ámbitos del saber. A la vez, nos da la clave para diagnosticar y localizar, en cada uno de estos ámbitos, cuáles son los espacios de lo innegociable a partir de lo cual debemos repensar nuestra relación con la educación y el pensamiento dentro y fuera de la universidad.This article addresses the problem of the place of philosophy in higher education today through the analysis of a single issue: the standardization of academic writing and its effects on the practice of philosophy and teaching. From the formal analysis of the academic "paper", as the unique pattern of production and evaluation of current research, this article evaluates its impact on the relationship between thinking, writing and education. It concludes that standardization of writing in the globally homologated university, leads to a stifling of thought not only in philosophy but in all areas of knowledge. At the same time gives us the key to diagnose and locate, in each of these areas, what are the spaces of the non-negotiable from which we must rethink our relationship with education and thinking inside and outside the university.

I propose in this paper to make a critique of one part of Richard Rorty’sethic-political argumentation, specifically about how to treat moral conflict problems in which the loyalty to different collectives is troubled. I’ll try to hold this critique providing a context for Rorty’s arguments (specially of his work El pragmatismo. Una versión), which are exposed in the first part of the paper, in a traditional criticism framework. I’ll try as well to show that Rorty’s approach depends on this philosophy; although he pretends to destroy «pure» rational arguments in favour of another ones more pragmatic, they owe their efficiency to the first ones, which remain behind them.

The implementation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is causing some conflicts, especially due to the students' discontent; they fear that their situation will be worse in this new environment. In this context, it is interesting to identify new methodologies but also to study their efficacy and scan the students' opinion on these changes. Little is known about the students' evaluation of these methodologies. This paper attempts to make a valuable contribution, since it is oriented towards these two objectives. On the one hand, it describes the process of adapting a marketing unit to Bolonia dictates. On the other hand, this paper goes a step further since it tests students' perception and satisfactionwith these learning-based methodologies, using a comparative and longitudinal study of two groups of students enrolled in BSc Business (with and with out EHEA teaching methods).Students in the EHEA group devote the same amount of time to the unit, aremore oriented toward learning-by-doing methodologies and evidence a similar satisfaction with the course, even when they believe it is more difficult. Students adapt easily, linking their dedication to the tools they perceive as more effective.This paper makes two contributions. First, the adaptation used for this marketing course could be mirrored by other disciplines in process of adaptation to EHEA dictates. Second, the results do not support the most common criticismsto the EHEA: it will lead to worse academic results; it will demand excessivetime-dedication on the students' side; students will resist autonomous learning systems.

The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were two post-World War (World War I and World War II) organizations established for the maintenance of peace and security in the international system. One of the cardinal objectives of these organizations was the promotion of a Collective Security System which was considered as vital in the pursuit of global peace and security. In other words, Collective Security is an institutional mechanism established to address a comprehensive list of major threats to peace and security around the world. With the escalation of conflicts and wars in different parts of the world, there is therefore the need for collective responses at global, regional and national levels in conflict situations. The achievement of collective security in the international system would be based on the principle that any attack on any member of the United Nations would be considered as an attack on all the members. After a panoramic discourse of the meaning and nature of Collective Security, the paper also examines the problems of collective security in the international system; its failure under the League of Nations and the United Nations. The paper concludes that the weaknesses inherent in the system do not make it unuseful as it is a relevant factor in the maintenance of international peace and security.

Starting from the New Enlightenment, announced by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka to be emerging in the post-postmodern era, a conflict is possible to manifest between the positive spirit in the name and the awareness of today’s societal and cultural problems. The paper focuses to resolving this conflict. The idea of New Enlightenment comes out of Tymieniecka’s phenomenological analysis of the logoic networks of life with identification of logoic unification of reason and intuition, and the insight into the ontological self-poiesis of life, i.e. ontopoiesis. Scientific progress takes place due to the ontopoietic self-disclosure of life. Understanding the ontopoiesis refocuses attention from trauma to the growing loci of the self, and creates an emergent alternative to existential pessimism of postmodern therapies. The paper examines healing aspects of ontopoietic direct intuition that mediate living engagement with the real. Human subject is not thrown into existence against the will, but is integrated into the flow of life and posesses selfreflective freedom of choice. This reframing of existential yearning invokes new clinical theory. The expanded interpretation of self and other, of health and disease calls for transformation of the mind towards the rise of ontopoietic intuition and direct perception of logoic ontopoiesis.

According to some definitions, the introduction of a paper, apart from exposing its objectives, should be the stimulant that generates interest in a deeper reading and a wider appraisal. With this definition in mind, I submit for this issue of Athena the text that introduces my discussion on the Scientific/Colonial Logics of Knowledge: Writing, images and borderline issues. The keys and the roadmap which represent the basis of this paper are contained within, as also a simple overview of some of its strongest theses. Hopefully, this introduction will worthily fulfill its task.Según algunas definiciones, la introducción de un trabajo además de plantear los objetivos del mismo, debe ser la incitadora de un interés que conduzca a una lectura más amplia. Con esta definición en mente, presento para esta entrega de la tesiteca de Athena, un texto que introduce mi discusión sobre las Lógicas científico/coloniales del conocimiento: Escritura, imágenes y territorios de frontera. En él se encuentran las claves y el mapa de escritura con el que este trabajo fue construido, así como un sencillo recorrido por algunas de sus tesis más fuertes. Ojala esta introducción cumpla cabalmente su tarea.

En este artículo pretendo explorar la política en el Gran Buenos Aires a partir de un análisis de las elecciones legislativas de 2009 desde mi etnografía en una villa de La Matanza en proceso de urbanización. A partir de allí, intentaré dar cuenta de una serie de perspectivas que quedan opacadas en los análisis centrados en procesos electorales. Mientras éstos enfocan hacia las estrategias de campaña de los candidatos y los entramados políticos desde los cuales construyen apoyos para explicar los resultados electorales (o intentar predecirlos), el punto central de este artículo consiste en mostrar cómo las elecciones se imponen y son apropiadas localmente a partir de una perspectiva centrada en la urbanización de la villa. The purpose of this paper is to explore Great Buenos Aires's politics analyzing midterm elections (2009) from my ethnography in a shantytown of La Matanza under a process of urbanization. I will try to show some outlooks which are usually darkened by electoral analyses. While these researches usually focus on campaign strategies and political networks in order to explain (or predict) electoral results, the main contribution of this paper is to show how elections are generally imposed and locally appropriated from a local perspective oriented towards the urbanization of the shantytown.

En este artículo propongo revisar el dilema de la ciudadanía que Wollstonecraft planteó en su libro Vindicación de los derechos de la mujer, de 1792. Defiendo que este dilema cae en la misma trampa en que la misma teoría feminista cayó al proponer dos modelos diferentes de feminismo, el de la igualdad y el de la diferencia. Lo que planteo es que los dos son en realidad la misma paradoja, que remite, a su vez, al binarismo igualdad versus diferencia que opera estructurando los términos del debate liberal-patriarcal respecto a la equidad en el contrato social. El feminismo ha de salir de esa trampa para ofrecer un concepto de ciudadanía nuevo, en el que las mujeres no tengamos que decidir entre igualdad o diferencia, o entre justicia y cuidado. This paper sets out to review the dilemma of citizenship Wollstonecraft raised in A Vindication of the Rights of Women, published in 1792. I argue that this dilemma falls into the same trap feminist theory does by proposing two different (and opposed) models of feminism: equality and difference. In this paper I suggest that the two are in fact the same paradox, which in turn refers to the equality-difference binarism that operates by structuring the liberal-patriarchal debate on equity in the social contract. Feminism must climb out of this trap in order to offer a new concept of citizenship in which women do not have to decide between equality and difference, or between justice and care.

This paper critically assesses the discourse that justifies the latest educational reforms in European and Spanish higher education. It is presented as a techno-scientific discourse that attempts to support one of the most important current practices of subjectivity -the educational one- using a particular definition of psychology that forget the fact of the irreducible plurality of psychological practices and knowledges. This paper aims thus to make a double critical assessment. On the one hand, about the rhetorical use of psycopedagogic knowledge as scientific (indisputable) support for the reforms. On the other hand, about the assumption that there is a well definite discipline -psychology- which is unified, scientifically established and able to offer that support. The paper consider also the current socio-cultural scenario of globalization and neoliberalism as a context that makes sense, within the ideology of entrepreneurship, such use of psychology as a scientific guarantor of education reform. Special emphasis is placed on the promotion of subjectivity linked to that ideology, which requires individuals gifted with flexibility, self-monitoring skills and full responsibility for their fate.En este trabajo se valora críticamente el discurso que arropa las últimas reformas educativas de la enseñanza superior europea y española. Se lo presenta como un discurso que intenta justificar tecnocientíficamente una de las más importantes prácticas de subjetivación actuales -la educativa- recurriendo a una determinada definición de la psicología que deja en un segundo plano el hecho de la pluralidad irreductible de las prácticas y saberes psicológicos. Se hace, así, una valoración crítica conjugada de, por un lado, el uso retórico de los saberes psicopedagógicos como respaldo científico -indiscutible- de las reformas, y por otro lado, de la asunción de que existe uma disciplia bien definida -la psicología- unificada, asentada científicamente y en la cual cabe buscar ese respaldo. La crítica toma en consideración, además, el escenario sociocultural actual de la globalización y el neoliberalismo como contexto en que cobra sentido, dentro de la ideología del emprendedorismo, dicho uso de la psicología como garante científico de la reforma de la enseñanza. Se hace especial hincapié en el fomento de la subjetividad ligado a esa ideología, que exige individuos dotados de flexibilidad, capacidad de autorregulación y responsabilidad total sobre su destino.

Currently, most health researchers or donor organizations considerinducement as a vital part in promoting research. They propose benefits, such as post research free medical treatment, food, insurance facilities, or even cash, in order to meet sufficient number of subjects. So, inducement may influence one to participate in a research. Is it ethical to offer inducement to human subjects? What are the risks in such practice? What will happen if the donor agencies use subjects by hiding possible risks from them? When an inducement can satisfy ethical criteria? The CIOMS, FDA, and other ethical guidelines hold that inducement is unethical because it involves enough risk for voluntary informed consent. Supporting this position, a group of ethicists has argued that inducement undermines voluntariness especially when subjects are poor and vulnerable, and thus, unethical. In contrast to them, others argue that inducement contributes to discover new knowledge which can improve miserable condition of the poor. In their view, an inducement maintains all ethical criteria including subject’s autonomy, and therefore, morally permissible. The paper focuses this debate and analyzes both types ofargument. It examines whether inducement invalidate informed consent.Even if inducement may not violate the basic components of informedconsent, the paper concludes, subjects may claim a prima facie right to enjoy research outcomes.

Este texto es una presentación del monográfico Diásporas y transiciones en la teoría del actor-red. Sus páginas presentan las principales características de esta teoría, una manera de entender sus orígenes y una descripción de su presente estableciendo un paralelismo con la etnometodología. El texto finaliza con una valoración del estado de la teoría del actor-red en España y un comentario sobre un congreso que llevó el título de Presente y futuro de la teoría del actor-red y que constituye el embrión del presente monográfico. En el texto se defiende una tesis muy simple: la teoría del actor-red nace con cierta relevancia para el pensamiento social en el momento en que se difracta en una miríada de usos y aplicaciones diferentes. El principal corolario de este hecho también es muy sencillo: la gran diferencia entre la teoría del actor-red y otras propuestas del pensamiento social es su permanente estado de diáspora y transición. This paper is an introduction to the monograph titled Diasporas and Transitions in the Actor-Network Theory. Drawing a parallel with ethnomethodology, its pages present the main features of this theory, a way to figure out its origins and a description of its present. The text ends with a brief look at the state of art of actor-network theory in Spain and an appraisal of a meeting titled Present and Future of Actor-Network Theory, which is the origin of our monograph. In this paper we put forward a very simple idea: Actor-Network Theory was born with certain relevance in Social Sciences when it diffracted in a myriad of different uses and applications. The main corollary of such an idea is also straightforward: the very difference between Actor-Network Theory and other perspectives in Social Sciences resides in the permanent diaspora and transition of the former.

Se presentan los primeros resultados arqueológicos sistemáticos obtenidos en las cuencas de los lagos Tar y San Martín (49° 7´ S, 72° 11´ O), focalizados sobre la distribución espacial y temporal del registro. La información se ordena siguiendo las principales unidades ecológicas (estepa, ecotono y bosque) con el fin de discutir la existencia de diferencias en el uso del espacio por parte de las poblaciones cazadoras recolectoras. A la vez, se brindan valores de isótopos estables (δ13C y δ15N) obtenidos sobre muestras arqueofaunísticas de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) que permiten comenzar a delinear la ecología isotópica regional. Las diferencias en las distribuciones artefactuales articulan un primer modelo del paisaje arqueológico regional que muestra que las mayores intensidades de uso humano se registran en la margen este del lago Tar y en los alrededores del Cerro Cach Aike, decreciendo hacia el oeste (margen sur del lago San Martín). Las ocupaciones humanas se habrían iniciado alrededor de 9700 años AP, manteniéndose de manera discontinua hasta momentos históricos. Por último, se comparan los datos obtenidos con los disponibles en otras cuencas lacustres cordilleranas aledañas, integrando así un nuevo espacio a la discusión del poblamiento humano del suroeste de Patagonia.The aim of this paper is to present the first preliminary results of the systematic archaeological research carried out in the Lago Tar and Lago San Martin basins (49° 7´ S, 72° 11´ O), focusing on the distributional aspects of the record. In order to discuss patterned differences in the space use by prehistoric hunter-gatherers, the information is organized following the main ecologic units (steppe, forest, and the corresponding ecotone). Stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) from guanaco (Lama guanicoe) bone samples are also reported as a first step in the understanding of the regional isotopic ecology. On the basis of some differences in the spacial distribution of artifacts it can be proposed that the higher intensity of human use was concentrated on the eastern shore of Lago Tar and around Cerro Cach Aike. Such intensity decreases westward (southern shore of the Lago San Martin). The occupation history of these spaces began around 9700 years BP, following a highly punctuated pattern until historic times. The paper ends with a comparison between the archaeological record of Lago Tar and Lago San Martin basins with other southern Patagonia cordillerean lacustrine basins in order to discuss the prehistoric peopling of the region.

En este trabajo se discute la distribución pasada del huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), cérvido endémico de los bosques subantárticos patagónicos, así como su uso por poblaciones humanas del Holoceno. A partir de un resto hallado en la costa atlántica (Punta Entrada, Santa Cruz, Argentina) se evalúan las implicaciones que del mismo derivan respecto de estimaciones acerca de su distribución generadas a partir de información histórica. Asimismo, se discute su significado en el marco de los estudios de movilidad humana en el sur de Patagonia durante los últimos 1.500 años. Para ello se describe previamente el contexto de recuperación del artefacto y sus características morfológicas. Se concluye que si bien el artefacto recuperado en Punta Entrada no es evidencia suficiente para avalar el aprovechamiento de un animal cazado en la localidad, su presencia en la costa puede estar indicando la movilidad humana o la circulación de objetos a lo largo de grandes distancias.This paper discusses the past distribution of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), an endemic cervid in Subantarctic Patagonian forests, as well as its utilization by human populations. Based on a huemul specimen found on the Atlantic coast (Punta Entrada, Santa Cruz, Argentina), its implications are assessed regarding distributional estimations generated from historical information as well as regarding human mobility in southern Patagonia throughout the last 1500 years. Previously, the recovery context of the object and its morphological characteristics are described. The paper concludes that even though the specimen recovered at Punta Entrada is not enough evidence to suggest the utilization of an animal hunted nearby, its presence on the coast may be interpreted as an indication of human mobility or the circulation of goods throughout long distances.

The present paper attempts to show how rape is represented in a variety of historical and contemporary discourses. Examples of rapes in Greek mythology, in the Bible, in medieval iconography, in literature, and in scientific theories, are compared and contrasted. Analysis suggests that such discourses tend to make sexual aggression (and specifically the rape of women) legitimate, be it by minimizing the harm done; by normalizing and naturalizing sexual violence; or by aesthetisizing rape as art. Finally, the paper argues that putting modern legal accounts of rape into their historical perspective brings into sharper focus the persistence of ancient myths and discourses

From a sociocultural constructivist perspective, this paper analyses the sociocultural processes involved in children's participation in criminal organizations in Rio de Janeiro, and in other violent and armed environments. The analysis is based on the work of Dowdney (2003, 2005), and the work of the Slum Monitoring Center (Observatorio de Favelas, 2006). The article discusses the concept of childhood, and identifies the major factors affecting child development within such contexts: the strategies used by adults to induct children into a criminal organization and to keep them there. It highlights the role of school and work, two environments universally present in the research participants' own narratives. To study the topic demands a systematic approach so as to account for the variety of factors at work, from the historico-social forces revealed in the social practices and the collective culture of gangs, to issues such as autonomy and social responsibility. The paper stresses the need to create collective spaces for expressing and co-constructing meanings, which may encourage social and personal reflection, and so promote healthy developmental contexts for both the individual and society.

Pentecostal religious beliefs and practices consist of a complex set of strategies of transformation and personal renewal. Among other aspects of their experiences in the Church of Philadelphia, the social construction of Gypsy reality turns on the reform of the body. The present paper lies on aspects such as the body as object and subject of biopolitical and religious practices; the relationships between religious experience and body management; new social and community interactions; and autobiographical discourse as the ideological vehicle of personal conversion and transformation. All these processes reveal how social practices remake and shape bodily behaviour and its meaning. Pentecostal charismatic practices channel and express the community and individual demands of Church of Philadelphia converts, and represent central issues in the Pentecostal management of body and spirit. Our aim in this paper is to analyze the bodily practices which provide for believers´ transformation, and which shape community rituals and the congregation's interactions.

This paper draws on an ethnographic study with teenage mothers. It discusses how the research incorporated feminist political goals and ethical concerns. The paper focuses in particular on one key concern for feminist researchers, that of hierarchical power in the research setting in order to demonstrate the challenges and advantages of feminist research. A number of approaches were taken to mitigate power relationships and these are discussed and reflected upon here. The paper then goes on to interrogate the author’s position as an ‘insider researcher’. It is demonstrated here how feminist research enabled the position of the researcher to be acknowledged, analysed and critiqued thus ensuring that research which challenges conventional notions of objectivity is robust.

The broad aim of this paper is to look into the implications of applying two different methods of research and analytical assumptions to the study of social movements. In order to develop and discuss this aim, I focus my analysis on the emergence of a social movement that impacted Spanish society in 2011: the ‘indignados’ movement 15M. Particularly, in this case, I confront the main conclusions of two different methodological approaches that analyze the emergence of the movement, focusing my interest in the ideological roots of its collective identity. The first approach is mainly based on ethnographic data (Laraña & Díez, 2012a; 2012b) and the second one consists of a statistical macro-analysis. Whereas in the two first works we highlighted the most micro and intersubjective aspects of the social action, through ethnographic techniques, that allowed us to study how the activists organize the actions of the movement, spread their frames and construct its collective identity, this paper mainly focuses on macro statistical data in order to: i) analyze the ideological bases of the movement, ii) compare the results obtained regarding this issue from the both aforementioned approaches, and iii) look at their complementarities.

Se presentan los resultados de los trabajos conducidos en un asentamiento bajo reparo rocoso en el sector de estepa de la Región de Aisén, Chile. Las ocupaciones identificadas cubren el lapso entre 11.400 y 2.700 años calendarios AP, lo que hace del sitio una interesante contribución para entender la temporalidad de la presencia humana, ya sea la cronología del poblamiento inicial, como la recurrencia en el uso del espacio a lo largo del Ho-loceno. En el trabajo se presenta la metodología desarrollada, se describen las características del asentamiento, haciendo hincapié sobre los procesos de formación de sitios, y se expone la cronología de las ocupaciones humanas y su relación con los materiales culturales recuperados, principalmente líticos. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de los problemas de la ocupación humana de la cuenca del río Cisnes y en función de su relevancia en la región más amplia de Patagonia CentralThis paper presents the results of research conducted at a rock shelter in the steppe area of the Chilean region of Aisén. Occupations spanning a period between 11.400 to 2.700 calendar years BP have been identified at the site, making it an ideal context to understand the time scale of human presence, both in terms of the chronology of initial settlement and as regards the recurrent use of space during the Holocene. Our paper summarises the methods employed, describes the characteristics and formation processes of the site, presents an overview of the chronology of human occupations, and emphasizes associated artefact assemblages, mainly lithic tools. We conclude by discussing our results in the light of knowledge of human occupations of the Cisnes river basin and the broader region of Central Patagonia

Las empresas, por tratarse de entes complejos, se caracterizan por el nivel de interrelaciones que se dan en sus diversos sistemas y subsistemas. En este orden de cosas, emergen temáticas tan elementales y trascendentes como el rol de las personas en el cumplimiento de las metas organizacionales. Frente a esto, resulta interesante plantearse como objetivo la necesidad de indagar respecto de cuestiones concretas en el ámbito del sindicalismo, de tal forma que se pueda conocer su entorno inmediato y cercano, junto con descubrir el rol de las mujeres en estas instituciones representativas de la fuerza laboral, en el marco de la industria salmonera. Considerando la realidad descrita previamente, en este trabajo se analiza el contexto nacional del desarrollo sindical en Chile, luego se pasa revista a lo que ocurre a nivel regional. Seguidamente se aborda desde una óptica nacional y regional, las tendencias cuantitativas de la participación de la mujer en el mundo laboral. De esta forma, se aterrizareflexivamente en uno de los sectores productivos más pujantes de la zona, como lo es la industria del salmón. En este último caso, se discute respecto de las externalidades positivas y negativas que tiene esta actividad comercial. Se finaliza el trabajo, con un análisis comparativo de la situación en la que se encuentran hombres y mujeres, colocando un énfasis especial, en la relevancia e impacto que tiene la dirigencia femenina en sus respectivas organizaciones sindicalesCompanies are complex entities. They characterize themselves by the different relations that their systems and subsystems can have.The order of these factors can be seen in how different topics can emerge, these topics can have an elementary structure as well as a transcendent view which plays an important part in the fulfillment of the different organizational goals.Facing this can be the result of a very interesting objective which has the necessity of an investigation whose purpose is to investigate realistic facts about syndicalism as well as its immediate surrounding and the role of women who are the main representatives of the working force in the salmon Industry. Considering what was just said, the object of this paper is to analyze the national context of the syndical development in Chile as well as its regional aspect. Following this topic this paper will approach the quantitative aspects of the participation of women in the working force. By doing this, this paper approaches one of the most productive and forceful environment, like for example the salmon industry.In this last case, this paper discusses the external facts positive or negative as well as their commercial activity. This paper concludes with an analysis which compares the different situation facing man and women, emphasizing in the impact that women’s leadership, as well as their syndical organizations

Se presenta información de dos sitios arqueológicos de superficie del norte de Tierra del Fuego que se encuentran en puntos altos del paisaje expuestos a la acción eólica. Este trabajo informa los resultados obtenidos en el análisis tecnológico de los materiales líticos de ambos sitios así como también información arqueofaunística. Estos nuevos datos constituyen un aporte al conocimiento de las poblaciones que habitaron la zona durante el Holoceno tardíoThis paper present information of two surficial archaeological sites of the north of the Tierra del Fuego, which are located in high points of the landscape, exposed to the aeolian action. The aim of the current paper is to show the results obtained in the technological analysis of the lithic materials of both sites as well as the archaeofaunal information. These new data represent a contribution to the knowledge of the populations that inhabited the zone during the Late Holocene

En este trabajo se analiza la funcionalidad de la Cantera de Sílex del Sector Cañadón de la Mina, Localidad Arqueológica La María, Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Se examinan las características tecnológicas de los restos presentes allí y se evalúa si la cantera funcionó sólo como fuente de aprovisionamiento o también como taller lítico de los estadios iniciales en el proceso de elaboración de instrumentos. Además, se explora su relación con el sitio Casa del Minero 1, ubicado en el mismo sector. De manera más general, se busca aportar datos que permitan analizar a largo plazo las estrategias de aprovisionamiento y reducción de las materias primas, las estrategias de uso de espacios específicos como canteras y la planificación de ciertas actividades relacionadas a la organización de la tecnología lítica de los grupos que habitaron esta regiónThis paper studies the functionality of a flint quarry (Cantera de Sílex) from Cañadón de la Mina Sector, La María Archaeological Locality, Santa Cruz Central Plateau, Argentina. The technological characteristics of the remains found there are analyzed. It is examined if the quarry worked only as a source of raw material or if it was used also as a lithic workshop for the first stages in the toolmaking process. The relationship with Casa del Minero 1 site, located at the same sector, is also examined. More generally, this paper intends to add valuable data which will allow to evaluate in the long term the raw material sourcing and the reduction strategies, as well as the strategies for the use of specific spaces such as quarries and the planning of certain activities related to the organization of the lithic technology of the groups that inhabited this region

According to those involved, Argentine wine has changed radically over the past few decades. Limiting itself to the Mendoza region, this paper wants to analyze some of the changes observed in vineyards from a socio-technical perspective. Following the way that the definition of quality is (re)constructed, a relationship is sought between vines and wine and the use of certain technologies. The paper shows how the dynamics between social groups and artifacts create different conceptions of quality, which in turn lead to a different role of grapes in the wine making process. It also shows that the changes observed do not necessarily imply a 'new way' has taken over an 'old way'. It rather seems that different social groups are relevant in different technological frames, displacing othersSegún los diferentes actores implicados en el proceso de producción, el vino argentino ha vivido cambios radicales en las últimas décadas. Limitándose a la región de Mendoza, esta investigación intenta analizar algunos de los cambios observados en los viñedos desde una perspectiva socio-técnica. Siguiendo la forma como la definición de calidad es (re)construida, se busca comprender la relación existente entre la interpretación de la vid y el uso de ciertas tecnologías. El artículo muestra cómo las dinámicas entre grupos sociales y artefactos crean significados diferentes de calidad, lo que a su vez otorga diferentes papeles a las uvas en el proceso de producción de vinos. También muestra que los cambios descriptos no necesariamente implican que una 'nueva tradición' haya reemplazado a una 'vieja tradición', sino que diferentes grupos sociales son relevantes en diferentes marcos tecnológicos, desplazando a otros

This paper aims to reflect upon the principal difficulties, challenges or ‘headaches’ that doing feminist research in conflict and post-conflict contexts can involve. Each of the two authors has conducted a very different study. One, on the role of local women’s organizations and activists in peacebuilding; the other, on the disarmament and reintegration of combatants and the impact of this process on the reproduction of violence. While one of us is a woman, the other is a man. While one studies feminist activism, the other focuses mainly on masculinities in the military. While one has researched in Kosovo, the other has done so in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Based on these two research processes, we reflect on debates over epistemological and practical issues such as reflexivity, positionality of the researcher, access, secrecy and silence in the research process, power relations in the field and ethical dilemmas.

This paper wants to look into the back room of social theorisation of political action. We take as a starting point the impossibility of basing political action on modern Rationalism and Humanism's 'universal subject'. Nevertheless this paper tries to make compatible some critiques of Rationalism and Humanism, on the one hand, with, on the other hand, a version of some of the emancipatory promises of modernity. In order to think about politics, we will present two ways of broaching the tensions caused by the privileging of the subject in modernity. One will be focused on its radical politization, introducing the subject as a site for, and consequence of, political action itself. The other takes the notion of agency as the privileging of connections and movements over (id)entities to explain political action.

El artículo muestra el desplazamiento de los principales polos vitivinícolas de América del Sur entre los siglos XVI y XX. El primer polo estuvo en Perú, líder de este proceso en los siglos XVI y XVII. Posteriormente, la viticultura peruana declinó debido a los terremotos, guerras, pestes y a la fiebre del oro blanco (algodón). Perú quedó en segundo lugar en el siglo XVIII, tercero en el XIX y cuarto en el XX. Fue sustituida en su liderazgo por Chile, que ocupó el primer lugar en los siglos XVIII y XX. Este a su vez fue superado por Mendoza: ésta cultivaba 100.000 cepas en el siglo XVII y 650.000 en el XVIII, pero experimentó un fuerte "boom" a fines del siglo XIX por los ferrocarriles y los inmigrantes europeos, hasta instalarse como líder vitivinícola de América Latina en el siglo XX. Paraguay tuvo un ciclo relevante a principios del siglo XVII, pero luego declinó dejando pocos rastros. Brasil comenzó a escalar a partir de 1830, hasta ubicarse, en todo el siglo XX como tercera potencia vitivinícola de América del Sur.This paper shows the viticulture clusters circulation in South America from XVI until XX Centuries. The first viticulture center was in Peru, who leaded wine production in XVI and XVII centuries. But earthquakes, pests, war and white fever (cotton) ended peruvian wine industry. Chile's Kingdom emerged as the main viticulture cluster in XVIII and XIX centuries; but after, the leadership turned to Mendoza (Argentina), the most important wine producer in XX Century. The paper also considers wine industry in other countries such as Paraguay (relevant at the beginning of XVII century) and Brasil, witch production, after a late beginning in 1830's, production improved until consolidate in the XX Century as the third most important wine producer in South America