Search

The main objective of this paper is to determine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the hospitality sector in the Colombian economic growth. This is estimated using a method that uses the Gross Domestic Product –GDP- per capita and its disaggregated data according to the different economic sectors, providing an ex post assessment of the contribution of tourism on GDP growth. The results show that Colombia has competitive levels in tourism contribution to GDP, although its level is low compared to countries where the sector is the most active player in their economies.El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el efecto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en el sector hotelero en el crecimiento económico colombiano. Para ello, se estima utilizando un método que utiliza el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto –PIB- real per cápita y se desagrega según los diferentes sectores económicos, lo cual brinda una estimación ex post de la contribución del turismo sobre el crecimiento del PIB. Los resultados muestran que Colombia presenta niveles competitivos de contribución del sector turismo al PIB, aunque su nivel sea bajo con respecto a países cuyo sector es el más activo y protagonista en sus economías

This paper analyzes the Global Integrate Service Management (GISM) under the optic of GarethMorgan’s metaphors. The GISM comprehends a international service management model,composed by specific characteristics that make it different from the classic multinational companyor the Transnationals. The international managementmodels and its evolution were analyzed andcompared to the administration theories in a deep literature revision. The GISM is a high profitablemanagement model, once that it’s take advantage ofbest available resources from the subsidiariesin each country, supported by market openings and operations flexibility, generating best resourceusage, control and actions autonomy for headquarters and subsidiary independency in aorchestrated way. Its study is important for scholars and administrators, in order to consolidateknowledge in a relatively less explored area, related to international management model forservices, operated through global subsidiaries internal network

RESUMO Objetivo: Este artigo revisa pesquisas existentes relacionadas à avaliação do impacto da inovação social e identifica várias barreiras para essa avaliação. Em seguida, são propostas intervenções para superar essas barreiras. Originalidade/valor: A inovação social tem desempenhado um papel importante na promoção de mudanças positivas para a sociedade. No entanto, medir seu impacto é um desafio muito significativo devido às muitas barreiras enfrentadas na seleção de métricas que se encaixam em sua definição e objetivo. Reconhecendo esses desafios, a principal contribuição deste artigo foi identificar as barreiras mais comuns e sugerir como elas podem ser superadas. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Duas abordagens foram consideradas nesta pesquisa. Por um lado, aplicou-se uma abordagem bottow-up para revisar a literatura relevante relacionada a métricas de impacto para inovação social e boas práticas para avaliação de impacto de inovação social. Por outro, utilizou-se uma abordagem top-down, por meio da coleta e análise de projetos de pesquisa relacionados à identificação de métricas de impacto da inovação social, amplamente difundidos e bem consolidados na literatura atual. Resultados: Esta pesquisa oferece insights valiosos para pesquisadores acadêmicos, decisores de políticas e profissionais que trabalham no campo da inovação social, identificando e classificando as principais barreiras enfrentadas para medir o impacto da inovação social, ou seja, a falta de conscientização das partes interessadas no campo da inovação social, dificuldades para selecionar as métricas para avaliar a inovação social, dificuldades para selecionar critérios para identificar indicadores mais adequados à inovação social, falta de engajamento dos beneficiários, falta de apoio financeiro e público e falta de consenso na definição de inovação social. / ABSTRACT Purpose: This paper reviews extant research related to the impact assessment of social innovation and identifies several barriers to this assessment. Following this is a proposal of interventions to overcome these barriers. Originality/value: Social innovation has played an essential role in enhancing positive changes for society. Nonetheless, measuring its impact is a very significant challenge due to the many barriers faced in selecting metrics that fit its definition and goal. Recognizing these challenges, the main contribution of this paper was to identify the most common barriers and to suggest how these barriers can be overcome. Design/methodology/approach: Two approaches were considered in this research. On the one hand, a bottom-up approach was applied to review relevant literature related to impact metrics for social innovation and good practices toward social innovation impact assessment. On the other hand, we used a top-down approach through collecting and analyzing research projects related to identifying metrics of social innovation impact, broadly disseminated and well-consolidated in the current literature. Findings: This research offers valuable insights to academic researchers, policy decision-makers, and practitioners working in the field of social innovation by identifying and classifying the main barriers faced to measuring the impact of social innovation, namely lack of stakeholder awareness in the field of social innovation, difficulties in selecting the metrics to assess social innovation, problems in selecting criteria to identify best-fitted indicators to social innovation, lack of beneficiaries engagement, lack of financial and public support, and lack of consensus in the social innovation definition.

Purpose: This article investigates and classifies firm resources for the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from emerging countries. Originality/value: SMEs from emerging countries in global markets evidence their more restricted access to resources for internationalization. The mainstream international business literature classifies firm’s resources identified in large companies from developed economies. This research classifies firms’ internationalization resources located in different emerging countries based on a systematic literature review (SLR) and interviews. This paper contributes to the theoretical development about the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries, indicating the importance of organizational resources in this process. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents an exploratory research developed in two stages: a SLR on emerging countries and interviews with experts, institutions, and SMEs about the Brazilian context. Bibliographic research and an interview with semi-structured script were adopted as data collection techniques. Interviews were analyzed with NVivo software using content analysis technique and providing categorization of resources. Findings: Up to 2016, 15 works mentioned resources for the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries and seven were done in Asia. We identified 72 resources in ten emerging countries. Organizational resources predominate. The use of financial resources in Brazil contradicts the trend in other emerging countries. More tangible resources seem less strategic for SMEs’ internationali¬zation from emerging countries when compared to more intangible resources, as organizational ones. / Objetivo: Investigar e classificar recursos para internacionalização de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) de países emergentes. Originalidade/valor: A participação de PMEs de países emergentes em mercados globais evidencia seu acesso mais restrito aos recursos para internacionalização. A literatura dominante de negócios internacionais segue classificações de recursos identificados em grandes empresas de economias desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa classifica recursos da firma para internacionalização de PMEs baseada em diferentes países emergentes, com dados de revisão sistemática de literatura (RSL) e entrevistas. O artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico sobre a internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes, indicando a importância dos recursos organizacionais nesse processo. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em duas etapas: RSL, abrangendo diferentes países emergentes, seguida de entrevistas com especialistas, instituições e PMEs no contexto brasileiro. Adotaram-se técnicas de coleta de dados de pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. A análise das entrevistas baseou-se em técnica de análise de conteúdo e categorização dos recursos, com o software NVivo. Resultados: Até 2016, 15 trabalhos mencionaram recursos para internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes e sete foram feitos na Ásia. Identificaram-se 72 recursos em dez países emergentes. Predominam recursos organizacionais. O uso de recursos financeiros de terceiros no Brasil contradiz tendências em outros países emergentes. Recursos tangíveis parecem ter menor importância estratégica para a internacionalização do que recursos intangíveis, como os organizacionais.

This paper investigates factors that motivate entrepreneurs to completely operate within informality and the drivers of formal companies to underreport revenues. In particular, this work identifies and organizes the determinants of firm informality through a systematic literature review in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The article presents several contributions. First, it examines the two main frameworks of informality (structuralist/exclusion and legalistic/exit dimensions) and links this with the different roles of unregistered firms in economic development (survival, De Soto, and parasite views). It also studies the theoretical basis of informality, including economic, institutional, psychological, and sociological aspects. Second, the paper summarizes business informality determinants based on studies with different methodological approaches (macro, microeconomic), contexts (developed, emerging, transition economies), and periods (1983-2018). Our results show that firm informality is mostly addressed in the examined literature as a decision or voluntary choice by companies and entrepreneurs (legalistic vision). Third, the article proposes an integral theoretical model, according to which the firm informality level is determined by structural elements (company and entrepreneur’s characteristics) and environmental factors (corruption, bureaucracy, taxes, etc.). The analysis is relevant for researchers studying this subject and for policymakers as well.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contributions of the method of empathic understanding to the field of Organizational Studies by highlighting the corporeality and sensitivity of the researcher in the production and interpretation of data. Originality/value: Since empathic understanding can be viewed as a method for analyzing the researcher’s experience during fieldwork, this paper situates the role of the researcher’s body as an instrument for the collection of data during their research. The theory of organizational aesthetics is taken as a basis to discuss the relevance of the sensory dimension during the research process. Without giving priority to any particular sense (such as that of sight, for example), the construction of scientific knowledge is therefore discussed in terms of the human senses that respond to diverse stimuli by highlighting the relevance of the processes involved in the production of embodied and sensible knowledge for Organizational Studies. Design/methodology/approach: A theoretical-empirical study of qualitative nature was carried out in a street market of a Brazilian city. The method of empathic understanding directed the entire process of data collection and analysis, in which the limitations of field observations were discussed by expanding the notion of the researcher’s own experience into that of a sensory experience. Findings: The findings suggest that it is possible for the researcher to engage their mind and body during research by experiencing the field and overcoming dichotomies such as cognition/sensitivity. Such an engagement can be viewed as a major contribution of the method of empathic understanding to Organizational Studies. Thus, the notion of the body as a major vehicle for the construction of knowledge is made evident in this paper through both the discussion of the empathic understanding approach and the research carried out. / Objetivo: Este artigo objetiva discutir as contribuições do método da compreensão empática para o campo da pesquisa nos Estudos Organizacionais, evidenciando a corporalidade e sensibilidade do pesquisador na produção e interpretação dos dados. Originalidade/valor: Considerando que a compreensão empática é um método que centraliza a preocupação na experimentação sensível do campo por parte do pesquisador, a contribuição deste texto reside em situar o corpo como instrumento de produção dos dados na prática da pesquisa. Tomamos como base a teoria da estética organizacional para abordar a dimensão do sensível nesse processo. Discutimos, assim, a construção do conhecimento científico a partir dos sentidos humanos que captam estímulos de naturezas diversas, sem dar ênfase específica a um ou outro sentido (como a tradicional observação), destacando a importância dos processos de produção de conhecimento encarnado e sensível em Estudos Organizacionais. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Partimos de um estudo teórico-empírico de natureza qualitativa desenvolvido em uma feira livre de uma capital brasileira. O método da compreensão empática guiou todo o processo de produção e tratamento dos dados, em que refletimos sobre as limitações do observar o campo, ampliando a experiência do pesquisador para uma noção de experimentação sensível. Resultados: A discussão proposta permite reconciliar mente e corpo do pesquisador ao realizar a investigação, experimentando o campo e rompendo com dicotomias entre o domínio do cognitivo e o sensível, o que entendemos ser a principal contribuição do método para o campo dos Estudos Organizacionais. Nesse sentido, reiteramos o corpo como veículo central da produção do conhecimento, algo que fica evidente nas discussões sobre a abordagem da compreensão empática e na pesquisa realizada.

Purpose: A major thread in accounting literature, which has remained a contentious issue, is how accounting alchemy can be modeled. The paper builds on existing accrual models in proposing an accounting alchemy model and tests if it is still the right medicine for earnings and book value of firms. The accounting alchemy model was based on mechanisms of earnings, book value, earnings before extraordinary items, net profit after tax, cash flow from operations, revenue, and total assets. We modified accrual models on the view that accrual models suggest that incomes/expenses are the most manipulated; contrarily, accounting alchemy proposes that assets are alchemized. Originality/value: This paper proposes a new empirical model of accounting alchemy and practically assesses the validity of the model in Sub-Saharan Africa, where there are no studies. The proposed accounting alchemy model can be used in Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world to see if the study results can be replicated. Design/methodology/approach: Ex post facto design was used, and secondary data were obtained for selected quoted firms in Sub-Saharan Africa comprising Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya from 2012 to 2016. A sample of 64 firms was selected in the consumer and industrial goods subsector, and data were analyzed via descriptive (mean, standard deviation, correlation) and inferential (regression, fixed, and random effects) statistics. Findings: Findings indicated that earnings and book value are significantly affected by accounting alchemy. This implies that accounting alchemy is not the right medicine for firm’s earnings and book value. The result has practical application for researchers and the regulatory framework of accounting. / Objetivo: Uma grande linha da literatura contábil que se mantém como uma questão polêmica refere-se ao fato de a alquimia contábil poder ser modelada. O artigo constrói modelos de provisão (accrual) existentes ao propor um modelo de alquimia contábil e testar se ainda é o remédio correto para os ganhos e o valor contábil das firmas. O modelo de alquimia contábil foi baseado em mecanismos de ganhos, valor contábil, ganhos antes de itens extraordinários, lucro líquido depois das taxas, fluxo de caixa das operações, receita e total de ativos. Modificamos os modelos de acumulados com a visão de que modelos de acúmulo sugerem que renda/despesas são os mais manipulados; ao contrário, a alquimia contábil propõe que os ativos sejam alquimizados. Originalidade/valor: Este trabalho propõe um novo modelo empírico de alquimia contábil e praticamente avalia a validade do modelo na África subsaariana onde não existem estudos. O modelo proposto de alquimia contábil pode ser usado na Ásia, Europa e em outras partes do mundo para ver se os resultados do estudo podem ser repetidos. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Utilizaram-se o modelo ex post facto (a partir do fato passado) e os dados secundários obtidos por firmas selecionadas citadas na África subsaariana, incluindo Nigéria, África do Sul e Quênia, entre 2012 e 2016. Selecionaram-se amostras de 64 firmas dos setores de bens de consumo e industriais, e os dados foram anali­sados por meio de estatísticas descritivas (média, desvio padrão e correlação) e inferenciais (regressão, efeitos fixos e aleatórios). Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que os ganhos e o valor contábil são significativamente afetados pela alquimia contábil. Isso implica que a alquimia contábil não é o remédio correto para os ganhos e o valor contábil da firma. O resultado tem aplicação prática para pesquisadores e estrutura regulatória de contabilidade.

This paper analyzes the relationship between networking capabilities and the motives behind SMEs taking part in collaborative relationships with firms within the same sector. Specifically, we analyzed inter-firm collaborations for new product development and the decision(s) to outsource. The main contribution of this paper is focused on identifying the existence of the mediating effect that Hybrid growth strategy has, connected to these relations. It is argued that the Hybrid growth strategy mediates the relationship between networking capabilities and the different collaborative modes with firms within the same sector. The results, obtained through a binomial logit model, supported these arguments by using a database formed by 450 face-to-face surveys, from which 296 took part in an inter-firm collaboration between 2012-2014. The surveys were given to CEOs from SMEs that participated in collaborative activities with other firms in the Electronic, Technology, Information, and Communications sector (ETICS) in Mexico.

This paper sheds light on specific aspect of Media Convergence which is not only about convergence and similarity, but about divergence in different aspects and opportunities which bring up for entrepreneurial activities. Problem area of this study is to understand how media convergence provides new business opportunities in media markets and how media entrepreneurs can exploit those opportunities for proposing value to target customers. This paper follows a quantitative research design. Therefore, 119 cofounders of small and medium media firms answered an online questionnaire, and the data was analyzed by SPSS. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that four types of divergence, including media distribution channels, media content producers, audiences, and advertisers, affect exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in small and medium sized media firms.

Workforce agility has been described as a management strategy that allows companies to respond quickly and effectively to threats and opportunities arising from a competitive and unstable business environment. In the current literature, there is still a lack of efforts to systematically review the state of the art on this subject. The aim of this paper is to address this gap by studying the academic progress on workforce agility. A systematic literature review was carried out to analyze the academic articles within the workforce agility topic that were published online until the end of June 2020 in three electronic databases: Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Science Direct. The bibliometric indicators present how the field has developed and which actors (authors, institutions, countries, journals) are the most relevant. Regarding the conceptual aspects, the findings allowed us to identify that an agile workforce consists of four interrelated and interdependent dimensions: proactivity, flexibility and adaptability, resilience, and competence. These attributes can be promoted through strategies related to i) learning and training, ii) forms of work organization, iii) human resource management; and iv) culture and organizational structure. Our findings also allowed us to propose an agenda for future studies on workforce agility and other related topics. This paper contributes by promoting a debate on a subject still incipient in the literature, especially in Latin America, and by highlighting the potential competitive advantage associated with workforce agility for companies.

The loosely coupled systems (LCS) perspective emerged as a new way to understand the organizational structure from the field of Organization Studies. The purpose of this article is to pres­ent the main features of previous research studies that have addressed the perspective of loosely coupled systems. This article is based on a systematic literature review of 76 papers published dur­ing a 36-year period (1983-2019). The findings indicate that the main concepts studied around this perspective have been loose coupling, tight coupling, decoupling, degree of coupling, and coupling mechanisms, which are analyzed considering the dialectical relationship between distinctiveness and responsiveness. Likewise, the study of organizational couplings has been extensively devel­oped through qualitative methodology with case studies, interviews and documentary reviews. In particular, there are two theoretical frameworks broadly used along with this perspective, the sociological new institutionalism and the theory of normal accidents, which give rise to future research on topics such as decoupling and the normality of accidents, among others. This article contributes to the discussion of organizational ties by highlighting the contemporary relevance of the LCS perspective, its usefulness for understanding current and future organizational issues in the field of Organization Studies, and encouraging greater adoption of LCS analysis in Latin America. Additionally, this paper provides conceptual clarity on the main categories of organizational cou­plings and its operationalization.

This paper evaluates the real capacity of the customer service system in a Health Care Service Provider (HCSP) in which users request a service using a multi-channel M/M/n queueing system with Poisson arrivals and exponential times. The assistance process shows that an individual who wants to request a diagnostic test must wait his/her turn in several cubicles. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology that generates two-way results in improving not only HCSP performance, but also in implementing strategies that lead to better service perception. A discrete-event simulation model is presented to determine the times for processes and forecast the demand. The entire process in HCSP takes up to four hours, although, based on our results, waiting times could be 50% shorter by decreasing the number of operative tasks that physicians and nurses should perform and implementing an electronic ticket dispenser. Improving customer service is relevant for a HCSP organization. Therefore, our simulation process could be implemented in different scenarios in order to integrate results in planning and decision-making processes.

Resumo Objetivo: Os homens estão mais inclinados a assumir riscos do que as mulheres? A resposta a essa pergunta é de relevância imediata para várias questões econômicas, incluindo o comportamento humano em relação ao consumo de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os benefícios percebidos do consumo de medicamentos, centrado na avaliação do risco farmacêutico. Originalidade/valor: A literatura documenta que riscos e benefícios podem ser considerados os principais trade-offs na tomada de decisão do consumidor, inclusive na indústria farmacêutica. É um tema atual com alto potencial de impacto social por causa dos muitos casos identificados de Covid-19. Nos países em desenvolvimento, a maioria dos medicamentos é utilizada por indivíduos que se automedicam, pois o acesso aos cuidados de saúde pode ser insuficiente. A automedicação é um problema potencialmente maior, pois nesse caso o uso de medicamentos geralmente segue o conselho de amigos, parentes e vizinhos. No entanto, há pouca evidência empírica sobre esse problema no contexto dos países emergentes. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com mais de mil indivíduos em que se utilizou um modelo de regressão estendido (MRE) em um dos maiores países do mundo, o Brasil. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as mulheres percebem mais riscos e benefícios do uso de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. A percepção dos benefícios dos medicamentos pode ser explicada pelas seguintes dimensões: risco (danos pessoais, alerta de risco e conhecimento do risco), gênero, uso regular e benefícios dos procedimentos médicos. Em relação às dimensões de risco, quanto menor a percepção de danos pessoais e quanto maior a percepção de alerta e conhecimento de risco, maiores os benefícios percebidos do uso de medicamentos./ Abstract Purpose: Are men more inclined to assume risks than women? The answer to this question is immediately relevant to various economic issues, including human behavior concerning medical remedies and procedures consumption. This paper aims to identify the perceived benefits of the consumption of medications centered on pharmaceutical risk assessment. Originality/value: The literature documents that risks and benefits can be considered the main trade-offs in consumer decision-making, including the pharmaceutical industry. It is a current theme with a high potential for social impact due to the many identified cases of Covid-19. In developing countries, most medication is used by self-medicating individuals, as access to health care can be insufficient. Self-medication is a potentially greater problem, as in this case, medication usage often follows advice from friends, relatives, and neighbors. Yet, there is little empirical evidence regarding this problem in the context of emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of over 1,000 subjects using an extended regression model (ERM) in one of the biggest countries in the world, Brazil. Findings: The results reported that women perceive more risks and benefits from medication usage and medical procedures. The perception of the benefits of medications can be explained by the following dimensions: risk (personal injury, risk alertness, and risk awareness), gender, regular usage, and the benefits of medical procedures. Regarding risk dimensions, the lower the perceptions of personal injury and the higher the perceptions of risk alertness and risk awareness, the greater the perceived benefits of medication usage.

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the attractiveness of the markets in the inland of Brazil to franchise chains based on the characteristics of institutional environment, referring to the socioeconomic, geographical, and human resources dimensions. Originality/value: Interiorization is a theme that has been hardly explored in franchise chains’ growth strategies. This paper contributes to this debate through the institutional theoretical perspective, contributing to the clarification and ordering of the decision-making factors for the regional expansion of franchises. For regional development, it calls for municipal management to direct actions aimed at socioeconomic development and human resources. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative method using secondary data - from Brazilian Association of Franchising (Associação Brasileira de Franchising [ABF]), Brazilian Association of Shopping Centers (Associação Brasileira de Shopping Centers [Abrasce]), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [IBGE]) and Google Maps - was employed in this study for the analysis of franchise location and for municipalities. The sample comprised 458 municipalities with a populaion of above 50 thousand inhabitants. The statistical techniques used were factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The results show that the socioeconomic and human resources factors of the municipalities are essential for the attractiveness of franchises chains to the inland of the country. In turn, the geographical distance of the inland municipality in relation to the state capital did not present adherence to the model as an explanation for the attraction of franchises. / Objetivo: O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a atratividade dos mercados do interior do Brasil para as redes de franquias, considerando as características do ambiente institucional referente às dimensões socio­econômica, geográfica e de recursos humanos. Originalidade/valor: A interiorização é um tema pouco explorado nas estratégias de crescimento das redes de franquias. Por meio da perspectiva teórica institucional, o artigo contribui para esse debate ao esclarecer e ordenar os fatores de tomada de decisão para a expansão regional das redes de franquias. Da mesma forma, contribui para o desenvolvimento regional ao instigar a gestão municipal para o direcionamento de ações voltadas para desenvolvimento socioeconômico e de recursos humanos. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, com dados secundários - da Associação Brasileira de Franchising (ABF), Associação Brasileira de Shopping Centers (Abrasce), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do site Google Maps - tanto para a análise da localização das unidades franqueadas como dos municípios. Para a amostra foram selecionados 458 municípios com população acima de 50 mil habitantes. Utilizou-se a técnica estatística de análise fatorial e de análise de regressão múltipla. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que os fatores socioeconômico e de recursos humanos dos municípios são primordiais para a atratividade das redes de franquias no interior do país. Por sua vez, a distância geográfica do município do interior em relação à capital do estado não apresentou aderência ao modelo explicativo para a atração das redes de franquias.

The purpose of this reflection paper is to provide a Foucauldian view of the influence of the neoliberal ethos on the rational choices of agents in organizations and how this impacts the tendency to make decisions about deviant behavior. We propose that practices of codes of ethics have less substantive effects and more symbolic effects. The control of corruption occurs in three dimensions: egoism, utilitarianism and opportunism. Codes of ethics and compliance systems, in this sense, possess only the capacity to partially meet each of these requirements, not being enough measure for business integrity assurance. We believe it is essential to distinguish the arguments presented in this paper from the dominant thinking on theories about ethics in organizations. Our interest is to give a politicized response to the discussions raised in the field. The originality of the article resides in the transposition of Foucauldian concepts for practices of control of conducts in the contemporary management. The inadequacy of the normative measures is worked out. Besides, alternative perspectives are proposed to the practices of management for ethical behavior in or­ganizations.

Purpose: Analyze if the commonality in liquidity is priced and its relation with the stock return in the Brazilian stock market. Originality/value: Due to the shortage of papers about the effects of commonality in liquidity in the Brazilian financial literature, this paper provides knowledge development about commonality in liquidity effect for the investor, investigating whether an investment strategy in the most sensitive assets to systematic variations of liquidity is attractive for investors, consistent with the risk-return trade off. Design/methodology/approach: In order to identify the effect of commonality to investors, we opted to use portfolios. Using companies listed on B3 as a sample, we estimated regressions developed in the time series from January 2007 to December 2015. Findings: We found that the commonality is a phenomenon present in the Brazilian stock market and their highest values were concentrated in periods of international financial crises. In addition, using portfolios, we observed a premium of 4.165% per month for the commonality in liquidity, although not statistically significant. Finally, we found that the commonality in liquidity is a priced risk factor and when we exposed it to other risk factors we found that the liquidity risk factor was able to partly capture it. / Objetivo: Analisar se a comunalidade na liquidez é precificada e sua relação com o retorno acionário no mercado acionário brasileiro. Originalidade/valor: Por causa da incipiência, na literatura financeira brasileira, do tema comunalidade na liquidez, este artigo proporciona o desenvolvimento do conhecimento acerca do efeito da comunalidade na liquidez para o investidor, investigando se uma estratégia de investimento em ativos mais sensíveis a variações sistemáticas da liquidez é atrativa para os investidores, condizente com a trade off risco-retorno. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Para identificar o efeito da comunalidade para o investidor, optou-se pela utilização de carteiras. Adotando como amostra as empresas listadas na B3, foram desenvolvidas regressões em série de tempo, no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Verificou-se que a comunalidade é um fenômeno presente no mercado acionário brasileiro e que os seus maiores valores se concentraram nos períodos das crises financeiras internacionais. Ademais, com a utilização de carteiras, observou-se um prêmio de 4,165% ao mês para a comunalidade na liquidez, apesar de não significativo estatisticamente. Por fim, constatou-se que a comunalidade na liquidez constitui um fator de risco precificável e, ao expô-lo aos demais fatores de risco, verificou-se que o fator de risco liquidez conseguiu parcialmente capturá-lo.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to reveal how quantitative empirical studies approach the direct influence of absorptive capacity (AC) on innovation. The AC research field continues to be subject to the phenomenon of reification, since it is still quite scattered. Originality/value: The article contributes to AC’s theoretical approach by compiling a set of forces with AC’s direct influence on innovation. This evaluation has revealed detailed information about this rela­tionship, such as the AC approach used and situations in which it acts as a moderating force in a relationship. Thus, we suggest a structure of influence of AC on innovation. Design/methodology/approach: Systematic literature review based on Tranfield, Denyer, and Smart’s (2003) method was applied. From an initial sample of 231 articles, 37 empirical studies were selected for analysis. We analyzed the AC’s influence on innovation in each paper, as well as the forces that affect that influence. Findings: The results suggest that AC dynamic approach may become dominant within AC and innovation literature, as the number of studies that use this approach grows constantly. However, the validated measurement models proposed by several AC scholars are still underused by most studies. Many empirical studies tend to adapt existing measurement models according to idiosyncratic research needs. In addition, as expected, we identified that intra-firm factors might be as important as environmental factors in transforming firms’ AC into innovation. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é revelar como os estudos empíricos quantitativos abordam a influência direta da capacidade absortiva (CA) na inovação. Os autores argumentam que o campo de pesquisa em CA con­tinua sendo sujeito ao fenômeno da reificação, já que este campo ainda é bastante disperso. Originalidade/valor: O artigo contribui para a abordagem teórica da CA ao compilar um conjunto de forças com influência direta da CA na inovação. Essa avaliação permitiu revelar informações detalhadas sobre essa relação, tais como a abordagem da CA utilizada e as situações nas quais ela age como uma força moderadora de uma relação. Assim, sugere-se uma estrutura de influência do CA na inovação. Design/metodologia/abordagem: O artigo é uma revisão sistemática da literatura com base no método de Tranfield, Denyer e Smart (2003). A partir da amostra inicial de 231 artigos, foram selecionados 37 estudos empíricos. Os pesquisadores analisaram a influência da CA na inovação em cada artigo, bem como as forças que afetam essa influência. Resultados: Os resultados sugerem que a abordagem dinâmica da CA pode se tornar dominante na literatura sobre CA e inovação, já que o número de estudos que utilizam essa abordagem cresce constantemente. Entretanto, os modelos de mensuração validados propostos por diversos estudiosos da AC ainda são subutilizados pela maioria dos estudos. Muitos estudos empíricos tendem a adaptar os modelos de medição existentes de acordo com as necessidades idiossincráticas de investigação. Além disso, como esperado, verificou-se que fatores intrafirma podem ser tão importantes quanto fatores ambientais para transformar a CA das empresas em inovação.

Purpose: This paper’s objective is to analyze whether the capital structure of Brazilian publicly traded companies remained stable over the last twenty years. Originality/value: The paper is focused on the Brazilian capital market, in which there is a lack in the literature about the study of the leverage behavior and its immaturity, where factors related to the companies and characteristics in contracting leverage alter the demand of credit. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve its objective, initially a graphical analysis of market and book debt evolution was carried out, and a GMM-Sys regression model through panel data was estimated to identify the stability of leverage along time. Findings: The results indicate a reduction of the market leverage with higher statistical significance after 2008, indicating, both in the graphic and the regression analysis, that the use of debt was unstable in the first period analyzed (1995-2007), behavior not observed during the second period (2008-2015) when analyzed market measures in which capital structure stability was prevalent, with considerable reduction of corporate leverage, otherwise, book measures of leverage would have shown a stability trend in leverage patterns. The principal determinants of the capital structure were the tax benefits (book debt) and the size (market debt), supporting trade-off theory. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente artigo consiste em analisar se a estrutura de capital das empresas listadas publicamente permaneceu estável nos últimos 20 anos. Originalidade/valor: O artigo tem como foco o mercado de capital brasileiro, no qual existe uma lacuna na literatura acerca de estudos relacionados à alavancagem e sua incipiência, em que fatores relacionados às empresas negociadas abertamente e às características na contratação de capital alteram a demanda por crédito. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Objetivando o alcance do propósito do estudo, inicialmente foi realizada uma análise gráfica da evolução do endividamento, tanto a valor de mercado quanto contábil; a segunda etapa consistiu na aplicação do modelo econométrico de regressão GMM-Sys por meio de dados em painel para identificar a estabilidade da alavancagem ao longo do tempo. Resultados: Os resultados evidenciam redução nas medidas de alavancagem a valor de mercado, cuja significância estatística foi observada após 2008, tem-se, portanto, que, tanto na análise gráfica quanto no modelo de regressão, o uso da dívida apresentou instabilidade no primeiro período analisado (1996-2007). O mesmo comportamento não foi observado no segundo período analisado (2008-2015) ao serem analisadas as medidas a valor de mercado, na qual prevalecia a estabilidade da estrutura de capital. Os achados foram confirmados por meio da estimação do modelo, sendo identificada redução dos níveis de alavancagem com significância estatística das variáveis no segundo período do estudo (P1). Foram encontrados como principais determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras os benefícios fiscais (alavancagem a valor contábil) e o porte da empresa (alavancagem a valor de mercado), confirmando os pressupostos da teoria do trade-off.

Offshore outsourcing by organizations has been gaining momentum, powered by advances in information technology and costs differentials. A review of the literature on the subject, though, shows that those scholars who have focused on offshore outsourcing have centered their attention on the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the manufacturing and services sectors, leaving behind small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Through a number of propositions, this paper suggests that SMEs could also benefit from offshore outsourcing given their particular characteristics and needs. The paper also discusses the similarities and differences in the motivations that SMEs might have in subcontracting their activities outside their boundaries in comparison to MNEs. Knowing this information is important for foreign suppliers in order to adapt and expand their offerings to the needs of these particular firms.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze KBS in Argentina and to identify the main opportunities and challenges in order to make proposals for strengthening KBS exports through improving access to major markets, employment and human capital and indirect exports. Originality/value: This paper contributes to the discussion on KBS exports in Argentina. It provides a sectoral outlook, identifies the main opportunities and challenges and makes proposals for strengthening KBS exports. Design/methodology/approach: This paper examines KBS in Argentina using quantitative and qualitative information, such as statistics from official sources, international organizations and private institutions; literature review; and consultations with the private sector. Findings: There are significant opportunities to develop KBS in Argentina: availability of skilled labor and good communications infrastructure at competitive costs, more political stability and better life quality than other emerging locations. Argentina benefits from a good international reputation in some KBS sectors, such as advertising, audiovisual services and software. Additional efforts are needed in other areas to develop high-value KBS exports. The main challenges to strengthen these activities include human capital formation oriented to services that could face bottlenecks due to labor scarcity, negotiation of trade in service agreements and double taxation agreements and development of indirect exports.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo buscou analisar os elementos que compõem a resiliência das organizações diante de um evento disruptivo, utilizando como contexto a crise provocada pela Covid-19. Originalidade/valor: O estudo da resiliência organizacional nos ajuda a teorizar com mais precisão o ajuste e a adaptação organizacional em ambientes cada vez mais complexos e difíceis de ser compreendidos. Entretanto, embora a sua investigação tenha demonstrado ser algo promissor, o seu conceito ainda necessita de maior atenção independente e validação empírica. Nesse sentido, este trabalho contribui para que haja uma visão holística com uma definição consistente do termo, por meio de um modelo validado quantitativamente, pois a maioria dos estudos empíricos encontrados na literatura é de natureza qualitativa. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Foi aplicada uma survey a fim de testar um modelo para a mensuração da resiliência organizacional, por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória, além da utilização de uma estatís-tica descritiva simples. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre os dias 9 de novembro e 23 de dezembro de 2021, por meio de um formulário eletrônico, que contou com 41 respondentes (empresas). Resultados: O modelo testado apresentou um alto nível de confiabili-dade (ω de McDonald de 0,955), podendo ser aplicado no âmbito das organizações para medir sua resiliência. O modelo testado é composto por 12 itens: unidade de propósito; planos de teste de estresse; planejamento estratégico; postura proativa; quebra de silos; conhecimento aproveitado; recursos internos; parcerias eficazes; inovação e criatividade; tomada de decisão; engajamento da equipe; e liderança. / Abstract Purpose: This study sought to analyze the elements that compose the resilience of organizations when facing a disruptive event, using as context the crisis caused by Covid-19. Originality/value: The study of organizational resilience helps us to theorize, more accurately, organizational adjustment and adaptation in increasingly complex and difficult-to-understand environments. However, although their research has shown promise, its concept still needs more independent attention and empirical validation. In this sense, this paper contributes to a holistic view with a consistent definition of the term through a quantitatively validated model since most of the empirical studies found in the literature are qualitative in nature. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was applied to test a model for measuring organizational resilience, through an exploratory factor analysis, in addition to the use of simple descriptive statistics. Data collection occurred between November 9 and December 23, 2021, through an electronic form with 41 respondents (companies). Findings: The tested model showed a high level of reliability (McDonald’s ω of 0.955) and can be applied within organizations to measure their resilience. The tested model comprises 12 items: unity of purpose; stress testing plans; strategic planning; proactive posture; breaking silos; leveraged knowledge; internal resources; effective partnerships; innovation and creativity; decision-making; staff engagement; and leadership.

O nosso esforço para a organização de uma edição com artigos voltados a contextos de crises e eventos extremos foi motivado pela potencialidade de oferecer contribuições para o campo de estudos da Administração. O tema é de natureza multidisciplinar, mas, ainda assim, não foi suficientemente reconhecido por pesquisadores como um fenômeno organizacional que merece atenção como tal para a compreensão da magnitude dos seus impactos. As sociedades deparam-se com certos eventos, como guerras, terrorismo, violência e segurança pública, desastres naturais e aéreos, crises políticas e econômicas, extorsão e violação de privacidade, cada vez mais comuns nas manchetes de jornais do mundo todo. Nos anos mais recentes, o rompimento de barragens da Vale, o incêndio no Clube do Flamengo, o atentado terrorista na Nova Zelândia, o incêndio na Catedral de Notre-Dame, a morte de pessoas pisoteadas em baile funk em Paraisópolis, em São Paulo, o ter-remoto no Haiti, o incêndio na Amazônia, o acidente na Usina Nuclear de Fukushima, e, mais recentemente, a Covid-19 são exemplos de eventos que deixam aparentes a fragilidade e a vulnerabilidade do mundo, levantando questões importantes sobre como as organizações, as sociedades e os indivíduos recebem os impactos desses eventos e lidam com eles. No que tange às organizações contemporâneas, as questões centrais relativas a esses eventos estão relacionadas com as operações deles, as estruturas, os recursos, a comunidade e os(as) trabalhadores(as), que são centrais para a compreensão de contextos extremos. No campo de estudos da Administração, a necessidade de considerar o contexto é reconhecida pela sua importância em várias perspectivas de análise organizacional, a começar pelas teorias contingenciais, passando pela teoria da dependência de recursos, pelo novo institucionalismo, pelos estudos baseados na prática, pelos estudos críticos de gestão, entre outras. Contexto significa “oportunidades e restrições situacionais que afetam a ocorrência e o significado do comportamento organizacional, bem como as relações funcionais entre variáveis” (Johns, 2006, p. 386). Na literatura sobre contexto e eventos extremos, há uma diversidade de nomenclaturas atribuída a essas expressões, gerando controvérsias infrutí-feras (Hällgren et al., 2018). Tradicionalmente, o termo extremo é utilizado para se referir a [...] situações que ocorrem fora do comum e subculturas de lazer quase desviante que visam a uma fuga da modernidade comercializada e excessivamente racionalizada ou para profissões que envolvam alto riso, exposição a trabalho sujo e ameaça à vida (Granter et al., 2015, p. 443). Porém, o termo ganhou novos contornos, passando a definir domínios de trabalho e organizacionais convencionais que se caracterizam pela inten-sidade do trabalho e pela normalização de comportamentos e culturas de trabalho extremos, que trazem ameaças de danos materiais e não materiais. Um contexto extremo é aquele [...] ambiente no qual um ou mais eventos extremos estão ocorrendo ou são prováveis de ocorrer e que podem exceder a capacidade da organização de prevenir uma magnitude extensa e intolerável de consequências físicas, psicológicas ou materiais para os membros da organização e de resultar nela (Hannah et al., 2009, p. 897). Os danos são potenciais para os membros organizacionais e para aqueles que, de alguma forma, estão envolvidos com a organização. Contextos extremos não são homogêneos, sendo atravessados por variações em termos de temporalidade da organização, de magnitude das consequências, de probabilidade de ocorrer, de proximidade dos membros organizacionais e de formas de ameaças (Hannah et al., 2009). Apesar das similaridades, contexto extremo e crise1 são fenômenos distintos: em uma crise, causas e efeitos são ambíguos; já em contextos extremos, as ameaças são específicas e graves, as organizações são capazes de se antecipar, e as causas e efeitos são, frequentemente, identificáveis (Hannah et al., 2009). Eventos extremos têm ganhado um interesse mais forte de pesquisadores em diversos campos de conhecimento por causa das incertezas políticas, econômicas e ecológicas, dos desastres que resultam em tragédias e dos escândalos corporativos relacionados à irresponsabilidade social. São definidos como ocorrências que podem resultar em uma magnitude extensa e intolerável de consequências físicas, psicológicas ou materiais para os membros da organização (Hannah et al., 2009, p. 898) e os consumidores, afetando sua capacidade de produção e de obtenção de recursos (Hällgren et al., 2018). Os eventos extremos têm em comum alguns elementos: pré-crise, plano de emergência, crise, gestão da crise, pesquisa e implementação de mudanças (Buchanan, 2011). No entanto, os trabalhos acadêmicos sobre contextos extremos têm produzido respostas para eventos particulares (Maglajlic, 2019), ao comporem um corpo de pesquisa fragmentado (Hällgren et al., 2018) e limitarem os esforços para sistematizar o que podemos aprender sobre a natureza desses eventos e os contextos em que eles ocorrem, de forma que se possa melhorar nossa compreensão sobre esses fenômenos, suas características e seus fundamentos. Reconhecer que contextos extremos fornecem uma plataforma para o estudo de fenômenos organizacionais complexos potencializa a compreensão de comportamentos humanos e organizacionais, de jogos de poder, de processos organizacionais de adaptação e resiliência, bem como dos desafios e das barreiras a que as organizações encontram dificuldades para responder. Nesta edição especial, seis artigos oferecem respostas ou caminhos para a compreensão de contextos de crises e eventos extremos. Três artigos destacam a importância da resiliência: “Desempenho resiliente ante período de crise econômica: Modelo integrado de concepções e estratégia de pesquisa”, de Leandro K. Rosa, Roberto F. Decourt e Daniel F. Vancin; “Como mensurar a resiliência organizacional? Validando um modelo simplificado”, de Alã Y. P. Santos e Renata G. Spers; e “Social customer relationship management e resiliên-cia organizacional de microempresas brasileiras na pandemia de Covid-19”, de Guilherme A. S. Andrade, Márcia M. S. B. Espejo, Rigoberto García-Contreras e Cleston Alexandre dos Santos. Diferentemente do destaque à resi-liência, o artigo “Vale tudo: As estratégias de atuação da Vale após o desastre-crime da barragem de Córrego do Feijão”, de Tatiane Lúcia de Melo e Liliane de Oliveira Guimarães, mostra como a empresa Vale tratou as consequências do rompimento da barragem para a comunidade. O artigo “Percepção de empreendedo-res acerca das políticas públicas no enfrentamento da Covid-19”, de Claudia M. S. Bezerra, Heidy R. Ramos, Eudes V. Bezerra, Marco A. C. Teixeira e Marcos F. Magalhães, aponta o papel do governo no que tange às políticas públicas para enfrentamento de um evento extremo específico. Já “Líderes na pandemia: Contribuições para a literatura sobre liderança nas organizações em contextos extremos”, de Beatriz M. B. Braga e Vanessa M. Santos, apresenta um modelo de liderança que acreditamos poder contribuir tanto para a pesquisa sobre o tema como para a orientação de líderes que venham a viver esse contexto. / Our effort to organize an issue that brings together papers on crisis contexts and extreme events was motivated by the potential to contribute to Management studies. The topic is multidisciplinary, but even so, it has not been sufficiently recognized by researchers as an organizational phenomenon that deserves attention to understand the magnitude of its impacts. Societies are faced with certain events, such as wars, terrorism, violence and public safety, natural disasters, air disasters, political and economic crises, extortion, and violations of privacy, which are increasingly common in newspaper headlines worldwide. In recent years, the Vale’s dam collapse (Brumadinho, MG, Brazil), the fire at the Flamengo Club (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), the terrorist attack in New Zealand, the fire at Notre-Dame Cathedral, the death of people trampled at a funk dance in Paraisópolis (São Paulo, SP, Brazil), the earthquake in Haiti, the fire in the Amazon, the accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, and, more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, are examples of events that make the fragility and vulnerability of the world apparent, raising important questions about how organizations, socie-ties and individuals receive and deal with the impacts of these events. As far as contemporary organizations are concerned, the central issues relating to these events are related to their operations, structures, resources, community, and workers, which are central to understanding extreme contexts. In the field of Management studies, the need to consider context is recognized for its importance in various perspectives of organizational analysis, starting with contingency theories through to resource dependency theory, new institutionalism, practice-based studies, and critical management studies, among others. Context means “situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior, as well as the functional relationships between variables” (Johns, 2006, p. 386). In the literature on context and extreme events, there is a diversity of nomenclatures attributed to the term, generating unhelpful controversies (Hällgren et al., 2018). Traditionally, the term “extreme” is used to refer to [...] situations that occur out of the ordinary and subcultures of quasi-deviant leisure that aim at an escape from commercialized and over-rationalized modernity or to professions that involve high laughter, exposure to dirty work and threat to life (Granter et al., 2015, p. 443).

This theoretical paper describes the effect of social action on technological artifacts and explores how innovation may flourish or be diminished in society. Using the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) perspective, three main elements namely, flexibility of interpretation, relevant social groups and technological frame are described and their impact on innovation is discussed. The paper proposes that in developing societies, flexibility is hardly pressed by technological frames and concrete social norms do not allow the alternative designs and the useage of artifacts. This paper proposes that innovation might flourish in a society if technological frame change, and entrepreneurship become technological frames that can change the fixed meaning of artifacts and create a path for alternative designs and interpretations.

Purpose: To review the scientific production on organizational learning, which made use of the practice-based studies approach, concerning the production evolution, the author's profile, methodological characteristics, and correlated themes. Originality/value: Organizational learning presents gaps regarding contributions from other areas, such as Sociology. Practice Based Studies (PBS) have the sociological bias and the social space as a locus of learning processes and knowledge generation. No studies have been identified that review the national scientific production on organizational learning in the PBS context, reinforcing the potential contributions of this work. Design/methodology/approach: The research covered the papers available in Spell's database and in Capes Journals Portal, published until 2017, 42 in total. Those were systematically reviewed in a qualitative approach. Ucinet6 and NetDraw software were also used in the analysis. Findings: The publications are recent and focus on journals of national and international impact. The authorship is under responsibility of small groups, evidencing a partnership among the authors. The number of theoretical papers and the relevance of their contributions are significant. As for the empirical studies, there is a predominance of case study and interview. As to the themes, topics relevant to the PBS theoretical-methodological proposal are discussed. It was concluded that PBS, by taking the practices inserted in the context of organizations as a locus of learning study, reveal a potential to fill gaps in the traditional organizational learning perspective. Objetivo: Revisar a produção científica sobre aprendizagem organizacional, que utilizou a abordagem dos estudos baseados em prática, no tocante à evolução da produção, ao perfil de autoria, às características metodológicas e às temáticas correlatas. Originalidade/valor: A aprendizagem organizacional apresenta lacunas quanto a contribuições de outras áreas como sociologia. Os estudos baseados em práticas (EBP) têm o viés sociológico e o espaço social como lócus para os processos de aprendizagem e a geração de conhecimento. Não foram identificados estudos que revisem a produção científica nacional em aprendizagem organizacional no contexto dos EBP, reforçando as contribuições potenciais deste trabalho. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A pesquisa abrangeu os artigos disponíveis na base de dados da Spell e no portal de periódicos da Capes, publicados até 2017, no total de 42. Esses artigos foram revisados sistematicamente e numa abordagem qualitativa. Também foram utilizados os softwares Ucinet6 e NetDraw na análise. Resultados: As publicações são recentes e concentram-se em periódicos de impacto nacional e internacional. A autoria está sob responsabilidade de pequenos grupos, ficando em evidência a parceria entre autores. São significativas a quantidade de artigos teóricos e a relevância de suas contribuições. Nos estudos empíricos, predominam o estudo de caso e a entrevista. Quanto às temáticas, são discutidos temas relevantes à proposta teórico-metodológica dos EBP. Concluiu-se que os EBP, por tomarem as práticas inseridas no contexto das organizações como lócus para o estudo da aprendizagem, revelam potencial para preencher lacunas da perspectiva tradicional da aprendizagem organizacional.

Aiming to discuss about social division of labour and how it appears in the fashion design field, in addition to debate about the social role of fashion designer in the production chain, this paper presents two opposing notions that aim to explain important changes that have occurred in industrial society in the second half of twentieth century: “post-industrial society” of the author Daniel Bell, and “late capitalism” from Ernst Mandel. Each of these theories come from different ideological positions and impacts on the field of design with regard to theoretical production and the professional qualification and practices of designers. Thus, through bibliographic research, we began this paper with a reflection on the materiality and immateriality production in design. Then we confront these two important theoretical currents and relate them to others that we believe to be arising from one of them – "end of work", "design as a process" – and to objective and concrete issues of one of the design branches in which material production and the huge number of workers are undeniable: the fashion design field. Among these issues are the social division of labour and the propagation of the mythical notion of the individual creator, even propagated by the education system.

This paper discusses the application of real options analysis for a project that is in the process of con-struction and was affected by a natural disaster. The use of the analytical method has become a way of thinking in making decisions that should be taught to business school students. The case in this paper is based on an MBA thesis at the University of Gadjah Mada that was intended as a showcase for applica-tion of real options to address real business problems. It shows one of the strategies in mainstreaming disaster risk management in the business school that also answers the needs of businesses in the disaster-prone country.

This paper aims to explain and present a proposal to introduce Disaster Risk Management (DRM) topics into ESAN Graduate School of Business Master’s programs. Although disasters have cost Peru more than USD 7,600 million in the past 2 decades the business sector, particularly Small and Medium Enter-prises, have not developed preventive or continuity plans mainly because they are not familiar with DRM topics. Taking this into consideration, the paper presents a detailed academic/curricular proposal for DRM topics such as business continuity, business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable management. Additionally, it introduces the idea of promoting Disaster Risk Management (DRM) topics to the Peruvian business community as a strategy to enhance the graduate education.

Looking for windows of opportunity to mainstream disaster risk management within business education, in 2015, the United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction’s (UNISDR) Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies (ARISE), partnered with Florida International University’s Extreme Events Institute (FIU-EEI) and 12 international leading business schools. This partnership began with a call for White Papers to propose innovative approaches to integrate cutting edge disaster management content into business education programs and other academic offerings, based on seven themes or niches identified: (1) Strategic Investment and Financial Decisions; (2) Generating Business Value; (3) Sustainable Mana-gement; (4) Business Ethics and Social Responsibility; (5) Business Continuity Planning; (6) Disaster Risk Metrics; and (7) Risk Transfer. In March 2016, an international workshop was held in Toronto, Canada to present the White Papers prepared by the business schools, and discuss the most appropriate approa-ches for addressing the areas of: teaching and curriculum; professional development and extension programs; internships and placement; research opportunities; and partnerships and collaboration. Finally, the group proposed goals for advancing the implementation phase of the business education initiatives, and to propose mechanisms for monitoring and follow-up.

The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of business education in Disaster Risk Manage-ment (DRM). This paper aims to evaluate the awareness level of the Master in Business Administra-tion’s (MBA) students regarding the importance disaster risk management (DRM) plays. This paper develops a literature review concerning the concept of disasters, Disaster Risk Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, and the role of MBA programs. Furthermore, a survey at Universidad EAFIT (Medellin, Colombia) was designed and implemented as primary source information with the purpose of showing the DRM awareness level of MBA’s students. Finally, a case study connecting DRM with entrepre-neurship formation is described. This paper identified a limited formal education in DRM Latin Ameri-can MBA programs, and specifically at Universidad EAFIT. Additionally, a lack of awareness in MBA’s students about the importance of DRM was identified. In this sense, the paper proposes a DRM edu-cation model that uses a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and entrepreneurial formation in busi-ness education. This study aims to show the importance of the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management knowledge as part of the courses in: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Sustainabili-ty, and Entrepreneurship content in Masters in Business Administration (MBA) programs.

The aim of this paper is to discuss improvements for the Master in Sustainability Management of Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), in order to incorporate the topic of disaster risk management (DRM). Considering the risks and opportunities that climate change – and more specifically extreme weather events that can lead to disasters – represent to business, it is essential that business schools help prepare managers to deal with this critical sustainability issue. Therefore, it is extremely important to include this topic in management education. Aiming to support companies to assess and address busi-ness risks and opportunities derived from climate change, the Business for Climate Platform (EPC) of the Center for Sustainability Studies (GVces) of FGV has developed a framework and a tool for business adaptation strategies for climate change and implemented them with seven large companies in Brazil. Thus, based on EPC’s experience, the paper brings a proposal for the inclusion of DRM in the MSM’s syllabi, through the lens of climate change adaptation.

Sustainability issues, given their potential scale of impact and urgency, have captured the imagina-tion of both corporations and academic institutions everywhere. This paper examines how such prob-lems and their potential solutions have been incorporated into higher education, particularly business school education in India. With over 3,600 business schools in the public and private sector, business education in India has proliferated. However, students by and large still remain unexposed to sustain-ability and disaster management concepts in their curriculum. The underlying factors for this include, lack of institutional capacity, issues related to faculty motivation and incentives, lack of recruiter in-terest and limited availability to high quality resource material. Further, while several schools in India focus on sectors relevant to sustainability, inter-organizational linkages have not developed and busi-ness school generally operate independently. This paper examines the way forward to deeply integrate sustainability principles into the core curriculum of business schools. Measures suggested include creating communities of practice among academia and industry, building a resource base of teach-ing materials for easy access by faculty, and several measures to strengthen institutional capacity.

The aim of this paper is presenting Mi Piacce Methodology, which can be applied by shoe wearers to measure the pleasures provided by shoe design for women with lower limb dysmetria. Qualitative methodology was applied with mix techniques, such as comparative analysis of secondary sources, semi-structured interviews with five health professionals, and a phenomenological methodology with nine wearers. After this, it was develop Mi Piacce Methodology, and it was applied in forty-two wearers’ shoes design; eight are presenting in this paper. It can be concluded that the inconsistency in the degree of pleasures provided by the same style of shoes underlines the importance of conducting a holistic analysis to detect the strong and weak points of each shoe design for the wearer.

This paper discusses the presence of materials, technical and technological knowledge originating in the African culture in surface and textile construction work through the analysis of geometric patterns and their compositions derived, present in work with the quilt technique. This relationship is discussed from the perspective of geometry and the textile surface design showing how reflection on the ethnic and cultural diversity can contribute to the affirmation and appreciation of certain crops and their knowledge that, in many instances, are rootless and wrongly attributed the European and euro descendants cultures. This paper seeks to highlight the African origin of some geometric patterns lavishly designed in textile surfaces, often played, taught and disseminated without their proper provenances are granted. This reflection will demonstrate the contributions of African culture and African descent in the textile surface design, legitimizing the systematization of knowledge and African knowledge that can be understood through the study of its artifacts.

Purpose: Our study compares methodological procedures of Brazilian papers with those of papers published in AMJ, OS, ASQ, JMS and SMJ in field of strategy from 2006 to 2015. Originality/value: Our study 1. identifies and describes methodological differences, offering a benchmark to improve future studies; 2. starts a discussion about the reasons those differences exist and their implications towards advancing the field of strategy; and 3. suggests forms of overcoming the current constraints and improving the quality of our research. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a systematic review, we analyzed ten Brazilian journals with the highest impact factor and five top journals. The search yielded a final sample of 1294 empirical papers. The data was analyzed through content analysis, for which our coding schema contained three dimensions: research design, measurement, and analytic approach. Findings: We found some methodological differences that may characterize Brazilian papers as testers and top journals as expanders, reinforcing results found by other studies, concerning the necessity of developing the Brazilian strategy field to be more competitive with the international field at large. Therefore, we concluded that it is desirable to improve our research methods as a field and possibly to overcome methodological differences, helping not only to develop theories but also to consider the Brazilian reality. Objetivo: Nosso estudo compara os procedimentos metodológicos de artigos brasileiros com os de trabalhos publicados na AMJ, OS, ASQ, JMS e SMJ no campo de estratégia, de 2006 a 2015. Originalidade/valor: Nosso estudo (a) identifica e descreve diferenças metodológicas, oferecendo uma referência para aprimorar estudos futuros; (b) inicia uma discussão sobre as razões pelas quais essas diferenças existem e suas implicações no avanço do campo de estratégia; e (c) sugere formas de superar as restrições atuais e melhorar a qualidade de nossa pesquisa. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Com base em uma revisão sistemática, analisamos dez periódicos brasileiros com maior fator de impacto e cinco top journals. A pesquisa gerou uma amostra final de 1294 artigos empíricos. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo, pela qual nosso esquema de codificação continha três dimensões: design de pesquisa, medida e abordagem analítica. Resultados: Encontramos algumas diferenças metodológicas que podem caracterizar os artigos brasileiros como testadores e os top journals como expansores, reforçando os resultados encontrados por outros estudos quanto à necessidade de desenvolver o campo da estratégia no Brasil para ser mais competitivo com o campo internacional em geral. Portanto, concluímos que é desejável melhorar nossos métodos de pesquisa como um campo e, possível superar as diferenças metodológicas, ajudando não apenas a desenvolver teorias, mas também a considerar a realidade brasileira.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar se a autoeficácia e as características empreendedoras (por exemplo, tomada de risco, planejamento, reconhecimento de oportunidade, persistência, sociabilidade, inovação e liderança) diferem na explicação dos modelos de intenção empreendedora, tendo a educação empreendedora como moderadora dos relacionamentos. Originalidade/valor: O estudo oferece uma perspectiva aprofundada sobre quais características comportamentais se encaixam melhor em modelos de intenção de empreendedorismo e auxilia a preencher uma lacuna teórica e prática sobre a necessidade de a educação universitária aumentar seu impacto positivo sobre o capital humano, particularmente nas habilidades profissionais dos alunos, demonstrando quais características são mais impactadas pela educação empreendedora. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Foi utilizada metodologia quantitativa e os dados foram analisados com modelagem de equações estruturais. A amostra foi composta por 1.004 universitários brasileiros, de universidades públicas e privadas. A pesquisa foi realizada de forma não probabilística e com amostra de conveniência. Para abordar as hipóteses e objetivos da pesquisa, todos os construtos foram adaptados da literatura de empreendedorismo. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que pode ser mais adequado utilizar um conjunto de características empreendedoras ao investigar um modelo de intenção empreendedora, quando se busca um fator explicativo superior e um modelo mais robusto; além disso, as características empreendedoras representam um modelo mais sensível, que traz avaliações precisas sobre os fatores que afetam a intenção empreendedora. Com esses resultados, a educação empreendedora pode ser planejada para moldar determinadas características, por meio de ações no ambiente universitário, sendo possível medir o impacto da educação na intenção empreendedora. / Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze whether self-efficacy and entrepreneurial characteristics (e.g., risk-taking, planning, opportunity recognition, persistence, sociability, innovation, and leadership) differ in the explanation of entrepreneurial intention models, having entrepreneurial education as a moderator of relationships. Originality/value: This paper offers an in-depth perspective on which behavioral characteristics fit best into entrepreneurial intention models and helps to fill a theoretical and practical gap on the need for university education to increase its positive impact on human capital, particularly on students’ professional skills, demonstrating which characteristics are most impacted by entrepreneurial education. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative methodology was employed, and data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 1,004 Brazilian university students from public and private universities. The research was conducted in a non-probabilistic way and with a convenience sample. In order to address the research hypothesis and objectives, all constructs were adapted from relevant literature on entrepreneurship. Findings: The results indicate it seems more appropriate to use a set of entrepreneurial characteristics when investigating an entrepreneurial intention model if you are looking for a higher explanatory factor and a more robust model; also, entrepreneurial characteristics represent a more sensitive model, which brings accurate assessments on factors that affect entrepreneurial intention. With these findings, entrepreneurial education can be planned to shape certain characteristics through actions in the university environment, making it possible to measure the impact of education on entrepreneurial intention.

Abstract Purpose: This paper sought to verify the influence of family structure on the performance of family companies listed in Brazil between 2010 and 2017. We also analyzed the impact of monitoring and duality on the performance of these companies. Originality/value: The relevance of the study is found mainly in the use of unusual variables, such as the participation of founders and descendants as shareholders, on the boards of directors, and as chief executive officers (CEOs), since it was not possible to identify any study in Brazil that addressed family participation in a fragmented way, separating the effects caused by founders and descendants, giving greater depth to the issue. In addition, it generates interest to the most varied audiences, including shareholders, regulators, analysts, and investors who have a specific interest in how family structures affect the performance of companies. Design/methodology/approach: Data related to shareholders, composition of the boards of directors, executives, family ties, founding families, founders, descendants, and financial performance were used in the research. An unbalanced data panel was analyzed through the generalized method of moments (GMM). Findings: A positive effect of monitoring and duality on the firms’ performance was verified. The impact of family structure on performance was ambiguous. Founders and descendants that were CEOs or were working in management had positive and negative effects on the performance measures. Additionally, the participation of founders on the board of directors negatively impacted the performance. Finally, it was observed that family ownership positively impacts the firms’ performance, suggesting that families look after the companies. / Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo buscou verificar a influência da estrutura familiar no desempenho de companhias familiares listadas no Brasil entre 2010 e 2017. Também se analisou o impacto do monitoramento e da dualidade no desempenho dessas empresas. Originalidade/valor: A relevância do estudo encontra-se principalmente na utilização de variáveis inusitadas, como a participação de fundadores e descendentes como acionistas, nos conselhos de administração e como chief executive officers (CEOs), pois não foi possível identificar nenhum estudo no Brasil que tratasse dessa participação de forma fragmentada, separando os efeitos causados por fundadores e descendentes, dando maior profundidade ao tema. Além disso, o estudo desperta interesse dos mais variados públicos, abrangendo acionistas, reguladores, analistas e investidores que tenham interesse específico em como as estruturas familiares afetam o desempenho das companhias. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Na pesquisa, foram utilizados dados relativos a acionistas, composição do conselho de administração, executivos, vínculos familiares, famílias fundadoras, fundadores, descendentes e desempenho financeiro. Um painel de dados não balanceado foi analisado por meio do método dos momentos generalizados (generalized method of moments - GMM). Resultados: Verificou-se um efeito positivo do monitoramento e da dualidade no desempenho das empresas. O impacto da estrutura familiar no desempenho foi ambíguo. Fundadores e descendentes que eram CEOs ou atuavam na gestão tiveram efeitos positivos e negativos nas medidas de desempenho. Adicionalmente, a participação dos fundadores no conselho de administração impactou negativamente o desempenho. Por fim, observou-se que a propriedade familiar impacta positivamente o desempenho das empresas, sugerindo que as famílias cuidam das empresas.

This paper investigates the effects of tax incentives on investment growth in the tourism sector in less developed countries, using Zimbabwe as the case study. The study was prompted by the realisation that many less developed countries use tax incentives as means for luring investors into their countries yet there is a general lack of analysis on whether such tax incentives have any impact on social and capital growth. The study employed face-to-face and telephone interviews with key stakeholders in the tourism sector that were selected through stratified and random sampling methods. Questionnaires, distributed by hand, post and email were also used in situations where interviews were not feasible. Secondary data was used as a bedrock for detailed analysis. The paper established that most policy makers indeed use tax incentives to lure investors into the tourism industry but such policies are not followed by other supportive policies in other areas of the economy that help boost investment in the tourism sector. Other factors like corruption, transparency in government policies, length and cost of starting a business in the country, for instance, are other important factors that need to be taken into consideration. Among other recommendations there is a need for political stability, consistent and supportive policy, limited government interference in the industry, decentralization and opening up of more local and foreign tourism promotion centres, application of low tax rates across industries and the general creation of a favourable environment for the effectiveness of tax incentives.

The paper aims to design and apply a Knowledge Management (KM) model within the context of a Higher Education (HE) institution in Mexico. The model is composed of six enablers: leadership, culture, structure, human resources, information technologies and measurement, which facilitate the processes of knowledge creation, storage, transfer and application. A 53-question survey applied to thirty-six (36) people allowed to evaluate the degree of development and implementation of knowledge enablers and processes. Objectivity, reliability and overall model fit were assessed. The application of the Model serves to highlight the core role that cultural, human and structural aspects play in Knowledge Management processes. Whereas Information Technologies are the least influential to Knowledge Management processes. This paper was limited to examine the perceptions of the Board of Directors of a single university. It is yet to be tested in other institutions. Moreover, the resulting model can be used as an assessment tool in Higher Education Institutions to identify the key elements during a KM initiative as well as to define actions to obtain the greatest benefits from these initiatives.

Educational growth is a fundamental infrastructure factor required to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, evaluation and measurement of educational growth is essential for establishing a development road map. Because of this, there are many organizations and databases that work to capture academic trends and provide the general view of institute achievements. Web of Science and Scopus are the two most popular and scientific. In this paper, we define the important effective factors in educational growth and discuss them; we then compare these defined factors across four different developing countries: Brazil, Iran, Malaysia, and Turkey. As well as the comparisons, this paper uses the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient method to analyze the factors and the strong or weak relationship between the factors are discussed. Keywords: Educational growth; Developing countries; Publication; Impact factor; Web of Science; Scopus.

In this paper we conduct a systematic literature review with the aim of understanding the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments, in particular, command and control, marketbased instruments and voluntary schemes, in promoting eco-innovation. This study analyzes the information presented in selected papers, mainly from peer-reviewed journals, covering the period 2005-2012. The sample is based on 40 papers traced through a keyword search in Scopus database, representing the main academic journals related to the subject. A few more sources were added after reviewing the list of references from the main papers. The literature reviewed adopts different approaches and pursues several objectives to understand the relationship between policy instruments and eco-innovation. We find overall evidence that stringency is a key feature of policies for determining the effects of environmental technological change. It is argued that command and control instrument boosts eco-innovation, but continuity in investments depends more on the expected severity of future regulation. Empirical studies confirm that market-based instruments promote more incremental innovation and diffusion of existing technologies than radical innovation. In general, instruments based on economic incentives need to be complemented with stringent controls to be more effective. We conclude that complementarities between measures focused on developers and demanders are necessary in order to foster eco-innovation

This paper aims at exploring how social and environmental (SE) labels influence purchasing. By drawing on the information processing and the systematic-heuristic models, this study tests the process followed by consumers when purchasing SE labeled-products. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire in personal interviews with 400 consumers responsible for household shopping of Fast-moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), who were randomly approached at shopping malls in four areas of Madrid, Spain. They were asked about recognition, knowledge, credibility, perceived utility and purchases on 12 different labels; the influence of these variables on purchase is modeled and tested by path analysis. This study suggests that a systematic-heuristic information processing occurs when consumers buy SE-labeled FMCG products, as the purchase of this type of goods depends on the recognition of a label, knowledge of the issue/issuer, as well as the credibility and the perceived utility of SE labels. Motivation for being informed influences the process, being an antecedent of awareness, comprehension and perceived utility. This model shows a dual processing mode: systematic and heuristic, where the lack of cognitive capacity could explain why these two processing modes co-occur. This paper adds value to existing literature on SE labels and consumption by applying the information processing model, which has not been used before in the field of responsible consumption, in addition to open a promising avenue for research, by offering complementary theories to the existing ones, based on attitudes.

The process of market segmentation is a frequent task in the routine of professionals in business organizations. One of the difficulties of the task is to identify groups of consumers that are internally homogenous and, in relation to other groups, heterogenous, in order to make accurate marketing decisions. The idyossincrasies of modern day consumer changes the dimensions, significance and meaning of consumer experiences and directly impacts the processes and methods of market segmentation. This study reassesses the methods of segmentation, simultaneously considering the development of the concepts and the current changes in consumers’ characteristics. In this paper, the singularities of the segmentation methods and their importance as foundation providers to the decision making process in marketing are synthetically reviewed. The paper also discusses contributions from marketing, economics, sociology, psychology and anthropology which could assist in the formulation of a research proposal that addresses the future of market segmentation.

Purpose: To analyze how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) coordinate collaborative research and development (R&D) projects through an open innovation strategy. Originality/value: This research was motivated by a theoretical gap in the management of collaborative R&D projects in open innovation strategies. The originality of the paper is to advance the understanding of coordination mechanisms that SMEs can use to manage open innovation and obtain more effective results. Design/methodology/approach: The research followed a qualitative approach, through three case studies of collaborative projects. Data were collected by means of in-depth interviews with eleven managers directly involved in collaborative R&D projects. Findings: Results demonstrate that the use of coordination mechanisms depends on the applicability of each project’s results, i.e., the higher the chances of a certain R&D project becoming a real product, the higher the importance given to the coordination mechanisms. On the cases observed, the coordination mechanisms were defined by the enterprise, not by external partners. In addition, it was observed that open innovation projects that the enterprise seeks for external knowledge to complement internal resources (outside-in) were considered more important than transferring internal knowledge to external partners (inside-out). The paper contributes to organizational theory by highlighting the relation between the characteristics of collaborative R&D projects and the coordination mechanisms used. Regarding the managerial contribution, results serve as a guide for entrepreneurs and managers of SMEs interested in coordinating collaborative projects based on open innovation processes. Objetivo: Analisar como ocorre a coordenação das práticas colaborativas de inovação no processo da Inovação Aberta em PMEs. Originalidade/relevância: O estudo foi motivado por lacunas teóricas sobre a gestão de práticas colaborativas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) no processo da inovação aberta. A originali¬dade do artigo consiste em avançar na compreensão dos mecanismos que PMEs podem utilizar para gerenciar a inovação aberta e obter resultados mais efetivos. Principais aspectos metodológicos: A pesquisa consistiu em uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio de três estudos de caso de projetos colaborativos. Foram entrevistados onze gestores envolvidos em práticas colaborativas de P&D nos três casos. Síntese dos principais resultados: A formalização de mecanismos de coordenação depende da tangibilidade na aplicação dos resultados do projeto, ou seja, quanto mais próximos de ser aplicados em um novo produto, maior a importância e controle dos mecanismos de coordenação. Ainda, nos casos analisados, a definição dos mecanismos de coordenação foi estabelecida pela empresa, e não pelos parceiros externos. Da mesma forma, para as empresas entrevistadas, a busca por conhecimento externo (de fora para dentro da empresa) é mais importante para sua estratégia de P&D que a transferência do seu conhecimento para parceiros externos (de dentro para fora da empresa). O estudo contribui para a teoria organizacional ao relacionar as características de projetos colaborativos de P&D e os mecanismos de coordenação utilizados. Do ponto de vista gerencial, os resultados servem como guias para gestores de PMEs interessados em coordenar práticas colaborativas no processo de inovação aberta.

This article analyzes the adoption of project management practices in development cooperation NGOs and their influence on project performance. This paper illustrates the impact in the implementation of methodologies, techniques and tools on outcomes, measured by success criteria of several projects recently implemented. Information from the project managers of the organizations was collected, and complemented by a literature review. We analyzed the correlation among the variables that determine the adoption of a project, and the criteria that determine its success. The positive effect of project management adoption in the performance of cooperation projects is demonstrated, in spite of the low use of methodologies, techniques and tools within the sector. The article shows the importance of project management in cooperation and aid projects, with the purpose of increasing researchers’ awareness about the field as applicable knowledge and about the benefits of its use in the sector. The paper shows that project management can improve project efficiency and accountability in other sectors.

Resumo Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estruturar um modelo hierárquico que integre os conceitos da indústria 4.0 (I4.0) e padronizar conceitos com base na literatura. Originalidade/valor: Kamble et al. (2018) apontam para a falta de uma arquitetura para representar os conceitos I4.0. Este artigo traz uma abordagem para a relação entre esses conceitos de I4.0. Ele expande os es- tudos de Ghobakhloo (2018) e Liao et al. (2017) e homogeneíza termos presentes na literatura. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados Scopus e ScienceDirect, de 2011 a 2019, foram revisados 91 artigos, dos quais 58 foram analisados. Resultados: A partir da literatura, os termos relacionados com I4.0 foram agrupados em três categorias: tecnologias, princípios e dimensões. Os clusters de tecnologia representam ferramentas utilizadas para promover mudanças e transformações nos processos, aqui chamados de princípios. Essas mudanças e transformações criam novos padrões da indústria, permitindo a integração de processos para a solução de problemas, contribuindo para a implementação do gerenciamento inteligente. A relação entre essas categorias resulta em um modelo hierárquico. / Abstract Purpose: This research aims to structure a hierarchical model that integrates the industry 4.0 (I4.0) concepts and standardizes concepts based on the literature. Originality/value: Kamble et al. (2018) point out the lack of architecture to represent I4.0 concepts. This paper brings an approach to the relationship between these concepts of I4.0. It expands the studies by Ghobakhloo (2018) and Liao et al. (2017) and homogenizes terms present in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: From a systematic review of the literature in the Scopus and ScienceDirect databases, from 2011 to 2019, 91 articles were reviewed, of which 58 articles were analyzed. Findings: From the literature, the terms related to I4.0 were grouped into three categories: technologies, principles, and dimensions. Technology clusters represent tools used to promote changes and transformations in the processes, here called principles. These changes and transformations create new industry standards, enabling process integration for problem-solving, and contributing to implementing intelligent management. The relationship between these categories results in a hierarchical model for I4.0 concepts. This hierarchical model can be used to identify opportunities for future research, demonstrating associations between categories that have not yet been explored. It opens possibilities for organizations to enter the fourth industrial revolution. The results help practitioners and researchers to understand this new process in detail and facilitate the construction of a valid and operational intelligent manufacturing platform.

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar a influência das práticas de gerenciamento de mídias sociais no desempenho dos hotéis. Originalidade/valor: O setor hoteleiro está passando por algumas transformações gerenciais por causa da inserção das mídias sociais como plataformas de comunicação que envolvem os clientes. Diante disso, verificar se as mídias sociais podem colaborar nos recursos internos e ajudar no desempenho das empresas tem sido uma fonte potencial de estudos. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A amostra do estudo apresentou 67 hotéis. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas presenciais com gestores hoteleiros a fim de coletar os dados de seus respectivos hotéis. Coletaram-se dados sobre a utilização de práticas de gerenciamento de mídias sociais e sobre medidas de desempenho mensuradas por meio do RevPAR (divisão das receitas pelo total de quartos disponíveis) e das notas de avaliação on-line do site Booking.com. A partir de uma abordagem quantitativa, aplicaram-se as técnicas de análise fatorial exploratória e análise de regressão múltipla para avaliar as hipóteses do estudo. Resultados: Evidenciaram-se que as práticas de gerenciamento de mídias sociais podem ser categorizadas na dimensão de práticas de monitoramento e de resposta aos comentários, e na dimensão de práticas de responsividade e disseminação de informações. A utilização dessas práticas influencia positivamente no desempenho hoteleiro medido por meio de notas de avaliação on-line e nas receitas medidas por meio do RevPAR. Diante dos resultados, espera-se que os hotéis tenham vantagens competitivas ao gerenciarem seus recursos com a ajuda das mídias sociais e que estudos nesse setor ganhem mais visibilidade. / Abstract Purpose: This paper aims to examine the influence of social media management practices on hotel performance. Originality/value: The hotel industry is undergoing organizational transformations due to the insertion of social media as a communication platform that engages customers. Given this, verifying whether social media can collaborate on internal resources and help the companies’ performance has been a potential source of studies. Design/methodology/approach: The study sample comprised 67 hotels. To this end, hotel managers conducted face-to-face interviews to collect data from their respective hotels. Data were collected using social media management practices and performance measures measured through RevPAR (a revenue division by total rooms available) and online review scores from Booking.com. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were applied to evaluate the study’s hypotheses from a quantitative approach. Findings: It was evidenced that social media management practices can be categorized into monitoring and comment responsing practices and the dimension of responsiveness and information dissemination practices. These practices positively influence hotel performance measured through online review scores and revenue measured through RevPAR. Given the results, it is expected that hotels will have competitive advantages by managing their resources with the help of social media and that studies in this sector will gain more visibility.

This paper explores how existing internationalization theories can be applied to a Multilatina in the service sector, using the case of Avianca-Taca Holdings S.A. as an example. This paper introduces the company by analyzing the context in which it grew, starting with the service sector in Colombia, which is its country of origin. This paper also analyzes the international and domestic air transportation industry alongside the history of Avianca-Taca Holdings S.A. It describes in detail the internationalization program undertaken by the company and analyzes it based on three existing theories that may explain why such choices were made instead of others available. This paper explores different applications of these traditional theories. By this token, it concludes that, rather than using a brand new theory and aspiring to cover a large array of services, it is wiser to make decisions with a more comprehensive scope and use existing theories to adapt an efficient internationalization strategy to a particular context, region or country.

This paper uses an institutional approach to examine the effect of regulations on entrepreneurial activity, comparing developed and developing countries. Through an unbalanced panel data set of 49 countries over the period 2001-2010 and using a combination of international databases we find a positive influence of government spending and entrepreneurship legislation on entrepreneurial activity. It was also found that regulations may have different impacts on entrepreneurship according to the country’s economic development. Thus, in developed economies unemployment legislation is positively related to entrepreneurship, while this relationship is negative in other cases. This paper offers new insights both from a conceptual perspective (advancing theory concerning the factors that influence entrepreneurial activity) and a practical viewpoint (for the design of government policies to foster entrepreneurship).

The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze different methods for decision making, with a focus on entrepreneurship in Latin America. Decision-making methods may be informed by aggregation operators that are based on the use of probabilities, weighted averages (WAs) and generalized aggregation operators. The paper presents a new generalized probabilistic weighted averaging (GPWA) operator that unifies WAs and probability in the same formulation, considering the degree of importance of each concept used in the analysis. The fundamental advantage of this approach is that it includes a wide range of particular cases including the probabilistic weighted averaging (PWA) operator, the probabilistic weighted geometric averaging (PWGA) operator and the probabilistic weighted quadratic averaging (PWQA) operator. Quasi-arithmetic means are used to obtain the Quasi-PWA operator and to generalize the approach, which is then applied to a set of hypothetical entrepreneurial investment decisions in a politically unified Latin American region.