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Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions- both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico.

Resumen del libro "Paper cadavers: the archives of dictatorshio in Guatemala", de Kirsten Weld.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

Rebecca J. Scott y Jean M. Hébrard, Freedom papers. An Atlantic odyssey in the age of emancipation, Cambridge/Londres, Harvard University Press, 2012, 259 páginas

This work presents a systematized count of those articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals in Mexico and abroad, which contents refer to issues of communication and culture concerning Baja California. The essay begins showing an overview on the development of communication studies in the region and then moves on to elaborate a descriptive analysis to organize and categorize the hemerographic references.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

La industria papelera en Ecuador actualmente enfrenta problemas en la gestión de sus procesos productivos debido a una inadecuada gestión de inventarios y la ausencia de prácticas de control interno. Para el análisis de la situación problemática se empleó una investigación de campo de tipo descriptiva y transversal. Se diseñó con base en la revisión documental y a través de la observación directa un instrumento para diagnosticar la situación actual con base en la metodología COSO III lo cual permitió comprender las interacciones de los procesos y conocer la realidad actual en el manejo de prácticas de control interno relacionadas con la gestión de inventario en la empresa objeto de estudio. La aplicación del instrumento permitió determinar las principales falencias las cuales se ubicaron en tres categorías: a) actividades de evaluación de riesgos, b) control y c) monitoreo. Al respecto de los problemas detectados fue posible generar posibles soluciones con a atreves de actividades estratégicas con sus respectivos indicadores y estándares de cumplimiento para su aplicación y monitoreo continuo. Si bien el alcance del estudio no fue la implementación, se recomienda que la empresa pueda gestionar la ejecución de las actividades y poder validad la efectividad de las mismas. Palabras clave: Control interno, inventario, industria papelera. ABSTRACT The paper industry in Ecuador currently faces problems in the management of its production processes due to inadequate inventory management and the absence of internal control practices. For the analysis of the problematic situation, a descriptive and cross-sectional field investigation was used. Based on the documentary review and through direct observation, an instrument was designed to diagnose the current situation based on the COSO III methodology, which allowed understanding the interactions of the processes and knowing the current reality in the management of internal control practices. related to inventory management in the company under study. The application of the instrument allowed to determine the main shortcomings which were located in three categories: a) risk assessment activities, b) control and c) monitoring. Regarding the problems detected, it was possible to generate possible solutions through strategic activities with their respective indicators and compliance standards for their application and continuous monitoring. Although the scope of the study was not the implementation, it is recommended that the company be able to manage the execution of the activities and be able to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: Internal control, inventory, paper industry.

After several decades of economic integration and enlargement, divergence has been increasing in the European Union (EU), with weaker member states and regions falling behind their stronger counterparts. This paper argues that the structural causes of this increasing divide are explained in terms of the divergent trajectories of interdependent economies with different productive capabilities. In the process of European integration, the Southern peripheral countries were exposed to macroeconomic policies and shocks that, although apparently neutral, generated different effects and ever increasing regional disparities. Since the formation of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union in 1992, events representing important milestones in the process of divergence include China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the eastward orientation of German industry, and the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crises and the ensuing austerity. In the final part, the paper evaluates whether new divides are likely to emerge in the new global context triggered now by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an approach in which content is delivered through a second language, becoming a tool to deliver information. This paper evaluated the viability of implementing CLIL at Universidad Católica de Cuenca Language Center. This research also explored university students' perception of studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the university level. After implementing the CLIL approach, this paper described the effect on students’ speaking skills. A placement speaking test was applied at the beginning of the 8-week course and another at the end. A Survey was applied to find topics of interest from students’ majors, reasons for taking English classes, how they feel when using English to communicate, and motivation. This study used two Intermediate 2 (B1) in the period October-December 2022. One group (control group) received regular classes following the official curriculum, and the other group (experimental group) had the intervention of CLIL. The findings provided valuable information on whether an intervention of CLIL with university students who take EFL as a requirement to graduate from their undergraduate program is viable. The results of this study offered information about the impact of CLIL not only on English proficiency but also on the motivation toward L2 and cooperative learning. Keywords: Teaching method (CLIL), foreign language, standards, skills. RESUMEN El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE) es un enfoque en el que el contenido se enseña a través de un segundo idioma, convirtiéndose en una herramienta para transmitir información. Este trabajo evaluó la viabilidad de implementar AICLE en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Esta investigación también exploró la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de estudiar inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL) a nivel universitario. Después de implementar el enfoque AICLE, este documento describe el efecto en las habilidades orales de los estudiantes. Se aplicó una prueba de ubicación oral al comienzo del curso de 8 semanas y otra al final. Se aplicó una Encuesta para encontrar temas de interés de las carreras de los estudiantes, razones para tomar clases de inglés, cómo se sienten al usar el inglés para comunicarse y motivación. Este estudio utilizó dos niveles Intermediate 2 (B1) en el periodo octubre-diciembre 2022. Un grupo (grupo control) recibió clases regulares siguiendo el currículo oficial, y el otro grupo (grupo experimental) tuvo la intervención de AICLE. Los hallazgos proporcionaron información valiosa sobre si es viable una intervención de CLIL con estudiantes universitarios que toman EFL como requisito para graduarse de su programa de pregrado. Los resultados del presente estudio brindaron información sobre el impacto de AICLE no solo en el dominio del inglés sino también en la motivación hacia la L2 y el aprendizaje cooperativo. Palabras clave: Método de enseñanza (CLIL), idioma extranjero, normas, habilidades.

La presente investigación busca presentar la producción de trabajos académicos y científicos utilizando la inteligencia artificial de modelamiento de lenguaje Chat GPT en diferentes áreas de la educación superior. Para la obtención de los resultados, se siguió el enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación es de carácter descriptiva con un diseño no experimental a nivel de campo. El tamaño de la población fueron los docentes de varias carreras de la Universidad Metropolitana sede Machala. Para la muestra, se empleó un muestreo probabilístico con selección aleatoria simple, calculando el tamaño de la muestra con un margen de error del 5% y un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados en la aplicación del instrumento se encuentran, entre otras, el hecho de ninguno de los docentes pudo detectar que el documento que revisaron fue creado por una inteligencia artificial y le dieron un puntaje promedio de 8,88/10 y que la plataforma anti plagio Compilatio también generó un promedio de 1% de similitud, demostrando que la creación de documentos académicos y de investigación por el momento no se los puede diferenciar de los trabajos hechos por humanos, ni en la revisión realizada por humanos ni en las plataformas anti plagio. Palabras clave: Inteligencia Artificial, ChatGPT, trabajos académicos, plagio. ABSTRACT This research seeks to present the production of academic and scientific papers using artificial intelligence for Chat GPT language modeling in different areas of higher education. To obtain the results, the quantitative approach was followed, the type of research is descriptive with a non-experimental design at the field level. The size of the population were the teachers of various careers at the Machala Metropolitan University. For the sample, a probabilistic sampling with simple random selection was used, calculating the sample size with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The main results in the application of the instrument are, among others, the fact that none of the teachers could detect that the document they reviewed was created by artificial intelligence and they gave it an average score of 8.88/10 and that the platform anti plagiarism Compilatio also generated an average of 1% similarity, demonstrating that academic and research papers are currently indistinguishable from human-made work, neither in human review nor on anti-plagiarism platforms. plagiarism. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, academic papers, plagiarism.

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont’s work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19.

This paper examines the Non-Habitual Residents (NHR) tax regime from a sociological perspective. This analysis is twofold: it explores the social conditions for its emergence and next conceptualizes the political rationality that determines it, and the type of individual subjectivity regulating it. Methodologically, the analysis is developed according to the principles of Foucauldian governmentality studies. The paper is structured in three sections: 1) characterization and analysis of the evolution of the beneficiaries applying for this tax regime; 2) analysis of the emergence of NHR regime within the scope of 2008 financial crisis; and 3) the definition of the political rationality that inspires the regime. We conclude that this is a program conceived according to a neoliberal political rationality, and also a procedure to reproduce such rationality through the promotion of an “economic citizen” model.

En el siguiente artículo se presenta un análisis acerca del empleo de diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción como herramientas en la enseñanza del inglés para profesores de lenguas extranjeras. La traducción, junto a la gramática y la fonética, constituyen uno de los procedimientos básicos de mayor importancia en la enseñanza del inglés, aunque con el paso del tiempo han cambiado las posturas acerca del tema. Su utilización sigue siendo una constante en el proceso de enseñanza de las lenguas extranjeras, implementándose así nuevos métodos de enseñanza basados en nuevas orientaciones teórico-prácticas surgidas con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo del artículo es abordar aspectos teóricos acerca de las diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción y las ventajas que aportan las mismas al proceso de formación de profesores de las lenguas extranjeras en Cuba. Los principales resultados muestran un cambio favorable en el uso de las técnicas y estrategias de traducción en los estudiantes de lengua inglesa. Palabras clave: Estrategias, inglés, técnicas, traducción. ABSTRACT The following paper presents an analysis about the use of different translation strategies and techniques as tools in the teaching of English for professors of foreign languages. Translation, as well as grammar and phonetics, is one of the basic procedures of great importance in the teaching of English, although over the years the viewpoints about the topic have been changing. The teaching of translation is a constant in foreign language syllabi, implementing new teaching methods based on new theoretical and practical orientations emerged over the years. The objective of the paper is to approach theoretical aspects about different translation techniques and strategies and the benefits they bring to the training of foreign language teachers in Cuba. The main results show a positive change in the use of translation techniques and strategies by students of English language. Keywords: Strategies, English, techniques, translation.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

This paper aims to discuss Legal Pluralism from a transformative perspective as a product of community practices exercised by social collectivities that seek to address fundamental needs. In this perspective, the problem is to verify if the institutionalized pluralism in the Andean region (the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia) is qualified as a transforming legal pluralism, autonomous from state and with an authentic community profile. Even though this premise can be admitted, the essential question is: to what extent are its strength, validity and efficiency satisfactory inside the political-legal institutions? The result is the duality recognition of the legal pluralism that not only traditionally coexists with the State but is characterized as “subaltern” and limited by impositions of a monist culture that renews itself by keeping colonial remnants. For the discussion, a theoretical-reflective methodological approach with a critical and socio-legal content was employed, along with a specific bibliography.

In this article, we propose to address some of the central aspects of the political-affective rhetoric that characterized the discursive configuration of Cambiemos (2015-2019). For this, we will take two specific scenes: the praise of the police officer Luis Chocobar in early 2018; and the exhibition, earlier this year, of a gigantography of Romeo and Juliet as a tribute to ‘Valentine’s Day’. In the first case, it is about the agent that killed Juan Pablo Kukoc and gave rise to the 'Chocobar doctrine'; a doctrine which enabled the easy trigger and prompted police violence; while, in the second case, it is the symbol of romantic love –heterosexual- that the government used as part of its celebration of ‘love’. As we will show in the paper, both scenes are significant to understand the affective ambivalence manifested by the macrista narrative: love and hate as two sides of the same political practice and rhetoric that operated through a logic of segregation and exclusion. Therefore, from the framework of Sara Ahmed's theory of affections, and from the discursive analysis of these two episodes, the objective of our paper is to understand the affective economy that sustained and configured the contours of this political discourse.

Geography enlightened a vast area of social sciences. It consists earth’s land and ocean surface, different landforms and their formation, evolution, sub-surface phenomena, atmosphere and related activities, environment and its attributes, environment as a habitat of living elements as well as a human being and their reciprocal relationships in a very critical and analytical approach. From the inception of geography as a separate discipline, it evolved through its versatile, comprehensive and holistic nature. Alteration and modification change its nature through space and time. And accordingly, the established paradigm always changed depending on the demand of the geographers. This paper highlighted specifically the paradigm shift in geographical research with special reference to geospatial applications. Geography has two basic aspects, Pure and Applied. Recent trend shows that most of the geographical research is focused on the applied field rather than the pure aspects of the subject itself. The most interesting fact is that the applied research is basically depends upon the Geospatial technology. A distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both the Geographical Research and the Geospatial Technology through Digitalization. The large growing population of the world require a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography. Particular mention may be made in the fields of Geography such as geomorphology, population geography, urban geography, rural development and environmental geography. This paper also highlights the major paradigmn shifts in the behavioural geography, systematic geography, regional geography, medical geography, geospatial sustainability and cartography from paper map to digital map. It is now established that no discipline can survive without adopting a new strategy and technology.

The paper revisits the debate on the political function of work, defined as the contribution of work to the production and transformation of social relations, in both conceptual and empirical terms. It begins by briefly recalling the terms of the debate about the emancipatory potential of work as seen by Karl Marx and Hannah Arendt, and then proceeds to argue, contra Arendt, that since work is a collective and cooperative activity, it is not a-political. The major contribution of the paper consists of discussing the issue by critically considering the literature on both economic theories of the firm and labour economics, two strands of literature usually kept apart. We regard the quantification and individualisation trends that characterise the contemporary world of work as a de-politicisation process, one linked to the (mainstream) agency theory of the firm which legitimises financialisation. We conclude by outlining a way in which to re-politicise work and the firm.

Established, either in the theoretical field or in constitutional practice, as a founding principle of democratic order, freedom of expression was and has been scrutinized by diverse areas of knowledge. In this paper we explore the main debates involving free expression of ideas fundamentals, seeking to highlight their relationship and conflict with other values, such as equality, tolerance and justice. In a problem-oriented approach, we shed light on the issues of hate speech and pornography, and, as well, on the implications, to public deliberation, of the unequal access to mass media and the new technology of information. At the end, we present the papers that make up this dossier. We expect, in this sense, to contribute to the constitution of a research agenda about freedom of expression, an urgent task in the current scenario in which this fundamental right has been under attack by governments of different ideological orientations.

La mayoría de los sistemas electorales existentes en España utilizan listas cerradas y bloqueadas, un tipo de listas excepcional en perspectiva comparada. Este trabajo analiza los diferentes modelos de listas desbloqueadas existentes, exponiendo cuáles son los principales argumentos a favor y en contra de la adopción de este tipo de listas a la luz de la evidencia empírica disponible. En el caso español, destacan los malos rendimientos del sistema de listas abiertas que se emplea en el Senado español. Asimismo, en este trabajo se estudia la propuesta de listas desbloqueadas planteada en la comunidad autónoma de Asturias y que representaría una auténtica novedad en el panorama electoral español. Por último, se realizan una serie de reflexiones finales, con el objetivo de realizar algunas recomendaciones sobre posibles reformas institucionales. / Most of the electoral systems in Spain employ closed and blocked lists, an exceptional type of lists in comparative perspective. This paper analyzes the different models of open lists, explaining the main arguments in favor and against the adoption of this sort of lists in light of available empirical evidence. In the Spanish case, the poor performance of the system of free lists used in the Senate stands out. Likewise, this paper studies the proposal of open lists outlined in Asturias autonomous community, which would represent an authentic novelty in the Spanish electoral scene. To conclude, a series of final considerations are introduced in order to make some recommendations on possible institutional reforms.

La cultura juega un papel decisivo en la conformación de la identidad y educación de los pueblos. En el proceso constitutivo de la nación cubana se ha apreciado, la necesidad de una cultura vista como una producción y una construcción colectiva, en el que se conjugan factores tangibles o no. La República, etapa compleja de nuestra historia, fue también un periodo de rico debate en torno a la capacidad de la cultura como herramienta imprescindible para consolidar la Nación cubana. En esta etapa surge un proyecto denominado la Universidad del Aire que se convirtió en espacio propicio para rescatar el legado histórico del pueblo cubano y educarlo desde la perspectiva cívica y cultural. Uno de los elementos esenciales abordados fue la defensa de la cultura como elemento íntimamente asociada al de la recuperación política. También se insistió en la necesidad de combatir la ignorancia, de educar para el ejercicio democrático y de enseñar valores cívicos. Se incentivó el patriotismo y la responsabilidad de cada ciudadano y en particular de las nuevas generaciones, en la defensa de los valores, la cultura e historia de su país. En esencia se propuso consolidar la nación desde la cultura y desde lo más genuino de la Historia de Cuba. Palabras clave: Cultura, educación, Universidad del Aire. ABSTRACT The culture plays a decisive paper in the conformation of the identity and education of the towns. In the constituent process of the Cuban nation it has been appreciated, the necessity of a culture seen as a production and a collective construction, in which tangible factors are conjugated or not. The Republic, complex stage of our history, was also a period of rich debate around the capacity of the culture like indispensable tool to consolidate the Cuban Nation. In this stage a denominated project arises the University of the Air that became favorable space to rescue the historical legacy of the Cuban town and to educate him from the civic and cultural perspective. One of the approached essential elements was the defense of the culture like element intimately associated to that of the political recovery. It was also insisted in the necessity of combatting the ignorance, of educating for the democratic exercise and of teaching civic values. It was incentivated the patriotism and the responsibility of each civic one and in particular of the new generations, in the defense of the values, the culture and history of their country. In essence it intended to consolidate the nation from the culture and from the most genuine in the History of Cuba. Keywords: Culture, education, University of the Air.

De acuerdo con la Constitución en la República del Ecuador, las comunidades, pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas están facultados para ejercer funciones jurisdiccionales en su ámbito territorial, de acuerdo con sus tradiciones ancestrales y su derecho propio. Actualmente, las autoridades de dichas comunidades pueden resolver las diversas controversias internas de conformidad con sus propias leyes y políticas, siempre que no violen la Constitución ni los derechos humanos internacionalmente reconocidos. El Estado debe asegurar que todos los organismos e instituciones públicas se adhieran a las sentencias de la jurisdicción indígena; con excepción de la materia penal, que tiene un tratamiento diferenciado en justicia ordinaria. Con este enfoque, reconocemos que el Estado no es la única fuente de justicia, siendo aplicable un sistema legal paralelo que respeta las normas de las comunidades nativas. Así pues, surgen alternativas de resolución de conflictos como la mediación, como un método viable para resolver disputas. Debido a su éxito en la protección de las normas y tradiciones culturales de las comunidades indígenas, esta figura sirve como un modelo ilustrativo de diversidad legal. En este trabajo se profundiza en el valor de la mediación como medio para conseguir un pluralismo jurídico que respete los usos y costumbres indígenas. Palabras clave: Arbitraje, cosmovisión, justicia indígena, mediación. ABSTRACT In accordance with the Constitution in the Republic of Ecuador, indigenous communities, peoples and nationalities are empowered to exercise jurisdictional functions in their territorial scope, in accordance with their ancestral traditions and their own law. Currently, the authorities of these communities can resolve the various internal controversies in accordance with their own laws and policies, as long as they do not violate the Constitution or internationally recognized human rights. The State must ensure that all public agencies and institutions adhere to the rulings of the indigenous jurisdiction; with the exception of criminal matters, which have a differentiated treatment in ordinary justice. With this approach, we recognize that the State is not the only source of justice, being applicable a parallel legal system that respects the norms of the native communities. Thus, conflict resolution alternatives such as mediation emerge as a viable method to resolve disputes. Due to his success in protecting the cultural norms and traditions of indigenous communities, this figure serves as an illustrative model of legal diversity. This paper delves into the value of mediation as a means to achieve legal pluralism that respects indigenous uses and customs. Keywords: Arbitration, worldview, indigenous justice, mediation.

The paper analyzes the relation between economic elites and the Colombian State around the development credit policy. It explores specifically the term between 1958 and 1974 and studies State capture expression in the developmental period, it deepens in the way in which elites define or influence in the credit policy direction. The case of study allows to reveal the ways in which the State acquire more autonomy regard elites. The argument is that State autonomy depends on two main factors: the level o dependency of high bureaucracies regarding economic elites on one side, and the relational process of the Sate with the social groups involved in the specific policy. Using a Social Network analysis related to the high bureaucracies of the Central Bank of Colombia and the study of interactions between produces associations (as organized agent of the economic elites) with the State it studies the mechanism in which the relation State and economic elites impact the specific policy of development credit.

In order to analyze the configuration and transformations of tax systems in Latin America, it is essential to know how taxpayers perceive taxes. As part of the discussions on economic élites and tax systems in the region, this article proposes to investigate the tax perceptions of the local economic élite in the province of Córdoba, Argentina (2020). Using a positional sample, twenty-three interviews were conducted with Cordoban businessmen articulated in the campaign "Córdoba, acá estamos". First, it should be noted that businessmen occupy heterogeneous positions in the productive structure, but hold homogeneous perceptions regarding taxes. Then, the article recognizes a set of moral and economic questions raised by businessmen to the tax system. Moral questions denote the moral voice of the business community, while economic questions are based on neoclassical expert knowledge that circulate as common sense among the interviewees. The paper highlights those moral objections show the scope of entrepreneurial agency (Schaigorodsky 2021), as the capacity of business to say and be heard on social and political issues. And, on the other hand, economic questions express the limit of entrepreneurial agency, since the adoption of technical-economic schemes as common sense hinders the thematization of facts, experiences and subjects outside the concepts of neoclassical economics.

This paper discusses the relationship between regional integration and industrialization in Latin America over the past seventy years. To this end, it shows how ECLAC’s structuralist thought and integrationist dynamics have influenced each other in practice. It outlines the positions on regional industrialization found in old regionalism, open regionalism and in 21st century regionalisms, and how such positions were shaped by conflicts between social groups. Specifically, it introduces the Andean Pact, MERCOSUR and ALBA as examples. This paper’s contribution consists in reflecting critically on Latin American experiences of drafting and implementing common industrial policy in diverse contexts.

The concept of integral human development is central to the Catholic social tradition. Yet, it remains under-explored with regard to its integrating components and their implications. What does taking an integral human development perspective mean for social analysis and action? The paper seeks to answer this question on the basis of the four encyclicals in which the idea of integral human development is treated, and in combination with the literature on human development in the multidisciplinary social science field of international development studies and its conceptual foundations in Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Based on this comparative analysis, the paper proposes an understanding of integral human development that it calls a “spirituality-extended capability approach to the progress of peoples”.

Participatory practices, within broader processes of rescaling and governance, have been identified as the solution to the “democratic deficit” in healthcare. Conversely, scholars have underscored how these practices could well be used for a contrary purpose, particularly in a top-down process. The first part of this paper outlines a theory-based evaluation framework oriented towards the analysis of institutional practices fostering citizens’ involvement in healthcare decision-making processes and how this involvement can act as a driver for the democratisation of the healthcare system. Following this interpretation, the second part of the paper analyses the new local governance structure adopted by Tuscany (Italy) in the healthcare sector, in particular the later stages of its adoption and diffusion and more than ten years after its institutionalisation. This leads us to identify certain crucial issues to be addressed when institutions promote re-visiting decision-making processes.

This paper will examine the relationship between Fascism and football in Italy from the regime’s origins in the mid­-1920s through to the present day and will seek to explain the far right’s continued presence in the game. Contextualising Italian football’s development within the nation’s postwar history, it will argue that while the Fascist regime laid the foundations of the contemporary game, its influence was not profound enough to explain the far­-right’s existence in Italian stadiums since the 1980s. By situating the politicisation of Italian football within theories of post­-Fascist memory and via the examination of specific incidents of pro­-regime and anti­-Semitic activity within the stadiums, this paper will argue that the failure to combat the far­-right’s presence has been a direct consequence of the weakness/absence of the Italian state.

This paper links three dimensions articulated by the discussions on football in South America: fans, the market, and internal politics. First, the frenzied debate regarding the institutions’ legal format is presented. This first section on the clubs themselves and their legal models is necessary in order to later consider the different forms of participation and organization found by the actors involved in that sphere. Since the economic and political changes occurring in football clubs are not produced in isolation, the second part of this paper addresses those measures incorporated in the sporting realm as part of a global process of commercialization. The third section focuses on how club members and fans express their discontent regarding the structural transformations and decisions taken by club management.

This paper proposes an approach to the poetic write of the Colombian Raúl Gómez Jattin. As a result of the interpretation of the poems “Veneno de Serpiente Cascabel” and “El Elogio de los alucinogenos” written in the period from 1983 to 1986, this paper explain the symbolic multiplicity of poetic writing by Raúl Gómez Jattin. In relation with a viewpoint philosophical-literary this paper can decipher the relationship between the poetic saying and the connotations of otherness that the world of literature crosses, that from the poetry of Raúl Gómez Jattin is thought at the same time as descent, possibility of challenge to study the elements of the transgression what the Colombian poet Raúl Gómez Jattin needs inexcusable for the affirmation of life and literary space.

En los últimos años mucho se ha hablado sobre la importancia de generar cambios en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, cambios necesarios dadas las nuevas necesidades y demandas de la sociedad, este panorama deja ver la necesidad de modificar la forma de aprender, para ello es necesario cambiar la manera de enseñar y en este proceso evolutivo un elemento muy importante es justamente la forma de evaluación del aprendizaje. El presente escrito brinda un panorama general de la evaluación educativa, partiendo de su conceptualización, características, importancia, entre otros elementos. Haciendo mayor hincapié la evaluación del aprendizaje, ya que, si bien no es el único elemento del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje evaluable, si es uno de los más practicados, incidentes y con gran repercusión, partiendo de ello, se da bosquejo sobre los principales sistemas de evaluación y medición del aprendizaje en educación superior, destacando la función de la retroalimentación en dicho proceso evaluativo, misma que se ha analizado como elemento motivador en el alumno, puesto que, la retroalimentación centrada en que hacer alienta a pensar que se pueden mejorar, los comentarios de retroalimentación aumentan el interés de los alumnos en el aprendizaje. Palabras clave: Evaluación educativa, evaluación del aprendizaje, motivación escolar, retroalimentación, educación superior. ABSTRACT A lot has been said about the importance of promoting changes in the teaching and learning processes in recent years, necessary changes due to the new needs and demands of society. This overview reveals the need to modify the way learning is conceived, for this reason, it is necessary to change the teaching practices and in this evolutionary process, a crucial element is the way learning is evaluated. This paper provides an overview of educational evaluation, based on its conceptualization, characteristics, importance, among other elements. Emphasizing the evaluation of the learning process, since it is not the only element of the teaching and learning processes that can be evaluated, it is one of the best known, that most affect and with great repercussion, starting from it, an outline is given on the main systems of evaluation and measurement of learning in higher education, highlighting the role of feedback in the evaluation process, which has been analyzed as a motivating element in the student since, focused feedback on what to do encourages to think that an improvement can be achieved, comments based on feedback increase students’ interest on learning. Keywords: Educational evaluation, learning evaluation, motivation, feedback, higher education.

El presente artículo se propone analizar la perspectiva de género como un aspecto relevante tanto para la formación de mediadores como en el proceso de mediación en Ecuador. A partir de una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, basada en la revisión bibliográfica, histórico lógica y exegética propone también la transformación creativa de conflictos desde lo colaborativo y la justicia restaurativa con el fin de fomentar un cambio de paradigma social basado en la búsqueda de nuevas formas que permitan construir acuerdos que superen los estereotipos de género. Llegando a la conclusión de que es responsabilidad de quienes llevan a cabo el proceso de mediación y la formación de futuros mediadores utilizar e instruir a los mismos sobre las técnicas y herramientas adecuadas para que este proceso se lleve a cabo con igualdad y equidad dejando de lado los estereotipos para lograr procesos de paz que sean más inclusivos y eficaces en Ecuador. Palabras clave: Conflictos, estereotipos, género, mediación, perspectiva de género. ABSTRACT This article is intended to thoroughly analyze the gender perspective as a relevant aspect with regard to both the training of mediators and the mediation process in Ecuador. Based on research with a qualitative approach, in light of a documentary, logical-historical and exegetical review, this research paper also proposes creative conflict transformation in terms of restorative justice so as to promote a change in the social paradigm, based upon the search for new ways to build agreements that overcome gender stereotypes. This research article concludes by stating the fact that it is the responsibility of those who carry out the mediation process and the training of future mediators to instruct them in the use of the appropriate techniques and tools, so that this process is carried out with equality and equity, by putting aside stereotypes, to achieve peace processes that are more inclusive and effective in Ecuador. Keywords: Conflicts, stereotypes, gender, mediation, gender perspective.

At the end of the 1960s, neighborhood movements burst onto the municipal agenda in many metropolitan environments worldwide through numerous demands related to basic needs. In Madrid, these demands took different neighborhood spaces and some former municipalities that were integrated as districts in the city’s urban core as a geographic scale of reference. This placed these locations at the center of the political debate, which gradually faded away as a result of the various municipal reforms developed during the first two decades of parliamentary democracy in Spain. In the last fifteen years, neighborhood demands have taken a different turn, as a political phenomenon has appeared linked to new forms of neighborhood protest called neighborhoodnalism. This process was not diminished during the hardest moments of the global covid-19 pandemic; rather, it has been strengthened as a dynamic of political socialization, solidarity, and daily resistance in many of Madrid’s neighborhoods. As a result, the referents and elements of identification around the neighborhood, as well as the political practice of neighborhoodnalism itself, have been expanded. From a spatial perspective of neighborhood movements that considers political identity as a dynamic and resignified process through protest and collective organization, and through ethnography and the analysis of in-depth interviews held over five years in the Madrid district of Hortaleza around the Three Kings Parade, this paper studies how these socio-political practices are being articulated in urban space and how the learning of this form of spatial socialization is influencing Madrid’s municipal agenda as a whole.

Based in a digital archive of first-person witness by people currently incarcerated in the United States (U.S.), this paper discusses witness texts that document and grieve the experience of alienation of self-identity, fight that alienation, and that together map both the degradation of human dignity at the center of current U.S. penality and how it can be resisted in restoring sociality with other incarcerated people. Writing from inside often represents a moment not only of resistance to the prison regime, but of reconstruction of the self that is the premise for all further resistance. After placing prison witness today against the background of such witness from an earlier penal era, the paper looks at patterns across the essays currently posted in the American Prison Writing Archive (APWA). The paper suggests that the very availability of the APWA could re-ground future U.S. prison scholarship.

Este trabajo explica las condiciones en las que se dio la alternancia político-electoral en Paraguay tras 61 años de hegemonía de la Asociación Nacional Republicana-Partido Colorado (ANR-PC). La alternancia producto de las elecciones de abril de 2008 implicó un hito histórico en el Cono Sur, tras la derrota del último bastión hegemónico en la región y el ascenso de un liderazgo outsider de la mano de una alianza de movimientos de izquierda y un partido tradicional, el Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico (PLRA). El principal hallazgo de este documento señala que el intento reeleccionista del presidente Duarte Frutos fue un factor decisivo para consumar la alternancia política; éste le permitió a la Alianza Patriótica para el Cambio (APC) conseguir la presidencia de la república en 2008 por encima de otras variables, que no resultaron ser tan significativas como la mencionada. / This paper examines the conditions under which the political-electoral alternation took place in Paraguay after 61 years of hegemony of the Asociación Nacional Republicana-Partido Colorado (ANR-PC). The alternation, produced by the elections of April 2008, marks a historic milestone in the Southern Cone, with the defeat of the last hegemonic stronghold in the region, and the rise of the leadership of an “outsider”, together with a leftist movements and a traditional party -the Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico (PLRA) alliance. The paper ́s main finding is that President Duarte Frutos’ reelection attempt was a decisive factor for political alternation. This element determined the Alianza Patriótica para el Cambio (APC)’s winning the presidency of the republic in 2008 over other variables which proved not to be as meaningful.

En este trabajo se evalúan las consecuencias de la implementación conjunta de dos instrumentos institucionales —primarias abiertas y sistema de doble vuelta electoral— en Argentina y Uruguay, en donde ambos se adoptaron formalmente. Los dos mecanismos formaron parte de las últimas reformas políticas latinoamericanas y comparten propósitos similares. Se inquiere acerca de los casos mencionados, en los cuales ambas prácticas se incorporaron en la legislación nacional y fueron utilizadas simultáneamente, en una sola ocasión en el primer caso (2015) y en tres en el segundo (1999, 2009, 2014). Se estudia la última elección presidencial celebrada en los países aludidos. Luego, se comparan los resultados, con el objeto de constatar los efectos de la implementación consecutiva de estas normativas sobre el funcionamiento democrático de cada uno de estos Estados. / This paper will evaluate the effects of the concurrent application of two institutional instruments —open primary elections and majority runoff system— in the two countries of Latin America, Argentina and Uruguay, in which both were formally adopted and were implemented in more than one opportunity. Both mechanisms formed part of the latest Latin American political reforms and share similar objectives. The two cases mentioned above, in which both practices were incorporated in national legislation, have been used simultaneously only once in the first case (in 2015), and three in the second (1999, 2009 and 2014). In this paper we shall look at the last presidential election held in each case, evaluating the success of the aforementioned common purposes. Subsequently, we compare the results to ascertain the results of the consecutive implementation of these norms and their effect on democratic functioning in each case.

The objective of this paper is to examine what are the methods used by Mexican drug cartels to recruit migrant smugglers and which are the activities carried by former migrant smugglers in these organizations. A qualitative methodology was used, consistent in the realization, between 2011 and 2015, of interviews with 107 migrant smugglers (105 men and 2 women). This paper concludes that after 2013, there has been an increase of recruitment of migrant smugglers by drug cartels without coercion, and that the activities carried out by them are increasingly violent.

In theory, public financing aimed at encouraging business innovation is justified, but in practice controversy exists over the evaluation of impacts derived from the use of these resources. The aim of this paper is to analyze the additionality generated by micro- and small enterprises benefiting from public financing for innovation. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied, and a descriptive analysis of the input additionality, performance and results variables was made. The conclusions show that in half of the sample there is evidence of additionality in funding, whose more visible result is the generation of new products and processes, and the effects on performance are the most significant. Although the sample size and the type of analysis limit the generalization of findings, the evidence presented here of the impact of public financing on innovation in developing economies is relevant because of the scarcity of papers on the subject.

In this paper the organizational characteristics of the Argentinian National Autonomist Party, between 1862 and 1916, were analyzed, with the main focus on the rivalry between its territorial factions and on the political use of state resources. This period was reconstructed from a historical-political approach, and it was found that the result of the rivalry between factions was the development of national-level state institutions, but, at the same time, the use of these resources to win allegiance and adherence from local factions led to a weak institutionalization of the party. After discussing the main theories on political parties, a contribution of this paper is the conceptualization of the party as a “factional state party”.

The impact of irrational human practices on the environment makes it indispensable to implement measures, such as the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve, in order to preserve the natural environment and habitats, and thus to promote biological diversity. The aim of this paper was to determine the local economic support through valuation of the vaquita porpoise, an endangered endemic species that lives in the reserve, as well as to disseminate the analytic network process, a valuation methodology little used in the environmental issue and which appropriately integrates interrelations into a systemic scheme. The result showed that for the purpose of giving protection to the species, resources additional to the little more than two million seven hundred and fifty thousand American dollars a year, which is the vaquita porpoise’s value, are needed. In carrying out this study, more comprehensive data concerning productive activities in the area, socio-economic implications of fishing and its impact on biological diversity were not available. This paper’s originality and value lie in the methodology used and the interrelation it offers for analysis.

The aim of this paper is to estimate using monthly data the influence of the Mexican Stock Market in the nominal Exchange Rate from 1993 to 2022. We conducted an Exploratory Data Analysis to identify the most important correlations of the following monetary variables: 28-day Mexican Debt bills/ (T-Bill), interest rates, inflation, and Stock Exchange Market both from Mexico and from the USA respectively. We then resorted to a VAR model to indentify which of these variables determined changes in Mexico´s nominal Exchange Rate more significantly. During the period in question the model showed, that Exchange Rate variations were driven by the Mexican Stock Exchange Market, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the US Treasury Bills. The model also pointed out that variations in Mexican Stock Market were determined by the Mexican Stock Market itself, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the US Treasury Bills (T-Bills).

Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death in Mexico, the collisions are caused mostly due to human error, therefore attempts have been made to reduce these shortcomings with driver assistance systems. This paper presents a study conducted to explore the capabilities of a Generative Adversarial Network in terms of application in lane detection on a highway, it is proposed to use a metric known as Dice index which measures the similarity between images and a pre-processing method based on color spaces, as well as a technique called Superpixels which is based on clustering. Finally, the results are compared with a neural network called LaneNet developed for the TuSimple database. The results obtained from this methodology needs to be optimized with future work, however, it opens the door to possible research with this type of network.

El presente trabajo trata una problemática importante desde el punto de vista de la genética de la humana, la neuro biología y la neurociencia social. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar factores neuro genéticos de la conducta en estudiantes de la Facultad de Humanidades del C.R.U. de Coclé. Además, de una revisión bibliográfica sobre información relevante, se explora la conducta, mediante un cuestionario n dimensional, de los estudiantes que tienen como compañeros a pacientes con cáncer. Se concluye que es necesario la intervención de personal de las áreas de psicología, biología, genética y sociología para trabajar los elementos de la comunicación e interacción con personas con cáncer en el Centro Regional. Palabras clave: Neuro genética, Neurobiología, neurociencia, comprensión, cáncer, reingeniería social. ABSTRACT This paper deals with an important problem from the point of view of human genetics, neurobiology, and social neuroscience. The aim of this study was to analyze neurogenetic factors of behavior in students of the Faculty of Humanities of the C.R.U. from Cocle. In addition, from a bibliographical review on relevant information, the behavior is explored, through an n-dimensional questionnaire, of students who have cancer patients as classmates. It is concluded that the intervention of personnel from the areas of psychology, biology, genetics, and sociology is necessary to work on the elements of communication and interaction with people with cancer in the Regional Center. Keywords: Neuro genetics, Neurobiology, neuroscience, understanding, cancer, social reengineering.

Gaming has been an activity that has accompanied human beings throughout their lives, it is fundamental in the evolutionary process, and an essential element in the integral development of children, providing them with unlimited potential for meaningful experience through play, where they, create, curiosity, think, and interact with their environment. Gamification is one of the educational techniques that increase motivation and engagement, taking into account learners today grew up with digital technologies and require new learning styles according to their interests and needs as digital natives. After several years of studies analysing successful games that engage people and motivate them to keep playing, Chou (2014) created the Octalysis model and represented it in an octagon and presents the 8 main drivers of motivation. This paper shows a theoretical review of gamification and its differences with game-based learning and the octalysis framework as the technique that uses game elements and game design in non-game contexts focused on Behavioural design since it activates the motivation to take action to achieve the goals established. Keywords: English foreign language, gamification, octalysis framework. RESUMEN La gamificación ha sido una actividad que ha acompañado al ser humano a lo largo de su vida, es fundamental en el proceso evolutivo, y un elemento esencial en el desarrollo integral de los niños, proporcionándoles un potencial ilimitado de experiencias significativas a través del juego, donde ellos, crean, curiosean, piensan, e interactúan con su entorno. La gamificación es una de las técnicas educativas que aumentan la motivación y el compromiso, teniendo en cuenta que los alumnos de hoy crecieron con las tecnologías digitales y requieren nuevos estilos de aprendizaje de acuerdo a sus intereses y necesidades como nativos digitales. Tras varios años de estudios analizando juegos de éxito que enganchan a las personas y las motivan a seguir jugando, Chou (2014) creó el modelo Octalysis y lo representó en un octágono y presenta los 8 principales impulsores de la motivación. Este trabajo muestra una revisión teórica de la gamificación y sus diferencias con el aprendizaje basado en juegos y el marco del octalysis como la técnica que utiliza elementos de juego y diseño de juegos en contextos no lúdicos enfocados al diseño del comportamiento ya que activa la motivación para pasar a la acción para conseguir los objetivos establecidos. Palabras clave: Inglés como lengua extranjera, gamificación, octalysis framework.

This paper applies the concept of inequality regime, in the tradition of the Regulation School, to the analysis of the patterns and drivers of socioeconomic inequality in Portugal in the last few decades. Key empirical patterns are identified with respect to income inequality, top and bottom incomes, wealth inequality, monetary poverty and non-commodified provision of basic goods. We then discuss several underlying processes and mechanisms, namely the capital-labour relation, classification struggles, financialisation, redistribution, and welfare, to account for the identified empirical patterns. We conclude that Portugal’s inequality regime is remarkably contradictory and argue that the country’s success in curbing most measures of inequality in recent times is especially vulnerable to a variety of pressures.