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Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions- both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico.

Resumen del libro "Paper cadavers: the archives of dictatorshio in Guatemala", de Kirsten Weld.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

Rebecca J. Scott y Jean M. Hébrard, Freedom papers. An Atlantic odyssey in the age of emancipation, Cambridge/Londres, Harvard University Press, 2012, 259 páginas

This work presents a systematized count of those articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals in Mexico and abroad, which contents refer to issues of communication and culture concerning Baja California. The essay begins showing an overview on the development of communication studies in the region and then moves on to elaborate a descriptive analysis to organize and categorize the hemerographic references.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

La industria papelera en Ecuador actualmente enfrenta problemas en la gestión de sus procesos productivos debido a una inadecuada gestión de inventarios y la ausencia de prácticas de control interno. Para el análisis de la situación problemática se empleó una investigación de campo de tipo descriptiva y transversal. Se diseñó con base en la revisión documental y a través de la observación directa un instrumento para diagnosticar la situación actual con base en la metodología COSO III lo cual permitió comprender las interacciones de los procesos y conocer la realidad actual en el manejo de prácticas de control interno relacionadas con la gestión de inventario en la empresa objeto de estudio. La aplicación del instrumento permitió determinar las principales falencias las cuales se ubicaron en tres categorías: a) actividades de evaluación de riesgos, b) control y c) monitoreo. Al respecto de los problemas detectados fue posible generar posibles soluciones con a atreves de actividades estratégicas con sus respectivos indicadores y estándares de cumplimiento para su aplicación y monitoreo continuo. Si bien el alcance del estudio no fue la implementación, se recomienda que la empresa pueda gestionar la ejecución de las actividades y poder validad la efectividad de las mismas. Palabras clave: Control interno, inventario, industria papelera. ABSTRACT The paper industry in Ecuador currently faces problems in the management of its production processes due to inadequate inventory management and the absence of internal control practices. For the analysis of the problematic situation, a descriptive and cross-sectional field investigation was used. Based on the documentary review and through direct observation, an instrument was designed to diagnose the current situation based on the COSO III methodology, which allowed understanding the interactions of the processes and knowing the current reality in the management of internal control practices. related to inventory management in the company under study. The application of the instrument allowed to determine the main shortcomings which were located in three categories: a) risk assessment activities, b) control and c) monitoring. Regarding the problems detected, it was possible to generate possible solutions through strategic activities with their respective indicators and compliance standards for their application and continuous monitoring. Although the scope of the study was not the implementation, it is recommended that the company be able to manage the execution of the activities and be able to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: Internal control, inventory, paper industry.

After several decades of economic integration and enlargement, divergence has been increasing in the European Union (EU), with weaker member states and regions falling behind their stronger counterparts. This paper argues that the structural causes of this increasing divide are explained in terms of the divergent trajectories of interdependent economies with different productive capabilities. In the process of European integration, the Southern peripheral countries were exposed to macroeconomic policies and shocks that, although apparently neutral, generated different effects and ever increasing regional disparities. Since the formation of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union in 1992, events representing important milestones in the process of divergence include China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the eastward orientation of German industry, and the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crises and the ensuing austerity. In the final part, the paper evaluates whether new divides are likely to emerge in the new global context triggered now by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an approach in which content is delivered through a second language, becoming a tool to deliver information. This paper evaluated the viability of implementing CLIL at Universidad Católica de Cuenca Language Center. This research also explored university students' perception of studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the university level. After implementing the CLIL approach, this paper described the effect on students’ speaking skills. A placement speaking test was applied at the beginning of the 8-week course and another at the end. A Survey was applied to find topics of interest from students’ majors, reasons for taking English classes, how they feel when using English to communicate, and motivation. This study used two Intermediate 2 (B1) in the period October-December 2022. One group (control group) received regular classes following the official curriculum, and the other group (experimental group) had the intervention of CLIL. The findings provided valuable information on whether an intervention of CLIL with university students who take EFL as a requirement to graduate from their undergraduate program is viable. The results of this study offered information about the impact of CLIL not only on English proficiency but also on the motivation toward L2 and cooperative learning. Keywords: Teaching method (CLIL), foreign language, standards, skills. RESUMEN El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE) es un enfoque en el que el contenido se enseña a través de un segundo idioma, convirtiéndose en una herramienta para transmitir información. Este trabajo evaluó la viabilidad de implementar AICLE en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Esta investigación también exploró la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de estudiar inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL) a nivel universitario. Después de implementar el enfoque AICLE, este documento describe el efecto en las habilidades orales de los estudiantes. Se aplicó una prueba de ubicación oral al comienzo del curso de 8 semanas y otra al final. Se aplicó una Encuesta para encontrar temas de interés de las carreras de los estudiantes, razones para tomar clases de inglés, cómo se sienten al usar el inglés para comunicarse y motivación. Este estudio utilizó dos niveles Intermediate 2 (B1) en el periodo octubre-diciembre 2022. Un grupo (grupo control) recibió clases regulares siguiendo el currículo oficial, y el otro grupo (grupo experimental) tuvo la intervención de AICLE. Los hallazgos proporcionaron información valiosa sobre si es viable una intervención de CLIL con estudiantes universitarios que toman EFL como requisito para graduarse de su programa de pregrado. Los resultados del presente estudio brindaron información sobre el impacto de AICLE no solo en el dominio del inglés sino también en la motivación hacia la L2 y el aprendizaje cooperativo. Palabras clave: Método de enseñanza (CLIL), idioma extranjero, normas, habilidades.

La presente investigación busca presentar la producción de trabajos académicos y científicos utilizando la inteligencia artificial de modelamiento de lenguaje Chat GPT en diferentes áreas de la educación superior. Para la obtención de los resultados, se siguió el enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación es de carácter descriptiva con un diseño no experimental a nivel de campo. El tamaño de la población fueron los docentes de varias carreras de la Universidad Metropolitana sede Machala. Para la muestra, se empleó un muestreo probabilístico con selección aleatoria simple, calculando el tamaño de la muestra con un margen de error del 5% y un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados en la aplicación del instrumento se encuentran, entre otras, el hecho de ninguno de los docentes pudo detectar que el documento que revisaron fue creado por una inteligencia artificial y le dieron un puntaje promedio de 8,88/10 y que la plataforma anti plagio Compilatio también generó un promedio de 1% de similitud, demostrando que la creación de documentos académicos y de investigación por el momento no se los puede diferenciar de los trabajos hechos por humanos, ni en la revisión realizada por humanos ni en las plataformas anti plagio. Palabras clave: Inteligencia Artificial, ChatGPT, trabajos académicos, plagio. ABSTRACT This research seeks to present the production of academic and scientific papers using artificial intelligence for Chat GPT language modeling in different areas of higher education. To obtain the results, the quantitative approach was followed, the type of research is descriptive with a non-experimental design at the field level. The size of the population were the teachers of various careers at the Machala Metropolitan University. For the sample, a probabilistic sampling with simple random selection was used, calculating the sample size with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The main results in the application of the instrument are, among others, the fact that none of the teachers could detect that the document they reviewed was created by artificial intelligence and they gave it an average score of 8.88/10 and that the platform anti plagiarism Compilatio also generated an average of 1% similarity, demonstrating that academic and research papers are currently indistinguishable from human-made work, neither in human review nor on anti-plagiarism platforms. plagiarism. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, academic papers, plagiarism.

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont’s work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19.

This paper examines the Non-Habitual Residents (NHR) tax regime from a sociological perspective. This analysis is twofold: it explores the social conditions for its emergence and next conceptualizes the political rationality that determines it, and the type of individual subjectivity regulating it. Methodologically, the analysis is developed according to the principles of Foucauldian governmentality studies. The paper is structured in three sections: 1) characterization and analysis of the evolution of the beneficiaries applying for this tax regime; 2) analysis of the emergence of NHR regime within the scope of 2008 financial crisis; and 3) the definition of the political rationality that inspires the regime. We conclude that this is a program conceived according to a neoliberal political rationality, and also a procedure to reproduce such rationality through the promotion of an “economic citizen” model.

En el siguiente artículo se presenta un análisis acerca del empleo de diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción como herramientas en la enseñanza del inglés para profesores de lenguas extranjeras. La traducción, junto a la gramática y la fonética, constituyen uno de los procedimientos básicos de mayor importancia en la enseñanza del inglés, aunque con el paso del tiempo han cambiado las posturas acerca del tema. Su utilización sigue siendo una constante en el proceso de enseñanza de las lenguas extranjeras, implementándose así nuevos métodos de enseñanza basados en nuevas orientaciones teórico-prácticas surgidas con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo del artículo es abordar aspectos teóricos acerca de las diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción y las ventajas que aportan las mismas al proceso de formación de profesores de las lenguas extranjeras en Cuba. Los principales resultados muestran un cambio favorable en el uso de las técnicas y estrategias de traducción en los estudiantes de lengua inglesa. Palabras clave: Estrategias, inglés, técnicas, traducción. ABSTRACT The following paper presents an analysis about the use of different translation strategies and techniques as tools in the teaching of English for professors of foreign languages. Translation, as well as grammar and phonetics, is one of the basic procedures of great importance in the teaching of English, although over the years the viewpoints about the topic have been changing. The teaching of translation is a constant in foreign language syllabi, implementing new teaching methods based on new theoretical and practical orientations emerged over the years. The objective of the paper is to approach theoretical aspects about different translation techniques and strategies and the benefits they bring to the training of foreign language teachers in Cuba. The main results show a positive change in the use of translation techniques and strategies by students of English language. Keywords: Strategies, English, techniques, translation.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

This paper aims to discuss Legal Pluralism from a transformative perspective as a product of community practices exercised by social collectivities that seek to address fundamental needs. In this perspective, the problem is to verify if the institutionalized pluralism in the Andean region (the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia) is qualified as a transforming legal pluralism, autonomous from state and with an authentic community profile. Even though this premise can be admitted, the essential question is: to what extent are its strength, validity and efficiency satisfactory inside the political-legal institutions? The result is the duality recognition of the legal pluralism that not only traditionally coexists with the State but is characterized as “subaltern” and limited by impositions of a monist culture that renews itself by keeping colonial remnants. For the discussion, a theoretical-reflective methodological approach with a critical and socio-legal content was employed, along with a specific bibliography.