64 results on '"Palms."'
Search Results
2. Genetic variability of wild palms Euterpe precatoria, Euterpe oleracea and Mauritia flexuosa with molecular markers ISSR
- Author
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Yacenia Morillo-Coronado, Salvador Rojas-González, Ana Cruz Morillo-Coronado, Christian Camilo Castañeda-Cardona, Karem Julieth Mendoza-Romero, and Jaime Marín-Colorado
- Subjects
arecaceae ,genetic diversity ,gene flow ,germplasm ,plant breeding ,polymorphism ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Wild palms constitute a group of plants of particular economic importance in the tropics, being a valuable source for obtaining construction materials, fabrics, fuel, food, ornamental and medicinal plants. Despite their economic, social, and environmental importance, the genetic variability existing in wild palms, mainly of the genus Mauritia and Euterpe, is unknown, which limits their potential use and the identification of promising genotypes to be included in recombination programs. The genetic variability of three wild palm species (Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe precatoria, and Mauritia flexuosa) was evaluated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 51 genotypes were analyzed with seven ISSR primers, which generated a total of 153 bands, with a percentage of polymorphic loci of 90.24%. The cluster analysis revealed the formation of six groups at a similarity level of 37%, grouping the palm genotypes by species and geographical origin. Molecular variance analysis revealed that within group variations contributed more to genetic diversity (89%) than between group variations (11%). The average value of Fstwas 0.20, demonstrating moderate genetic differentiation. The high genetic variability found in this study indicates the valuable genetic potential present in palm germplasm, which could be used for future improvement programs of the species.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Palmas útiles en tres comunidades indígenas de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana / Useful palms in three indigenous communities of La Pedrera, Colombian Amazonia
- Author
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Jaimes-Roncancio, Mateo S., Betancur, Julio, and Cámara-Leret, Rodrigo
- Published
- 2018
4. [Palms conservation, patterns of use and diversity (Arecaceae) in rain forests from the Chocó, Colombia].
- Author
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Valois-Cuesta H, Martínez-Ruiz C, Rentería Cuesta YY, and Sol María PH
- Subjects
- Arecaceae growth & development, Colombia, Humans, Arecaceae classification, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources
- Abstract
Arecaceae is a family rich in species and provides resources for the subsistence of human groups in the tropical regions. The aim of this work was to assess the richness, diversity, composition, and use patterns of the family Arecaceae in three communities of the Medio Atrato, Chocó, Colombia, in order to obtain useful information to support the sustainable use and conservation of this plant groups in the biogeographical area of the Colombian Chocó. The fieldwork was carried out between 2009 and 2010 in the localities of Beté, Tangui and El Buey in the municipality of Medio Atrato. In each of the communities, a total of ten plots of 80 x 5 m (400 m2; 0.4 ha per zone) were established and all individuals of palm species were counted and recorded. On the other hand, information on use types and useful organs was also recorded in each community through informal interviews. A total of 29 species and 18 genera were recorded. Bactris (24.13%) and Wettinia (10.34%) were the genera with most species richness. El Buey showed more species and genera richness (23 species, 17 genera) than Beté (15, 10) and Tangui (14, 11). The floristic similarity among the three communities was less than 45%. The species with higher use and ecological value were: Euterpe oleracea, Oenocarpus bataua, Attalea allennii, Manicaria saccifera, Bactris gassipaes and Wettinia quinaria. The categories of use with higher number of species and cultural importance were construction, food and handicraft. The most used structures of the palms were the stems and fruits. In conclusion, the results indicate that the Medio Atrato has high richness and diversity of palm species in a regional and national context. However, the relationship between number of use and ecological importance of the species depends on the locality and show that the socio-cultural significance of the palm species may vary among groups of people who share a same culture or biogeographic region. Future studies should be conducted to determine the role of the type of organ used as raw material on the demographic and ecological dynamic of the palm populations in the Chocó and other Neotropical regions.
- Published
- 2013
5. [Comparison of methods for the capture of triatomines ( Hemiptera: Reduviidae ) in Attalea butyracea palms in the Eastern Plains of Colombia].
- Author
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Angulo VM, Esteban L, Urbano P, Hincapié E, and Núñez LA
- Subjects
- Animals, Colombia, Entomology methods, Arecaceae parasitology, Triatominae
- Abstract
Introduction: Studying triatominae in their natural ecotopes has great significance in the epidemiology of Chagas disease. Gathering live insects and the establishment of insectaries allows countless studies. Therefore, effective methods are needed for capturing wild triatomines, especially intrusive species such as Rhodnius prolixus ., Objective: To compare four methods of capturing triatomines in palms to measure their effectiveness., Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted in Maní, department of Casanare, Colombia, with a predominance of A. butyracea . We compared four methodologies in 67 palms: live-bait traps, direct search in the palms, felling and dissection., Results: The methods were effective to collect juveniles and adults. Felling and manual search showed the highest infestation rates (100% and 83.33%). Higher indexes of overcrowding (4.93), density (3.76), abundance range (1-13) and adult/nymph index (0.22) were obtained with the Angulo trap. Felling and dissection was the method which significantly collected a greater number of triatomines compared with the other methods (p <0.002); it was followed by the Angulo trap. We did not find any differences in the collection of the nymphal stages among the evaluated methods (p> 0.05)., Conclusions: Even though felling was the best method for collecting the highest number of triatomines, live-bait with adhesives or shelters to trap insects were a good alternative to collect the insects in palms. Among them, the Angulo trap showed better results and it prevents the risk of exposure of the researcher and the intervention of natural ecotopes.
- Published
- 2013
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6. [Wetlands dominated by palms (Arecaceae), emphasis in those in the New World].
- Author
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Myers RL
- Subjects
- Biodiversity, Caribbean Region, Costa Rica, Florida, Arecaceae classification, Ecosystem, Trees, Wetlands
- Abstract
It is well known that most forests in humid tropical lowlands are species rich, and the popular view is that most species are represented by only a few individuals. Despite this common understanding of high richness and low species dominance, within humid tropical regions there are extensive forested ecosystems composed by only few species. These nearly monospecific forests usually occupy poorly drained soils and, except for the mangroves, are quite understudied. In this paper, I review the literature and my own field notes on more than three years studying the structure of palm swamps in Caribbean Costa Rica and Florida to describe some of the major vegetation associations in wetlands dominated by palm species in the Neotropical Region, although I also include some information about similar systems in the Old World Tropics. I mention the most abundant species that compose those palm dominated swamps and -whenever possible- describe forest structure, known distribution, and uses.
- Published
- 2013
7. [Litter production and breakdown in swamps dominated by palms (Arecaceae) in northeastern Costa Rica].
- Author
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Myers RL
- Subjects
- Arecaceae classification, Costa Rica, Wetlands, Arecaceae metabolism, Biodegradation, Environmental, Trees metabolism
- Abstract
In Raffia (Raphia taedigera) palm-swamps, it is frequent to observe high mounds at the base of the palm clumps. These mounds are formed by the accumulation of litter and organic matter, or might result from upturned roots of wind-thrown trees. The mounds serve as anchorage site for the palms, and could be important for the establishment of woody tree species in the swamp. The formation of these mounds might be explained by the unequal accumulation of organic matter in the wetland, or by differences in decomposition rates between Raffia litter versus the litter produced in adjacent mixed forests. To distinguish between these hypotheses, I compared the spatial distribution of litter in a R. taedigera swamp with the litter distribution on an adjacent slope forest, where litter distribution is expected to be homogeneous. In addition, I compared decomposition rates of major components of fine litter in three different environments: two wetlands dominated by palms (R. taedigera and Manicaria saccifera) and a slope forest that experiences lower inundation effects. On the palm swamp, noticeable concentration of litter was observed near the bases of clumps of palm as opposed to the swamp floor. In the adjacent slope forest, the magnitude of the differences in the distribution of litter is small and there is no accumulation at the base of emergent trees. It was also found that litter production increases during heavy rains and storms that follow dry periods. The swamp environment, independent of the litter, showed significantly lower decomposition rates than the surrounding forest slope. Furthermore, R. taedigera litter decomposes as fast as the slope forest litter. Overall, these results suggest that resistance to decomposition is not a major factor in the formation of mounds at the bases of R. taedigera clumps. Instead, litter accumulation contributes to the formation of the mounds that rise above the surface of the swamp.
- Published
- 2013
8. [Seed germination and seedling survival and growth in swamps dominated by palms Raphia tae- digera (Arecaceae) in Tortuguero plains, Costa Rica].
- Author
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Myers RL
- Subjects
- Arecaceae classification, Costa Rica, Seeds growth & development, Arecaceae growth & development, Germination physiology, Seedlings growth & development, Wetlands
- Abstract
In the marshes dominated by palms, seeds face anaerobic substrates and long flooding periods. Some tree species are capable of growing both in flooded swamps and in areas with lower influence of the flood. I studied the potential settlement of various tree species in different macrohabitats in the Tortuguero floodplain using three experiments: (1) Manicaria saccifera and Raphia taedigera seed germination in palm-swamps and forests of slopes; (2) germination of R. taedigera seeds along a microtopographic gradient; and (3) seed germination and seedling height growth of six woody species (Dipteryx oleifera, Pterocarpus officinalis, Prioria copaifera, Pentaclethra macroloba, Carapa guianensis and Crudia acuminata) and two palms (R. taedigera and Manicaria saccifera) under different forest and swamp habitats. In the first experiment, I found that the palms germinated much earlier in the slope forest than in the palm-swamp. In the second experiment, in drier plots (less effect of flooding) germination began earlier than in the more humid plots. In the third experiment, woody species germinated faster than the studied palms, and some species do not tolerate flooded areas (marshes and swamps), so they cannot germinate or survive in them. Other woody species were removed from the slope forest, probably due to seed predators. Based on the presence or absence of these species in the environment of study were divided into: (1) obliged swamp species (R. taedigera and M saccifera), (2) swamp intolerant (D. oleifera), and (3) facultative wetland species (P officinalis, P copaifera, P macroloba, C. guianensis). Crudia acuminata does not seem to follow any of these categories.
- Published
- 2013
9. [Predation, removal and seed dispersal in a wetland dominated by palms (Arecaceae)].
- Author
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Myers RL
- Subjects
- Animals, Costa Rica, Germination radiation effects, Arecaceae classification, Arecaceae growth & development, Germination physiology, Seed Dispersal physiology, Wetlands
- Abstract
In the Tortuguero floodplains, Costa Rica, a significant number of trees such as Carapa guianensis, Pentaclethra mnacroloba and the palm Manicaria saccifera have floating seeds adapted to hydrocory, while others, such as the almendro Dipteryx oleifera and the raffia palm Raphia taedigera have heavy seeds that do not float. These species have differential distributions, and while C. guianensis, P macroloba and D. oleifera also grow on slopes away from the flood, the palms M saccifera and R. taedigera hardly occur outside the swamps, where they stand as the dominant species. To understand the differences in the micro-distribution of these tree species in waterlogged environments and differences in their seed adaptations, I did a series of experiments to compare the loss and germination of their seeds in the slope forest and in palm swamps in the region. Overall, seeds in the forest slope have higher removal rates than those in the M. saccifera and R. taedigera swamps. This last one exhibits the lowest seed loss of all three habitats. Also, differences in seed predation/removal were noticed between the two species of palms studied. Thus, seeds of M saccifera disappeared rapidly, regardless of density aggregation and location in the swamp. Removal rates in R. taedigera seeds were low in the raffia dominated swamp, where apparently, seed losses are slightly higher in the mounds of palm clumps than in the swamp floor. These observations suggest that both: flooding and microtopography determine, directly or indirectly, the fate of tree species within these wetlands. Restrictions on seed dispersal and the slow germination confine R. taedigera marshes and flooded places, whereas flooding and predators mediate in the distribution of the other tree species.
- Published
- 2013
10. [Attalea butyracea palms adjacent to housing as a source of infestation by Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)].
- Author
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Angulo VM, Esteban L, and Luna KP
- Subjects
- Animals, Colombia, DNA, Protozoan analysis, Ecosystem, Female, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rhodnius parasitology, Rural Health, Trypanosoma cruzi genetics, Trypanosoma cruzi isolation & purification, Arecaceae, Housing, Insect Vectors physiology, Rhodnius physiology
- Abstract
Introduction: The presence of Rhodnius prolixus in palms on the eastern plains area of Colombia provide a high risk for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Intensive surveillance of the palm tree habitat are necessary to confirm the presence of bugs and provide evidence that this habitat is a source of house infestations., Objective: The infestation by R. prolixus in the palm, Attalea butyracea, was investigated near homes for assessment of risk., Materials and Methods: Palms were examined for Rhodnius bugs adjacent to rural housing in the eastern plains provinces of Casanare and Arauca, Colombia. Bait traps were used as well as an active search by the investigators and a community watch program to collect intradomiciliary triatomine bugs. Collected species were identified by morphological criteria,and natural T.cruzi infections in the triatomine bugs were detected by the PCR technique., Results: In 111 of 172 (64.5%) palms (A. butyracea) inspected, 529 nymphs and adults of R. prolixus and 5 nymphs of Eratyrus mucronatus were collected. The A. butyracea were located within 500 m of housing. In the same period, 132 R. prolixus and specimens of the triatomine species Psammolestes arthuri,Cavernicola pilosa, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus were collected inside houses. Twenty nymphs of E. mucronatus were found in a pile of bricks on the porch of a home. Natural infection of T. cruzi was detected in 28.8% of R. prolixus from palm trees and 30.0% inside houses., Conclusions: A new epidemiological scenario of transmission of Chagas disease was revealed, characterized by high rates of infestation of R. prolixus in palms near houses with frequent intrusion into houses. In designing measures to prevent Chagas disease, the association of palm trees, triatomine bugs and housing proximity is a significant consideration.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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11. USOS DE LAS PALMAS EN LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA : Palms uses in the Colombian Amazon
- Author
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Mesa, Laura and Galeano, Gloria
- Published
- 2013
12. Useful palms in three indigenous communities of La Pedrera, Colombian Amazonia
- Author
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Mateo S. Jaimes-Roncancio, Julio Betancur, and Rodrigo Cámara-Leret
- Subjects
Arecaceae ,categorías de uso ,conocimiento tradicional ,etnobotánica ,pueblos indígenas ,Science ,Zoology ,QL1-991 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
We studied the knowledge and use of palms in three indigenous communities (Angostura, Curare and Yukuna) near the corregimiento of La Pedrera, Colombian Amazonia. Between June and July of 2010 ethnobotanical data was recorded through structured interviews with 53 informants. The data was analyzed using three indices: relative importance of use category (IR (c)), relative cultural importance (IC (s)) and relative species importance (IR (s)). We found 34 useful palms species, used in nine different use categories. According to the IR (c) the most important use categories were Human Food, Construction and Utensils and tools. Notable among these were the direct consumption of fruits, preparation of beverages, the use of the entire palm and the leaves for housing, and the manufacture of weapons for hunting and utensils for daily use. According to the IR (s) and IC (s) the most important species were chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua), and asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Palms play an important role in all three communities, but there is a notable decrease in knowledge about uses associated with culture and ritual ceremonies. According to the indices or relative cultural and relative species importance, the species that were important in this study resembled those found in other Colombian Amazon communities.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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13. Growth by basal branching in two species of Huicungo palms, Astrocaryum carnosum and A. huicungo
- Author
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Miguel Machahua, Francis Kahn, and Betty Millán
- Subjects
Astrocaryum ,Arecaceae ,palmera cespitosa ,Amazonia peruana. ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The basal branching process of Astrocaryum carnosum and A. huicungo is described and its rate and structural expression at the population level is analyzed. Two populations of palms were used in this study, A. carnosum from the Alto Huallaga valley and A. huicungo from the Alto Mayo valley. Branching systems underground were exposed and drawn. For both species, it was established 25 quadrants of 20x20m, in which were counted (i) the number of solitary and caespitose individuals, and (ii) the numbers of axes composing the caespitose individuals. The axes of solitary and caespitose individuals were distributed by growth stages (seedling/juvenile-1/juvenile-2/adult). Seedling and juvenile-1 are not caespitose, basal branching starts in juvenile-2. A. huicungo presents a higher density of axes produced by basal branching than A. carnosum. This branching process in both species by formations of clones from short rhizomes allows an optimized exploitation of space and ensures the continuity of the population over time. However, its role in the spatial propagation of the species is very limited by the shortness of the rhizomes.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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14. American palms used for medicine, in the ethnobotanical and pharmacological publications
- Author
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Joanna Sosnowska and Henrik Balslev
- Subjects
palmeras ,Arecaceae ,plantas medicinales ,etnobotánica ,América ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The center of diversity of palms (Arecaceae) in tropical America is found in the Amazon basin and along the Panamanian isthmus.The greatest palm species richness has been reported for the Iquitos and Chocó areas. Many species of palms are used mainly for construction and due to their edible fruits. In addition, there are 104 palm species that are used for medicinal purposes in many regions of the Americas. Cocos nuciferaand Oenocarpus batauaare the most commonly used species for medicinal purposes. The fruit is the most commonly used part of palms for medicinal purposes (57 species). The traditional and medicinal use of plants has deep roots in indigenous communities of Latin America. The significance of ethnomedicine for health care of local populations can not be ignored anymore because it plays a significant role in basic health care in developing countries. Interdisciplinary research in antropology, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology helps gather information on ethnomedicine and design new drugs for modern medicine. American palms are sources of useful bioactive compounds against diabetes, prostate hyperplasia and leishmaniasis.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Current status of ethnobotany research on palms from Peru
- Author
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Joaquina Albán, Betty Millán, and Francis Kahn
- Subjects
Arecaceae ,etnobotánica ,botánica económica ,Perú ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The current situation concerning research in ethnobotany and economic botany of Peruvian palms is analyzed through a review of the literature with emphasis on knowledge related to uses and vernacular names. Of the 136 Peruvian palm species, 104 have at least one use. A total of 268 different uses distributed in 16 categories were registered. The most frequent categories are "construction", "edible", "craft industry" and "medicinal". There are 109 palm species with at least one vernacular name in Peru. The consulted literature is analyzed in four categories: (i) general studies in economic botany, (ii) ethnographic and ethnobiological studies, (iii) studies of South-American palms of economic interest, (iv) studies that exclusively deal with the useful Peruvian palms. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Peruvian palms proves to be essentially descriptive, with much repetitive information. Studies that significantly contribute to the genetic or agronomical improvement of the economically promising palms are rare.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Palms around landslide scars on State Park of Serra do Mar – Núcleo Santa Virginia-SP
- Author
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Simey Thury Vieira Fisch and Adriano Teixeira Bastos Neto
- Subjects
Arecaceae ,SACZ ,Landslides ,Tropical montane rain Forest ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This work was carried out at the Núcleo Santa Virginia (State Park of Serra do Mar), São Paulo, Brazil (45º 30' W and 23º 17' S) and has the goals of evaluating the response of the palm community in two landslide areas that occurred in the summer of 1996 due to an atmospheric event (Convergence Zone of South Atlantic). One of them is located in preserved forest area and the other in a secondary vegetation area nearby. In order to evaluate the palm community distribution, 100m2 circular plots were allocated in the edges of the scars of the landslides and in the interior of the adjacent vegetation for three altitudes (bottom, middle and top). The palms were classified in three ontogenetic stages (seedlings, juveniles and adults) which represent five species in preserved area (canopy species: Attalea dubia and Euterpe edulis, understorey species: Geonoma gamiova, G. pohliana and G. schottiana) and four species in secondary area (the same species, except G. pohliana). The disturbance caused perturbation in the palm community. The juveniles of species E. edulis and G. schottiana were stimulated by the increase in luminosity provoked by landslides while G. gamiova decreased drastically in these conditions for all developmental stages. The regeneration pattern observed indicates that species from different forest strata can respond in different ways to this type of environmental disturbance.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Current status of ethnobotany research on palms from Peru
- Author
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Joaquina Albán, Betty Millán, and Francis Kahn
- Subjects
Perú ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,ethnobotanics ,economic botany ,botánica económica ,Peru ,lcsh:Q ,Arecaceae ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,etnobotánica - Abstract
The current situation concerning research in ethnobotany and economic botany of Peruvian palms is analyzed through a review of the literature with emphasis on knowledge related to uses and vernacular names. Of the 136 Peruvian palm species, 104 have at least one use. A total of 268 different uses distributed in 16 categories were registered. The most frequent categories are "construction", "edible", "craft industry" and "medicinal". There are 109 palm species with at least one vernacular name in Peru. The consulted literature is analyzed in four categories: (i) general studies in economic botany, (ii) ethnographic and ethnobiological studies, (iii) studies of South-American palms of economic interest, (iv) studies that exclusively deal with the useful Peruvian palms. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Peruvian palms proves to be essentially descriptive, with much repetitive information. Studies that significantly contribute to the genetic or agronomical improvement of the economically promising palms are rare., Se evalúa la situación actual de la investigación en etnobotánica y botánica económica de las palmeras peruanas considerando el conocimiento relativo a los usos y a los nombres vernáculos, y el estado de la producción científica en esas áreas. Por lo menos un uso fue registrado en 104 de las 136 especies peruanas. Fueron registrados un total de 268 diferentes usos en 16 categorías. Los usos más frecuentes fueron de las categorías “construcción”, “comestible”, “artesanal” y “medicinal”. Son 109 las especies que tienen nombres vernáculos en el Perú. La producción científica fue analizada considerando 4 categorías: (i) estudios de botánica económica general, (ii) estudios etnográficos y de etnobiología, (iii) estudios en palmeras americanas de interés económico, (iv) estudios que tratan exclusivamente de las palmeras peruanas útiles. Se concluye que el conocimiento en etnobotánica y botánica económica de las palmeras peruanas es esencialmente descriptivo, con numerosas informaciones repetidas. Muy pocos son los trabajos que se dedican a las especies de interés económico con la finalidad de producir un progreso efectivo en el conocimiento de las especies y que conlleven a un mejoramiento genético o agronómico.
- Published
- 2008
18. Amerindian names of Colombian palms (Palmae)
- Author
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Marmolejo, Diana, Montes, María Emilia, and Bernal, Rodrigo
- Subjects
Amerindian languages ,fitónimos ,nombres amerindios ,Colombia ,Arecaceae ,lenguas amerindias ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,phytonyms ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Amerindian names - Abstract
A glossary of 1276 Amerindian names or name variants of palms is presented, representing at least 121 species in 64 aboriginal languages of Colombia. The species with documented names in the largest number of languages are Bactris gasipaes, Oenocarpus bataua, Mauritia flexuosa,Euterpe precatoria, andAstrocaryum chambira, which are five of the most used palms in South America. The languages with the largest number of named species are uitoto (48), tikuna (47), muinane (43), siona (34), sikuani (31) and miraña (30). These figures reflect the detailed studies carried out with these ethnic groups, besides the palm diversity of their territories and their knowledge about it. The names are presented in three separate lists –arranged by species, by language, and a global list of names that includes references for each individual record., Se presenta un glosario de 1276 nombres o variantes de nombres indígenas de palmas, correspondientes a por lo menos 121 especies, en 64 lenguas aborígenes de Colombia. Las especies con nombres en mayor número de lenguas son Bactris gasipaes, Oenocarpus bataua, Mauritia flexuosa, Euterpe precatoria y Astrocaryum chambira, cinco de las palmas más utilizadas en Suramérica. Las lenguas con mayor número de especies designadas son uitoto (48), tikuna (47), muinane (43), siona (34), sikuani (31) y miraña (30). Estas cifras reflejan los estudios detallados que se han hecho con estas etnias, además de la diversidad de palmas en sus territorios o su conocimiento de ellas. Los nombres se presentan ordenados de tres maneras diferentes: por especie, por lengua y una lista global de nombres, que incluye las referencias de cada registro.
- Published
- 2008
19. Tropical rainforest palm communities in Madre de Dios in Amazonian Peru
- Author
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Henrik Balslev, Per Laumark, Dennis Pedersen, and Cesar Grández
- Subjects
Abundance of palms ,Arecaceae ,species richness ,growth form ,community structure. ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
We studied palm communities, in particular species-richness and abundance, in the tropical rainforests in southeastern Peru in 54 transects (5×500m) covering an area of 13.5 hectares in flood plain, terra firme, terrace and premontane hills. We found 42 palm species in 18 genera in the transects. Terra firme forest had the highest species richness (38 species) followed by floodplain and premontane hills with 27 species and terrace forests with 26 species. The highest palm abundances were found in premontane hill forest which had 3243 palms per hectare and terra firme forest which had 2968 palms per hectare. The floodplain forests were intermediate in palm abundance with 2647 and the terrace forests had the lowest abundance with 1709 palms per hectare. Intermediate sized palms were the most common being represented by 18 species, while large palms were represented with 16 species. There were only eight species of small palms of which one was acaulescent. Only one species of liana palm was registered. Of the 42 species observed in the 54 transects, 20 were cespitose, 21 solitary and two had colonial growth. Seven species were found 40–320 km outside of their previously known range.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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20. El género Geonoma (Arecaceae: Arecoideae) en México The genus Geonoma (Arecaceae: Arecoideae) in Mexico
- Author
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Hermilo J. Quero and Miguel Ángel Pérez-Farrera
- Subjects
Geonoma ,palmas ,Arecaceae ,México ,Chiapas ,Veracruz ,Tabasco ,Oaxaca ,palms ,Mexico ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Se hizo un estudio taxonómico de las palmas del género Geonoma Willdenow en México mediante recolecciones y observaciones morfológicas y ecológicas de esas palmas en diversas partes del país, y se revisaron ejemplares de herbarios nacionales y extranjeros. Las especies que se reconocen para México son: G. interrupta (Ruiz et Pavón) Mart., G. membranacea H. Wendl. ex Spruce y G. undata Klotzsch. Se proporciona una clave y descripciones de las especies, así como fotografías para ilustrarlas.A review of Geonoma (Arecaceae: Arecoideae, Geonomateae) was made in order to know the number of species occurring in Mexico. The review included examination of specimens housed in Mexican and foreign herbaria; additional specimens were collected in southern Mexico, to record morphological and ecological observations in the field. The species recognized for Mexico are G. interrupta (Ruiz et Pavón) Mart., G. membranacea H. Wendl ex Spruce. and G. undata Klotzsch. A key to species and descriptions, and some photographs are provided.
- Published
- 2010
21. Evaluación del efecto de la cosecha en la dinámica poblacional de tres especies de palmas Amazónicas
- Author
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Isaza, Carolina, Bernal, Rodrigo (Thesis advisor), Martorell Degado, Carlos (Thesis advisor), and Galeano, Gloria
- Subjects
Manejo sostenible ,Population dynamics ,Modelos Ecológicos ,57 Ciencias de la vida ,Biología / Life sciences ,biology ,Palmas ,Sustainable management ,Arecaceae ,Dinámica Poblacional ,Ecological models ,Palms ,Frutos ,Fruits - Abstract
La cosecha de los frutos de las especies de palmas Euterpe precatoria, Mauritia flexuosa y Oenocarpus bataua es una actividad central de los pueblos Amazónicos, por ser fundamental en su seguridad alimentaria, su legado biocultural y su economía. La cosecha destructiva y frecuente ha ocasionado extinciones y disminuciones locales en poblaciones cercanas a los mercados regionales. Con el propósito de conocer los efectos potenciales que la cosecha tiene sobre las poblaciones, y que este conocimiento sirva como información de base para su uso sostenible, se estudió su sistema de manejo, la productividad de sus frutos y su dinámica poblacional entre 2011 y 2013. Los resultados muestran que los frutos son parte de la dieta básica amazónica que se cosechan en mayor medida para el autoconsumo y el creciente comercio, contribuyendo al sustento económico de sus usuarios. Los individuos se cosechan principalmente mediante la tala, ocasionando una disminución en la densidad y productividad de las poblaciones; y en otros casos se escalan promoviendo el mantenimiento de las poblaciones y del recurso. Las tasas de crecimiento y otros parámetros demográficos variaron entre las especies. E. precatoria presenta un leve decrecimiento, con un λ = 0.990; la población de O. bataua en Amacayacu también se contrae pero a una tasa más pronunciada, λ = 0.9103; por su parte M. flexuosa es una población en crecimiento, λ = 1.004; al igual que O. bataua en Yasuní, pero con un incremento mayor, λ = 1.0368. Las simulaciones muestran que la cosecha de una proporción de los frutos no modifica la tendencia actual de crecimiento. Se proponen lineamientos e indicadores para la formulación de planes de manejo y de normas que permitan la conservación a través del uso de estas especies. Abstract. The harvest of the fruits of the palms Euterpe precatoria, Mauritia flexuosa and Oenocarpus bataua is an important activity for the Amazonian people because is part of their food security, its biocultural legacy and economy. The destructive and frequent harvest has caused local extinctions and shrinkage of the populations located nearby markets. To understand the potential harvest effects that fruit harvest has on the populations, the management system, the population dynamics and the fruit productivity of E. precatoria, M. flexuosa and O. bataua was studied during 2011 – 2013. The resulting information will be use to formulate management plans and establish rules and norms for its sustainable use. The results showed that the fruits are a basic part in the diet of Amazonian people, therefore high levels of harvest for domestic consumption and a growing market of the fruits products were observed. These activities greatly contributed to the users’ economy. The individuals are mainly felled for its harvest, producing a diminishing on the populations’ density and productivity. In other circumstances palms are climbed, promoting the population and resource maintenance. The growth rates and other demographic parameters varied among species. E. precatoria in Amacayacu had a slight decrease, with λ = 0.990; the population of O. bataua in Amacayacu, is also contracting, but in a steeper rate, λ = 0.9103; on the other hand, M. flexuosa in Amacayacu is a growing population, λ = 1.004; as the same for O. bataua in Yasuní, but this one with a higher increment, λ = 1.0368. The simulations predicted that the harvest of a specific portion of the fruits does not modify the actual growth tendency. Guidelines and indicators that help to the conservation thru use of these three species. Doctorado
- Published
- 2015
22. Interacciones y diversidad de estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) asociados a inflorescencias de palmas silvestres en el Pacífico colombiano
- Author
-
Niño Pérez, Alfredo Euley, Ortega Molina, Oscar Efraín, and Nuñez Avellaneda, Luis Alberto
- Subjects
Coleópteros ,Palmas ,Relación insecto – Planta ,Arecaceae ,Staphylinidae ,Insectos útiles y perjudiciales ,Staphylinids ,Beetles ,Fertilization of plants by insects ,Estafilínidos ,59 Animales / Animals ,Palms ,Fecundación de las plantas por insectos ,Insect - Plant relationships ,Insects, injurious and beneficial - Abstract
Resumen: Las Arecaceas (Palmas) son una familia de plantas que presenta una importante asociación con especies de Staphylinidae, las inflorescencias de estas, albergan alta riqueza y abundancia de especies de Staphylinidae. Sin embargo, y a pesar del frecuente reporte de especies de Staphylinidae visitando inflorescencias de palmas, es poco lo que se conoce sobre sus interacciones. Como objetivos del presente estudio, se planteó el conocimiento de la diversidad de estafilínidos asociados a palmas silvestres y la caracterización del tipo y especificidad de la interacción en el Pacífico colombiano. Se determinaron la composición, riqueza, abundancia, distribución y especificidad de muestras previamente colectadas en inflorescencias de varias especies de palmas provenientes de nueve localidades en cinco municipios en los departamentos de Chocó, Valle del Cauca y Nariño. Para la identificación de las especies de estafilínidos, se usaron criterios morfológicos y extracción de las genitalias. Se usaron estimadores no paramétricos de riqueza ICE, Jacknife 2, Chao 2 y Bootstrap. La especificidad se determinó a través del análisis de redes de interacciones, usando los índices de similitud cualitativo de Jaccard y análisis ANOSIM. Se encontraron en total 48 especies de Staphylinidae. Sólo Coproporus pulchellus y C. aff. ventriculus se identificaron hasta especie, 13 hasta género, dos a subtribu, 28 a tribu y tres hasta subfamilia. En sólo 18 de las 27 especies de palmas muestreadas, se encontraron estafilínidos; con 18 especies, Manicaria saccifera fue la palma con la mayor riqueza y Oenocarpus bataua, Bactris coloradonis, Prestoea ensiformis y Attalea allenii con sola una especie, fueron las de menor riqueza. De los cuatro estimadores no paramétricos de riqueza (ICE, Jacknife 2, Chao 2 y Bootstrap); el último, evaluó 63 de las 48 especies observadas; sin embargo, ninguno de los estimadores estuvo por debajo de las 48 especies. La morfoespecie 1 de la tribu Athetini de Sthaphylinidae, presentó la abundancia más alta, con 16068 individuos. Se registraron 68 interacciones entre las 48 especies de Staphylinidae que visitan las 18 especies de palmas evaluadas, de 864 posibles. El índice de conectancia fue de 0.078, valor relativamente bajo; lo que significa que solo hay un 7.8 % de las posibles conexiones en la red entre especies de Staphylinidae y especies de palmas. Las subfamilias de Staphylinidae que presentaron la mayor riqueza específica fueron Aleocharinae con 23, Staphylininae con 8 y Paederinae con 10 especies. Los estimadores no paramétricos señalan que la riqueza observada (48) es un valor que se encuentra muy por debajo de los valores estimados, lo que indica que con un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo, se lograrían encontrar un mayor número de especies. Un valor bajo del índice de conectancia, en general, coincide con un valor bajo de la riqueza; siendo este resultado, un indicador de que los ensambles de las especies de Staphylinidae con las especies de palmas estudiadas, presentan especificidad. Abstract: The Arecaceae (Palms) are a family plants than has a significant association with species of Staphylinidae, the inflorescences, harboring high richness and abundance of Staphylinidae, However, despite the frequent report of species Staphylinidae visiting the inflorescences of palms, little is know about the their interactions. The objectives of this study, it was raised the kwonledge of Staphylinidae diversity associated with wild palms and the characterization of the type and specificity of the interaction in the Colombian Pacific. It was determined the composition, richness, abundance, distribution and specificity of samples collected of inflorescences of several species of palms from nine location in five municipalities in the departments of Choco Valle del Cauca and Nariño. For the identification of the rove beetles it was used morphological criteria and the removal of genitalia, it was used non-parametric richness estimators ICE, Jacknife 2, Chao 2 and Bootstrap. The specificity it was determined through the analysis of interaction networks, using the qualitative similarity indices of Jaccard and ANOSIM. Were found 48 species of Staphylinidae. Only Coproporus pulchellus and C. aff. ventriculus were identified to species, 13 to genus, two to subtribe, 28 to tribe and three to subfamily. In only 18 of 27 species of samples palms, were found rove beetles; with 18 species, Manicaria saccifera was the palm with the bigger richness and Oenocarpus bataua, Bactris coloradonis, Prestoea ensiformis and Attalea allenii with one species, were the lowest richness. Of the four richness non-parametric estimators (ICE, Jacknife 2, Chao 2 and Bootstrap); the last, evaluated 63 of the 48 species observed; however none of estimators were below of 48 species. The morphospecies 1 of the Athetini of Staphylinidae, has the highest abundance, with 16068 individuals. 68 interactions between 48 species of Staphylinidae than visit the 18 species of palms evaluated, of 864 possible. The connectance index was 0,078, it is a lower value; it means that only there are a 7,8% of possible connection in the network between Staphylinidae specie and palms species. The Staphylinidae subfamilies with the greatest specific richness were Aleocharinae with 23, Staphylininae with 8 and Paederinae with 10 species. The non- parametric estimators show that the richness (48) is a value well below the estimated value; this shows that with increased sampling effort, would be achieved find a greater number of species. A low value of connectance index, generally coincides with a low value of richness, being this result, an indication that the species assemblages of Staphylinidae with the palms species studied, exhibit specificity. Maestría
- Published
- 2015
23. Crecimiento de nueve especies de palmas ornamentales cultivadas bajo un gradiente de sombra
- Author
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Gutiérrez, Marco V. and Jiménez, Kenneth
- Subjects
microclima ,Agriculture (General) ,ambientes protegidos ,trópicos ,Agriculture ,Arecaceae ,luz ,casas de mallas ,tropics ,S1-972 ,sheltered environments ,Ambientes protegidos ,shadehouses ,light ,arecaceae ,microclimate ,palms - Abstract
Se evaluó el crecimiento de 9 especies de palmas cultivadas bajo un gradiente de sombra producido por mallas de polipropileno negro de 40, 50, 60, 70 y 80% de sombra, más un tratamiento de malla aluminizada de 70%, y uno con plantas a pleno sol. Las especies evaluadas fueron Caryota mitis (cola de pez), Chamaedorea costaricana (pacaya), Chamaedorea tepejilote (tepejilote), Dypsis lutescens (areca), Licuala elegans (licuala), Phoenix roebelenii (fénix), Ptychosperma macarthurii (palma macarthur), Roystonea regia (palma real), y Veitchia merrillii (navideña). Se midió la altura de las plantas, la longitud de las hojas maduras, y el número de hojas cosechadas, durante 5 cosechas por 2 años. En general, la altura de las plantas y la longitud de las hojas fueron menores a 0-40% de sombra, se incrementaron a 50-70%, y decrecieron a 80%. C. mitis, C. tepejilote, L. elegans y P. macarthurii, se comportaron como especies obligadas de sombra y no sobrevivieron a pleno sol. C. costaricana y D. lutescens sobrevivieron a plena exposición solar, y su crecimiento alcanzó valores máximos a 50-60%. P. roebelenii, R. regia, y V. merrillii mostraron un crecimiento reducido a 0-40%, pero éste mejoró bajo los demás niveles de sombra a lo largo del gradiente. En general, 1-2 años es un periodo apropiado para el cultivo de palmas de crecimiento rápido (R. regia, Chamedorea spp., D. lutescens) en casas de mallas. Palmas de lento crecimiento (L. elegans) pueden permanecer 3-5 años en una casa de sombra. Se discute estrategias para el uso de gradientes de sombra en el tiempo y en el espacio, según la utilidad y los requerimientos de las especies, los requisitos establecidos por el mercado, y el ciclo de producción del material vegetal.
- Published
- 2007
24. Frugivory and seed dispersal Oenocarpus bataua palm (Arecaceae) in a forest from the Colombian Andes
- Author
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Yaneth Muñoz-Saba, Rosario Rojas-Robles, and F. Gary Stiles
- Subjects
defaunation ,Seed dispersal ,Population ,Arecaceae ,Colombia ,fragmentación ,defaunación ,cámaras trampa ,Frugivore ,palmas ,Oenocarpus bataua ,fragmentation ,Botany ,frugivory ,education ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,palms ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,spatial distribution ,frugivoría ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,camera trapping ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Germination ,Marmosa robinsoni ,Guild ,distribución espacial ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Frugivory and seed dispersal Oenocarpus bataua palm (Arecaceae) in a forest from the Colombian Andes. Seed dispersal is a key process that determines the spatial structure and dynamics of popula- tions of plants, establishes the potential area of recruitment and in this way, the basis for subsequent processes such as predation, germination, competition and growth. The purpose of this research was to identify the guild of frugivores of the Oenocapus bataua palm in fragments of Andean forest, determine the effective dispers- ers and relate the spatial distribution of palm populations with the dispersion of seeds. To this end, between August 2005-June 2006, observations of the removal of fruits from eight clusters were done, and counting of consumption of fruits beneath 78 palms with mature fruits was undertaken; focal observations of 13 individuals during 90 hours; registration of frugivory with photographic traps during 165 days/nights for a total of 195 pho- tographs and 144 consumption events; experiments with dispersion using 751 perforated fruits/seeds attached to strings and finally, plots to determine spatial distribution all were carried out. In the study area at least five species of mammals ate, dispersed, buried (Sciurus granatensis, Microsciurus mimulus, Dasyprocta punctata y Proechimys sp.), cover (Marmosa robinsoni) and carried the fruits of O. bataua off to caves (Marmosa robinsoni y Proechimys sp.) without damaging the seed. A 21.7% of the fruits were dispersed, 13.2 gnawed or peeled, 5.6% covered, buried and carried to caves. The average distance of removal of seeds and fruits was 3.1m although in a lesser proportion, dispersion events of >50m were recorded. The abundant production of fruits, their size and weight, their intense removal by frugivores, the short dispersion distances, the absence of large size frugi- vores (reduced by hunting and fragmentation), that might perform long-distance dispersion, and the increase of rodents, especially squirrels, that strongly pressure the fruit resource, generate a spatially restricted seed rain of seeds responsible for the aggregate patterns of distribution of seeds, seedlings and subsequently of juveniles and sub-adults. However the short time and high percentage of seed germination and the robustness of seeds and seedlings give O. bataua the capacity to survive in dense aggregations. Therefore, despite the limitations on dispersion, this is a dominant species in the study area. Populations of O. bataua have been reduced by intense exploitation and by the transformation and reduction of their natural habitat. The over-exploitation of the fruits or the juvenile phases of this palm can affect the age structure and population dynamics. Therefore, the manage- ment and exploitation of this palm in the future will depend to large degree on the conservation of forest habitats. En zonas bajas tropicales, en bosques continuos y relativamente poco intervenidos, los frutos de la palma Oenocarpus bataua Mart., son consumidos por diversas especies de vertebrados, sin embargo, no hay estudios de dispersión de más largo plazo con esta especie. Entre agosto 2005-septiembre 2006 se realizaron observaciones de remoción de frutos, conteo de frutos comidos, obser- vaciones focales, registros de frugivoría mediante trampas fotográficas, experimentos de dispersión y parcelas para determinar distribución espacial de Oenocarpus bataua. Cinco especies de mamíferos comen, dispersan, entierran (Sciurus granatensis, Microsciurus mimulus, Dasyprocta punctata y Proechimys sp.), tapan (Marmosa robinsoni) y llevan a las cuevas (Marmosa robinsoni y Proechimys sp.), los frutos de O. bataua, sin dañar la semilla. El 21.7% de los frutos fueron dispersados, 13.2% roídos o pelados, 5.6% tapados, enterrados y llevados a cuevas. La distancia media de remoción de semillas y frutos fue 3.1m, aunque en menor proporción se registraron eventos de dispersión > a 50m. La abundante producción, el tamaño, el peso, la intensa remoción de los frutos por frugívoros, las cortas distancias de dispersión, la ausencia de frugívoros de gran porte disminuidos por cacería y fragmentación, encargados de la dispersión de larga distancia y el aumento de roedo- res, especialmente ardillas que presionan fuertemente el recurso frutos, generan una lluvia de semillas espacialmen- te restringida, posiblemente responsable de los patrones de distribución agregados en semillas, plántulas y posterior- mente en juveniles y sub-adultos.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Arecaceae endémicas del Perú
- Author
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Betty Millán
- Subjects
endemismo ,Arecaceae ,Perú ,plantas endémicas ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,endemism ,palmeras ,Peru ,lcsh:Q ,endemic plants ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,palms - Abstract
Thirty genera and 155 species of palms are known from Peru (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993). Here we recognize nine endemic species in six genera. These endemic taxa occupy the Humid Amazonian, and Montane Forest ecological regions, between 130 and 3000 m elevation. Three of these species have been recorded within a protected area., Esta es probablemente la familia más conspicua por la forma de sus integrantes. La familia Arecaceae es reconocida en el Perú con 33 géneros y 155 especies (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993), mayormente de porte arbóreo o arbustivo. En este trabajo reconocemos nueve endemismos en seis géneros. Estos taxones endémicos ocupan las áreas bajas de la Amazonía y bosques montanos del lado oriental, entre los 130 y 3000 m de altitud. Tres de estas especies se encuentran representadas en un área natural protegida.
- Published
- 2006
26. [Role of mammals on seed dispersal and predation processes of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon].
- Author
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Acevedo-Quintero JF and Zamora-Abrego JG
- Subjects
- Animals, Arecaceae classification, Colombia, Mammals classification, Arecaceae growth & development, Behavior, Animal physiology, Feeding Behavior physiology, Mammals physiology, Seed Dispersal physiology
- Abstract
Mammals and palms are important elements of fauna and flora in the Neotropics, and their interactions, such as fruit consumption and seed dispersal, are one of the most important ecological relationships in these ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to identify the relative importance of mammals in the dispersal and predation of Mauritia flexuosa palm fruits. We installed camera-traps in front of palm fallen seeds and clusters with fruits. A catalog of species was prepared with the recorded videos and the foraging behaviors exhibited were classified and identified. In addition, two exclusion treatments with three repetitions each were used. In the semi-open treatment, a plot was fenced with metal mesh leaving four open- ings in order to allow access only to small and medium sized mammals, while in the open treatment, the small, medium and large sized mammals had free access. In both cases, seed removal was evaluated. We recorded a total of 19 species of mammals, nine of which fed on palm fruits and the other five were seed dispersers. We reported for the first time the consumption of Mauritia flexuosa fruits by Atelocynus microtis. The species with the highest relative importance was Dasyprocta fuliginosa, which showed the highest percentage of seed dispersal (63.5%) compared to the other species. Tayassu peccary was identified as an in situ consumer, eating 45.3% of seeds without dispersing them. The number of seeds consumed in situ in the open treatment showed significant differences regarding the semi-open treatment, suggesting greater involvement of large mammals in this process. In conclusion, the fruits of M. flexuosa are an important food source for the local mammal com- munity. Additionally, the consumption of seeds under the canopy of the mother palm is proportionally greater than their dispersion. Generally, the pressure of frugivorous species over seeds may determine the reproductive strategies of plants. However, research on effective dispersion, dispersal distances and demographic impact should be conducted to determine the specific role of medium and large sized mammals in the ecology of this palm.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. [Pollination ecology of three sympatric species of Oenocarpus (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon].
- Author
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Núñez A LA, Isaza C, and Galeano G
- Subjects
- Animals, Colombia, Seasons, Species Specificity, Arecaceae growth & development, Insecta classification, Pollination physiology
- Abstract
The understanding of pollination mechanisms is vital for developing management and conservation actions of economically important species. In order to understand the pollination mechanisms of the promising palms in the genus Oenocarpus (Arecaceae), we studied floral morphology and biology, of three sympatric species in the Colombian Amazon: O. bataua, O. balickii and O. minor. During the period 2010-2012 we made direct and continuous observations of inflorescences (visitors, pollinators, and reproductive success) of the three species in every development phase. We determined the association of the palms with their floral visitors through a complex or interaction network, whereas specificity or preference of the insects for each individual palm was assessed through paired similarity analysis, similarity analysis (ANOSIM), and ordering analysis based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMSD). The three species flowered throughout the year; their inflorescences have long rachillae that hang close to each other from a short rachis, and they bear flowers in dyads or triads. Inflorescences are protandrous, thermogenic; anthesis takes place during daytime but pollination is nocturnal. We recorded 79 species of insects, mainly beetles, 33 of which visited O. balickii, 63 visited O. bataua, and 33 visited 0. minor. Although they shared some visitors, their abundance during the pistillate phase, as well as their pollen loads showed that only a few species of Curculionidae and Nitidulidae are the principal pollinators of the three studied species. Differences in network structure between staminate and pistillate phases, as well as difference in abundance found with the ANOSIM and NMSD similarity tests, suggest a high specificity of pollinators, leading to reproductive isolation among.the three species. Because all pollinating beetles were found to develop their life cycles within the inflorescences, we hypothesize the occurrence of a specialized system of mutual dependence between each of this three Oenocarpus species and their pollinators. This specialization assures a year-round availability of the pollinators.
- Published
- 2015
28. [Preliminary plant inventory of the palm-swamps in the Caribbean of Costa Rica and Nicaragua].
- Author
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Rueda R, Jarquín O, Munguía B, Reyes A, and Coronado I
- Subjects
- Caribbean Region, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Arecaceae classification, Biodiversity, Wetlands
- Abstract
In the Caribbean slope of Isthmian Central America, plant associations dominated by the palms Raphia taedigera and Manicaria saccifera develop in poorly drained or waterlogged soils. These associations are known locally as yolillales or palm-swamps, although there are differences in the forest structure and plant diversity associated with both palm species. In this paper, we report the results of a preliminary inventory of tree species found in eight palm-swamps at five locations in southeastern Nicaragua and northeastern Costa Rica. Our data reveal low tree diversity in these swamps with only 60 species accounted in them. This figure is equivalent to close to 8% of the plant species known for this region. In general, R. taedigera dominates flooded areas with extensive hydroperiods and lower floristic diversity, while M. saccifera is often found in flooded forests with more structure and diversity.
- Published
- 2013
29. [Use and conservation of palm swamps Raphia taedigera (Arecaceae) in the Area de Conservación Tortuguero, Costa Rica].
- Author
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Calvo-Gutiérrez CM, Bonilla-Murillo F, and Sasa M
- Subjects
- Costa Rica, Arecaceae classification, Conservation of Natural Resources, Crops, Agricultural growth & development, Wetlands
- Abstract
The swamps dominated by raffia palm Raphia taedigera are conspicuous environments in the Tortuguero floodplains and in other wet regions along the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica. However, these environments have been little studied and are exposed to numerous threats, most importantly their replacement by agricultural activities or pastureland. In this paper, we describe some applications and uses of the raffia palms and other palms that are common in these flooded swamps. We also describe the efforts that have been made in Costa Rica for the protection or raffia-dominated swamps, through the environmental law frame of the country and the establishment of a protection system based on wilderness areas under different categories of protection. We discuss issues relevant to the future of these environments in the regions where they are distributed.
- Published
- 2013
30. [Phenology and growth of Raphia taedigera (Arecaceae) in northeastern Costa Rica wetlands].
- Author
-
Myers RL
- Subjects
- Arecaceae classification, Arecaceae growth & development, Costa Rica, Flowers growth & development, Fruit growth & development, Inflorescence, Seeds growth & development, Arecaceae physiology, Wetlands
- Abstract
Here, I describe phenological activity of the raffia palm Raphia taedigera that dominates coastal swamps in northeastern Costa Rica. In this species, reproduction extends through the whole year, and it starts with the emergence and development of new inflorescences through the first month of the cycle. Expanded inflorescences develop into open flowers in a process that extends for three to four weeks to give rise to small fruits that are evidenced a month later. During the next twelve months or so, fruits mature but it take around six more months for all fruits to fall from the tree. Therefore, the entire reproductive process may exceed over two years. Different from other palm species, reproductive events in R. taedigera are aseasonal, and it is possible to observe palms in any reproductive state the whole year. Although the long period to fruit maturity exposes the seed to predispersal losses, this disadvantage may be over weighted by the production of large and heavy seeds that mature at different times on the same inflorescence.
- Published
- 2013
31. [Frugivory and seed dispersal Oenocarpus bataua palm (Arecaceae) in a forest from the Colombian Andes].
- Author
-
Rojas-Robles R, Stiles FG, and Muñoz-Saba Y
- Subjects
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Colombia, Fruit, Marsupialia, Rodentia, Trees, Arecaceae growth & development, Feeding Behavior physiology, Germination physiology, Seed Dispersal physiology
- Abstract
Seed dispersal is a key process that determines the spatial structure and dynamics of populations of plants, establishes the potential area of recruitment and in this way, the basis for subsequent processes such as predation, germination, competition and growth. The purpose of this research was to identify the guild of frugivores of the Oenocapus bataua palm in fragments of Andean forest, determine the effective dispersers and relate the spatial distribution of palm populations with the dispersion of seeds. To this end, between August 2005-June 2006, observations of the removal of fruits from eight clusters were done, and counting of consumption of fruits beneath 78 palms with mature fruits was undertaken; focal observations of 13 individuals during 90 hours; registration of frugivory with photographic traps during 165 days/nights for a total of 195 photographs and 144 consumption events; experiments with dispersion using 751 perforated fruits/seeds attached to strings and finally, plots to determine spatial distribution all were carried out. In the study area at least five species of mammals ate, dispersed, buried (Sciurus granatensis, Microsciurus mimulus, Dasyprocta punctata y Proechimys sp.), cover (Marmosa robinsoni) and carried the fruits of O. bataua off to caves (Marmosa robinsoni y Proechimys sp.) without damaging the seed. A 21.7% of the fruits were dispersed, 13.2 gnawed or peeled, 5.6% covered, buried and carried to caves. The average distance of removal of seeds and fruits was 3.1m although in a lesser proportion, dispersion events of >50m were recorded. The abundant production of fruits, their size and weight, their intense removal by frugivores, the short dispersion distances, the absence of large size frugivores (reduced by hunting and fragmentation), that might perform long-distance dispersion, and the increase of rodents, especially squirrels, that strongly pressure the fruit resource, generate a spatially restricted seed rain of seeds responsible for the aggregate patterns of distribution of seeds, seedlings and subsequently of juveniles and sub-adults. However the short time and high percentage of seed germination and the robustness of seeds and seedlings give O. bataua the capacity to survive in dense aggregations. Therefore, despite the limitations on dispersion, this is a dominant species in the study area. Populations of O. bataua have been reduced by intense exploitation and by the transformation and reduction of their natural habitat. The over-exploitation of the fruits or the juvenile phases of this palm can affect the age structure and population dynamics. Therefore, the management and exploitation of this palm in the future will depend to large degree on the conservation of forest habitats.
- Published
- 2012
32. [Population dynamics of the palm Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) from flooded forests in Choco, Colombian Pacific].
- Author
-
Arango DA, Duque AJ, and Muñoz E
- Subjects
- Colombia, Population Dynamics, Arecaceae growth & development, Trees
- Abstract
The palm Euterpe oleracea is a dominant and promising species in flood plains of the Atrato river, Choco region of Colombia. We assessed the population dynamics of this species through growth rates, mortality and recruitment patterns for a period of two and a half years. Dynamic rates were compared among mixed and pure flood plain palm forests. These forests types were associated to different flooding regimes. Trees and palms were thinned in a portion for each forest type, the rest was left undisturbed. We used projection matrices to follow population trends. Thinning increased the transition probability of smaller individuals, but decreased it for larger individuals, as is typical of light demanding species. Thinning also increased mortality rates in almost all size classes, but did not affect recruitment rates. Under natural conditions, the E. oleracea populations are in equilibrium in pure and mixed forests. Thinning increased population growth in both forest types, suggesting the role played by density-dependent processes on the population size of this species.
- Published
- 2010
33. Current status of the Palm collection (Arecaceae) of the Venezuelan National Herbarium (VEN)
- Author
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Yaroslavi Espinoza Flores
- Subjects
Arecaceae ,Herbario VEN ,Colección de palmas ,Venezuela. ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The National Herbarium of Venezuela (VEN) has the largest collection of botanical specimens in the country,thus being the main source of reference for the flora of Venezuela. It also hosts a large number of specimensfrom other countries in the Neotropical region. The VEN contains approximately 400 000 specimens currentlyregistered in the herbarium’s database, of which 2192 form the palm (Arecaceae) collection that encompasses35 genera (including 5 foreign genera) and 127 specific and infraspecific taxa. The genera with the largestnumber of specimens are Geonoma (498) and Bactris (360), followed by Euterpe (158). The species Geonomadeversa (Poit.) Kunth contains the largest number of specimens in the collection (110). The herbarium hosts typematerial of 12 Arecaceae taxa: 4 holotypes, 1 lectotype, 5 isotypes and 2 isoneotypes. Most of the specimensat the VEN have been identified by specialists such as A. Henderson, F. Kahn, F. Stauffer and J. Wessels-Boer. A list of species found in the herbarium is presented herein. Review of specimen data at the VEN showthat palms have been collected mainly in the following states of Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Zulia, DeltaAmacuro, Aragua, Apure, and Distrito Capital. The main contribution to the collection of palms to the VEN isthe collections made by J. A. Steyermark and F. Stauffer.
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- 2014
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34. The genus Astrocaryum (Arecaceae)
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Francis Kahn
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Astrocaryum ,Arecaceae ,taxonomía ,distribución ,ecología ,usos ,potencial económico ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The palm genus Astrocaryum with 40 species is common in tropical South America extending northwards reaching Central America and Trinidad. Twenty-six species grow in Brazil, 14 in Peru, 11 in Colombia, 9 in Guyana, 9 in Suriname, 8 in Bolivia, 8 in French Guiana, 6 in Venezuela, 4 in Ecuador, 2 in Costa Rica, 2 in Panama, and 1 in Trinidad. The genus includes solitary or caespitose species in the following classes: (i) large palms with tall stem, (ii) palms with large leaves and medium-sized, or short, or subterranean stem, (iii) slender to mediumsized palms, (iv) acaulescent palms with very short leaves. Although most Astrocaryum species are used by humans, only a few may have promising economic potential and are significantly important in the local and regional trade. In this article, I propose a new taxonomic classification based on characters of the fruit, flowers and vegetative parts. The genus is divided in three subgenera: (i) Munbaca with two sections, Munbaca and Mumbacusu, each with 2 species; (ii) Astrocaryum with two sections, Euchambira (new section with 1 species) and Astrocaryum with three subsections — Astrocaryum (9 species), Acaulia (5 species) and Perstaminata (new subsection with 1 species); (iii) Monogynanthus with four sections: Monogynanthus (with 3 species), Ayri (1 species), Guatinajo (new section with 1 species) and Huicungo (new section) that includes three subsections — Huicungo (7 species); Sachacungo (new subsection with 5 species), and Murumuru (3 species). A synoptic review of the genus is presented herein, including descriptions and illustrations as well as data on distribution, habit, ecology and common names for each species. An identification key to all species is also supplied.
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- 2014
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35. An overview of the taxonomy of Attalea (Arecaceae)
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Jean-Christophe Pintaud
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Attalea ,Arecaceae ,taxonomía ,palmeras ,neotrópico. ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The genus Attalea (Arecaceae) is distributed in continental habitats of the Neotropical region and in some Caribbean islands. Life forms of Attalea species vary from small acaulescent palms to tall and massive palms, always solitary. The ecological range of the genus encompasses most of the Neotropical ecosystems, from coastal sand dunes to sub-Andean forests up to 1600 m in elevation, lowland wet to dry forests, savannas, swamps, etc. The taxonomy of the genus has been poorly understood due to conflicting genus and species concepts that exist since the last decades. Taxonomical problems have been caused by the lack of adequate material, especially species of large size, loss of many types and difficulties in interpreting hybrids. In this article, I review the most recent taxonomic literature on Attalea. The number of species in Attalea varies from 29 to 67 depending on different authors, with a maximum estimate of 73 species when combining the revised publications. There is a consensus for the validity of 20 species among modern palm taxonomists. The most conflicting species or group of species are discussed in detail as well as the taxonomic significance of some characters such as the pattern of insertion of staminate flowers on rachillae, insertion of pinnae on rachis, and arrangement of fibrous strands in the endocarp.
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- 2014
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36. Nuevos registros de plantas hospedantes de Raoiella indica Hirst en Colombia
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León Martínez, Guillermo A., Campos Pinzón, Juan Carlos, and Sierra Monroy, Janeth Alexandra
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Neotropics ,Neotrópico ,red palm mite ,especies invasivas ,ácaro rojo de las palmas ,Arecaceae ,invasive species - Abstract
Introduction. The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is recognized as a quarantine pest on coconut palm leaves, reported since 2004 in the American continent. In Colombia its presence was recorded in 2010 and it’s spread along the Atlantic coast has been rapid. In 2013 it was reported in the departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Guajira, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, and Sucre, in coconut (Cocos nucifera), banana (Musaacuminata), heliconias, and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) plants. Objective. To know new host plants and the dispersal of the mite R. indica in three departments of Colombia. Materials and methods. During the years 2019 to 2020, in the Colombian departments of Meta (municipalities of Villavicencio, Guamal, San Carlos de Guaroa, and Granada), Casanare (municipality of Yopal) and Tolima (municipality of Guamo), plants of the families Arecaceae, Musaceae and Heliconiaceae, which could be hosts of the mite R. indica, were checked.Results. Of the twenty plant taxa sampled, sixteen were found to be hosts of R. indica and one of them was a new host. The presence of R. indica was recorded for the first time in the three departments, mainly on coconut palms and several alternate host plants including palms, mosses and Heliconia psittacorum. Conclusions. The red mite R. indica was reported officially for the first time in the Colombian departments of Meta, Casanare, and Tolima, and the seje palm, Oenocarpus bataua Burret, is reported as a new host plant species for R. indica in Colombia. Introducción. El ácaro rojo de las palmas Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) se reconoce como una plaga cuarentenaria sobre hojas de palma de coco, desde 2004 en el continente americano. En Colombia su presencia se registró en 2010 y su dispersión por la costa atlántica ha sido rápida. Para el 2013 se reportó en los departamentos de Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Guajira, Magdalena, Norte de Santander y Sucre, en plantas de coco (Cocos nucifera), banano (Musa acuminata), heliconias y plátano (Musa paradisiaca). Objetivo. Conocer nuevas plantas hospedantes y la dispersión del ácaro R. indica en tres departamentos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Durante los años 2019 a 2020, en los departamentos colombianos del Meta (municipios de Villavicencio, Guamal, San Carlos de Guaroa y Granada), Casanare (municipio de Yopal) y Tolima (municipio del Guamo), se revisaron plantas de las familias Arecaceae, Musaceae y Heliconiaceae, que pudieran ser hospedantes del ácaro R. indica. Resultados. Se encontró que de los veinte taxones de plantas muestreadas, dieciséis son hospedantes de R. indica y de ellos uno constituye un nuevo hospedero. Se registró por primera vez la presencia de R. indica en los tres departamentos, principalmente en palmas de coco y varias plantas hospederas alternas que incluyen palmáceas, musáceas y Heliconia psittacorum. Conclusiones. El ácaro rojo R. indica se reportó por primera vez de manera oficial en los departamentos colombianos del Meta, Casanare y Tolima, y la palma de seje, Oenocarpus bataua Burret, se reporta como una nueva especie de planta hospedera para R. indica en Colombia.
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- 2021
37. Brazilian Amazonian palm-stem types and uses: a review
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Tatiani Yuriko Pinheiro KIKUCHI and Cátia Henriques CALLADO
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Arecaceae ,alternative wood ,new materials ,riverine communities ,sustainable development ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Palms may be an important source of renewable raw material to replace wood, however, the uses of the stems of native species of the Brazil are known only at the local or regional level. We carried out a literature review on the traditional knowledge of the uses of the stems of palm species native to the Amazon biome in Brazil, and related the types of uses with morphological characteristics of the stems. The review resulted in information on 45 species with solitary or cespitose stems, and six stem-size types: tall (15 species), medium-short (3), medium (5), small (17), acaulescent (1) and climbing (4). We found 80 indications of stem use in seven categories and 14 subcategories. A similarity analysis showed that, in general, tall, medium-short, medium, small (≥ 10 cm in diameter) and climbing stem types, solitary or cespitous, are used for construction, furniture, handicrafts, utensils, tools and musical instruments. Only small stems (< 10 cm diameter) are used to manufacture weapons for hunting and fishing, and climbing stems are used in the manufacture of ropes. Stems of Socratea exorrhiza, Euterpe oleracea and Desmoncus polyacanthos are the most frequently used to meet subsistence needs in traditional communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings indicate that there is a potential for use of several native palm stems as sources for alternative materials in the manufacture industry and as sustainable income sources for Amazonian communities.
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- 2021
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38. Degree of seed desiccation sensitivity of the Amazonian palm Oenocarpus bacaba depends on the criterion for germination
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Lydiane Lucia de Sousa BASTOS, Geângelo Petene CALVI, Manuel de Jesus Vieira LIMA JÚNIOR, and Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ
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Arecaceae ,drying ,recalcitrant seeds ,seedling ,stress ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Across the seed-seedling transition, several germination criteria are used in studies of palm-seed germination. In Oenocarpus bataua, these criteria have differential tolerance to thermal stress. In this study, we evaluated the tolerance of germination criteria to seed desiccation of the congeneric Oenocarpus bacaba. We dried seeds to different moisture contents (MC) before scoring first cataphyll, second cataphyll, enclosed eophyll and expanded eophyll. Seeds without drying had 41.7% MC. Germination success reached close to 70% after 75 and 105 days, depending on the germination criterion. Safe MC was close to initial MC and all seeds were dead with MC < 26.7%. As the primordial organs of the cataphylls and the eophyll are already detectable in the palm-seed embryo, all were affected by drying. Critical MC, defined here as 50% loss of germination capacity, increased from 35.4% (first cataphyll) to 37.1% (expanded eophyll) and confirmed that, across the seed-seedling transition, more advanced germination stages had a higher sensitivity to desiccation. During germination and development, the criteria appear in sequence over several weeks. Consequently, the desiccation damage was only detectable when the last criterion was evaluated. To avoid an underestimation of damages, we suggest that seed-stress studies in palms should take into account an adequate period for seedling development, which, for O. bacaba, was 105 days until the expansion of the eophyll.
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- 2021
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39. Diversity of palm communities in the biogeographic chocó and its relation with precipitation
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Rodrigo Cámara-Leret, Mauricio Sánchez, Juan Carlos Copete, and Henrik Balslev
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0106 biological sciences ,Tropical forests ,Neotrópico ,Arecaceae ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,biodiversidad ,Abundance (ecology) ,lcsh:Botany ,lcsh:Zoology ,lcsh:QL1-991 ,Precipitation ,Community ecology ,bosques tropicales ,lcsh:Science ,Transect ,ecología de comunidades ,biology ,Forestry ,Biodiversity ,biology.organism_classification ,Neotropic ,Biodiversity hotspot ,lcsh:QK1-989 ,Geography ,Plant species ,lcsh:Q ,Species richness ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Palm ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
RESUMEN Los bosques tropicales del Chocó biogeográfico presentan una de las mayores concentraciones de especies de plantas del mundo. Las palmas (Arecaceae) son una de las familias más importantes en las tierras bajas del Chocó, pero su ecología está poco estudiada. Investigamos la diversidad de comunidades de palmas en el Chocó y su relación con la precipitación en 48 transectos distribuidos en un gradiente de 2000-10 000 mm de precipitación. En cada transecto (5x500 m) se identificaron todas las especies de palmas y se contabilizaron todos los individuos. Registramos un total de 57 especies de palmas (promedio ± DS: 17 ± 8 por transecto) y 37 955 individuos (791 ± 446). Encontramos que la riqueza y abundancia de palmas están significativamente relacionadas con la precipitación (r2 = 0,86; P > 0,001). Se registró una fuerte correlación positiva entre la composición florística de las comunidades de palmas y la distancia geográfica (rM = 0,63; P = 0,001). La riqueza registrada es una de las más altas para el Neotrópico. La relación entre la precipitación, riqueza y abundancia de palmas por primera vez se documenta a escala regional en este punto caliente de biodiversidad. ABSTRACT The tropical forests of the Chocó region support one of the largest concentrations of plant species in the world. Palms (Arecaceae) are one of the most important families in the Chocó lowlands, but their ecology remains little studied. We studied the diversity of palm communities in the Chocó and the relationship between diversity and precipitation in 48 transects distributed along a precipitation gradient covering 2000-10 000 mm annual rainfall. In each transect (5x500 m) all species of palms were identified, and all individuals were counted. We recorded a total of 57 species of palms (mean ± SD: 17 ± 8 in each transect) and we counted 37 955 individuals (791 ± 446 per transect). We found that palm richness and abundance were significantly related to precipitation (r2 = 0.86; P > 0.001). We also found that palm community composition was strongly correlated to the geographic distance between transects (rM = 0.63; P = 0.001). The recorded palm richness is one of the highest for the Neotropics. In addition, it is the first time that this relationship between precipitation, richness, and abundance of palms is documented at the regional level for the Chocó biodiversity hotspot.
- Published
- 2019
40. Palmas útiles en tres comunidades indígenas de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana
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Mateo S. Jaimes-Roncancio, Julio Betancur, and Rodrigo Cámara-Leret
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conocimiento tradicional ,categorías de uso ,Arecaceae ,lcsh:QK1-989 ,ethnobotany ,categories of use ,lcsh:Botany ,lcsh:Zoology ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:QL1-991 ,traditional knowledge ,lcsh:Science ,pueblos indígenas ,etnobotánica ,indigenous peoples - Abstract
RESUMEN Se estudió el conocimiento y el uso de las palmas por parte de las comunidades indígenas Angostura, Curare y Yukuna, cercanas a la cabecera del corregimiento de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana. Entre junio y julio de 2010 se registró información etnobotánica mediante entrevistas estructuradas realizadas a 53 personas informantes de dichas comunidades. Los datos se analizaron aplicando los índices de importancia relativa de categoría de uso (IR(c)), importancia cultural relativa (IC(s)) e importancia relativa de cada especie (IR(s)). Se encontraron 34 especies de palmas útiles y nueve categorías de uso. Según el IR(c) las categorías de uso más importantes fueron Alimentación humana, Construcción y Utensilios y herramientas. Dentro de estas se destaca el consumo directo de los frutos, la elaboración de bebidas, la utilización de la palma entera o de las hojas para la construcción de viviendas y la elaboración de instrumentos de caza y utensilios para el uso cotidiano. Según el IR(s) e IC(s) las especies más importantes fueron el chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), el canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), el milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua) y el asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Se confirma que las palmas juegan un papel importante en las tres comunidades y se evidencia una disminución del conocimiento en los usos asociados a la cultura y a las ceremonias rituales. Por otra parte, según los índices de importancia relativa y cultural coinciden las mismas especies de palmas registradas en otras comunidades amazónicas colombianas. ABSTRACT We studied the knowledge and use of palms in three indigenous communities (Angostura, Curare and Yukuna) near the corregimiento of La Pedrera, Colombian Amazonia. Between June and July of 2010 ethnobotanical data was recorded through structured interviews with 53 informants. The data was analyzed using three indices: relative importance of use category (IR (c)), relative cultural importance (IC (s)) and relative species importance (IR (s)). We found 34 useful palms species, used in nine different use categories. According to the IR (c) the most important use categories were Human Food, Construction and Utensils and tools. Notable among these were the direct consumption of fruits, preparation of beverages, the use of the entire palm and the leaves for housing, and the manufacture of weapons for hunting and utensils for daily use. According to the IR (s) and IC (s) the most important species were chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua), and asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Palms play an important role in all three communities, but there is a notable decrease in knowledge about uses associated with culture and ritual ceremonies. According to the indices or relative cultural and relative species importance, the species that were important in this study resembled those found in other Colombian Amazon communities.
- Published
- 2018
41. Palmas útiles en tres comunidades indígenas de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana
- Author
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Rodrigo Cámara-Leret, Julio Betancur, and Mateo S. Jaimes-Roncancio
- Subjects
conocimiento tradicional ,biology ,categorías de uso ,Mauritia flexuosa ,Amazon rainforest ,57 Ciencias de la vida ,Biología / Life sciences ,Forestry ,Euterpe precatoria ,Arecaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Angostura ,Indigenous ,ethnobotany ,Geography ,categories of use ,Oenocarpus bataua ,Ethnobotany ,Bactris gasipaes ,traditional knowledge ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,5 Ciencias naturales y matemáticas / Science ,pueblos indígenas ,etnobotánica ,indigenous peoples - Abstract
Se estudió el conocimiento y el uso de las palmas por parte de las comunidades indígenas Angostura, Curare y Yukuna, cercanas a la cabecera del corregimiento de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana. Entre junio y julio de 2010 se registró información etnobotánica mediante entrevistas estructuradas realizadas a 53 personas informantes de dichas comunidades. Los datos se analizaron aplicando los índices de importancia relativa de categoría de uso (IR(c)), importancia cultural relativa (IC(s)) e importancia relativa de cada especie (IR(s)). Se encontraron 34 especies de palmas útiles y nueve categorías de uso. Según el IR(c) las categorías de uso más importantes fueron Alimentación humana, Construcción y Utensilios y herramientas. Dentro de estas se destaca el consumo directo de los frutos, la elaboración de bebidas, la utilización de la palma entera o de las hojas para la construcción de viviendas y la elaboración de instrumentos de caza y utensilios para el uso cotidiano. Según el IR(s) e IC(s) las especies más importantes fueron el chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), el canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), el milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua) y el asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Se confirma que las palmas juegan un papel importante en las tres comunidades y se evidencia una disminución del conocimiento en los usos asociados a la cultura y a las ceremonias rituales. Por otra parte, según los índices de importancia relativa y cultural coinciden las mismas especies de palmas registradas en otras comunidades amazónicas colombianas. We studied the knowledge and use of palms in three indigenous communities (Angostura, Curare and Yukuna) near the corregimiento of La Pedrera, Colombian Amazonia. Between June and July of 2010 ethnobotanical data was recorded through structured interviews with 53 informants. The data was analyzed using three indices: relative importance of use category (IR (c)), relative cultural importance (IC (s)) and relative species importance (IR (s)). We found 34 useful palms species, used in nine different use categories. According to the IR (c) the most important use categories were Human Food, Construction and Utensils and tools. Notable among these were the direct consumption of fruits, preparation of beverages, the use of the entire palm and the leaves for housing, and the manufacture of weapons for hunting and utensils for daily use. According to the IR (s) and IC (s) the most important species were chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua), and asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Palms play an important role in all three communities, but there is a notable decrease in knowledge about uses associated with culture and ritual ceremonies. According to the indices or relative cultural and relative species importance, the species that were important in this study resembled those found in other Colombian Amazon communities.
- Published
- 2018
42. POLINIZACIÓN POR ABEJAS EN Syagrus orinocensis (ARECACEAE) EN LA ORINOQUIA COLOMBIANA
- Author
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NUÑEZ AVELLANEDA, Luis Alberto and CARREÑO, Javier Isnardo
- Subjects
pollinators efficient ,pollination syndrome ,mellitophilia ,Arecaceae ,melitofilia ,síndrome de polinización ,polinizador eficiente - Abstract
RESUMEN La ecología de la polinización de Syagrus orinocensis fue estudiada durante tres períodos reproductivos, en un bosque de piedemonte en Casanare, Orinoquia colombiana. Syagrus orinocensis crece hasta 10m., produce de una a cuatro inflorescencias bisexuales aunque ocasionalmente son unisexuales. Las bisexuales presentan flores estaminadas y pistiladas agrupadas en tríadas, y las unisexuales llevan sólo estaminadas en díadas. Las inflorescencias protándricas abren de día, y permanecieron activas 26 días; la fase masculina se extendió los primeros 15 días, siguió una fase inactiva por ocho días, y finalmente, la fase pistilada por tres días. Las inflorescencias fueron visitadas por 43 especies de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera, Hymenoptera y Diptera. Los insectos visitaron las inflorescencias en fase masculina, donde buscaban polen y lugares para reproducirse, mientras que en la fase femenina buscaban néctar. Los polinizadores más efectivos fueron abejas meliponinas (Apidae, Meliponini), que transfirieron adherido a su cuerpo el 83 % del polen. La presencia, constancia y eficiencia de abejas durante el estudio son evidencia sólida de melitofilia en palmas. Este caso de melitofilia permitió proponer los criterios para redefinir este tipo de polinización en palmas silvestres neotropicales. ABSTRACT The pollination ecology of the Syagrus orinocensis was studied in the course of three consecutive yearly flowering seasons in a foothill forest in Casanare, Colombian Orinoco region. Syagrus orinocensis palms grow up to 10 m high and produce one to four bisexual, occasionally unisexual, inflorescences. The bisexual inflorescences bear staminate and pistillate flowers arranged in triads, whereas the unisexual inflorescences carry only staminate flowers in dyads. The inflorescences are protandric and open during daytime, remaining active for 26 days. The male phase extends for the first 15 days, which are followed by 8 days of an inactive phase; the pistillate phase lasts up to three days. The inflorescences of S. orinocensis were visited by 43 species of insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. The presence of anthophilous insects was primarily restricted to the male phase of anthesis, during which the visitors searched for pollen and breeding sites; those which visited inflorescences during the female phase seeked out nectar. The most effective pollinators of S. orinocensis were stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini), as they transferred in average 83% of the pollen that reached receptive inflorescences. The presence, constancy and efficiency of stingless bees during this study constitute solid evidence of melittophily in S. orinocensis and allows us to propose criteria to redefine this pollination syndrome in Neotropical wild palms.
- Published
- 2017
43. Nuevas palmas hospedantes de Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en Cuba
- Author
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RAMOS-LIMA, MAYRA, MORENO-RODRÍGUEZ, DAVIS, and VARGAS-SANDOVAL, MARGARITA
- Subjects
Ácaros exóticos ,Biodiversity ,Alien mite species ,Arecaceae ,Biodiversidad - Abstract
Resumen Uno de los factores de mayor incidencia y amenaza a la biodiversidad, lo constituye la introducción de especies exóticas. Calificada precisamente como especie exótica invasora, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) fue registrada en Cuba desde 2008. Esta especie no solo afecta a plantas de importancia económica, su hábitat incluye a especies botánicas de la familia Arecaceae. Esta amenaza real y potencial a la diversidad biológica nativa, a las colecciones de palmas, sumado al limitado conocimiento pero creciente interés de los impactos de especies exóticas son las razones que justifican el presente trabajo. Para su ejecución se realizó una prospección de R. indica en todos los jardines botánicos de Cuba que poseían palmetum, además de las palmáceas de avenidas y jardines de hoteles de Varadero y el vivero que da soporte de estas especies a ese polo turístico. Se encontró que, de los 214 taxones de palmas muestreados, 66 son hospedantes de R. indica y de ellos, 32 constituyen nuevos reportes. Las avenidas y jardines de hoteles de Varadero y el vivero fueron los que tuvieron mayores valores en la proporción de especies infestadas. R. indica mostró características de especie invasora sobre Colpothrinax wrightii Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Voss, especie endémica y amenazada. Esta prospección permitió confeccionar el inventario más completo de palmas hospedantes que se ha informado para esta especie exótica para Cuba y el mundo, elemento que revela su impacto ecológico potencial sobre la biodiversidad de palmas y de vital importancia para las futuras estrategias de manejo. Abstract One of the causes of greater incidence and threat to biodiversity is the introduction of exotic species. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) has been reported in Cuba since 2008. This species not only affects plants of economic importance, its habitat also includes botanical species of the family Arecaceae. This real and potential threat to native biological diversity, palm collections, coupled with the limited knowledge of, but growing interest in the impacts of exotic species are the reasons that justify the present work. For its execution, a survey of R. indica was carried out in all the botanical gardens of Cuba that had palmetum, besides the palmaceas of avenues and gardens of Varadero hotels and the nursery that supports these species in this touristic area. It was found that of the 214 taxa of palms sampled, 66 are hosts of R. indica, and of them, 32 constitute new reports. The avenues and gardens of Varadero hotels and the nursery were those that had higher proportion of infested species values. R. indica showed characteristics of invasive species on Colpothrinax wrightii Griseb. & H.Wendl. Ex Voss, an endemic and threatened species. This prospect allowed this study to make the most complete record of host palms that has been reported for this exotic species for Cuba and the world, showing its potential ecological impact on palm biodiversity, as well as the vital importance of future management strategies.
- Published
- 2017
44. Polinización por abejas en Syagrus orinocensis (Arecaceae) en la Orinoquia colombiana
- Author
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Luis Alberto Nuñez Avellaneda and Javier Isnardo Carreño
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,QH301-705.5 ,57 Ciencias de la vida ,Biología / Life sciences ,biology ,Arecaceae ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,polinizador eficiente ,pollination syndrome ,síndrome de polinización ,pollinators efficient ,mellitophilia ,Biology (General) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,melitofilia ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
La ecología de la polinización de Syagrus orinocensis fue estudiada durante tres períodos reproductivos, en un bosque de piedemonte en Casanare, Orinoquia colombiana. Syagrus orinocensis crece hasta 10m., produce de una a cuatro inflorescencias bisexuales aunque ocasionalmente son unisexuales. Las bisexuales presentan flores estaminadas y pistiladas agrupadas en tríadas, y las unisexuales llevan sólo estaminadas en díadas. Las inflorescencias protándricas abren de día, y permanecieron activas 26 días; la fase masculina se extendió los primeros 15 días, siguió una fase inactiva por ocho días, y finalmente, la fase pistilada por tres días. Las inflorescencias fueron visitadas por 43 especies de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera, Hymenoptera y Diptera. Los insectos visitaron las inflorescencias en fase masculina, donde buscaban polen y lugares para reproducirse, mientras que en la fase femenina buscaban néctar. Los polinizadores más efectivos fueron abejas meliponinas (Apidae, Meliponini), que transfirieron adherido a su cuerpo el 83 % del polen. La presencia, constancia y eficiencia de abejas durante el estudio son evidencia sólida de melitofilia en palmas. Este caso de melitofilia permitió proponer los criterios para redefinir este tipo de polinización en palmas silvestres neotropicales. The pollination ecology of the Syagrus orinocensis was studied in the course of three consecutive yearly flowering seasons in a foothill forest in Casanare, Colombian Orinoco region. Syagrus orinocensis palms grow up to 10 m high and produce one to four bisexual, occasionally unisexual, inflorescences. The bisexual inflorescences bear staminate and pistillate flowers arranged in triads, whereas the unisexual inflorescences carry only staminate flowers in dyads. The inflorescences are protandric and open during daytime, remaining active for 26 days. The male phase extends for the first 15 days, which are followed by 8 days of an inactive phase; the pistillate phase lasts up to three days. The inflorescences of S. orinocencis were visited by 43 species of insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. The presence of anthophilous insects was primarily restricted to the male phase of anthesis, during which the visitors searched for pollen and breeding sites; those which visited inflorescences during the female phase seeked out nectar. The most effective pollinators of S. orinocencis were stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini), as they transferred in average 83% of the pollen that reached receptive inflorescences. The presence, constancy and efficiency of stingless bees during this study constitute solid evidence of melittophily in S. orinocensis and allows us to propose criteria to redefine this pollination syndrome in Neotropical wild palms.
- Published
- 2017
45. Rasgos funcionales de palmas y su relación con variables ambientales locales en la Amazonía Colombiana
- Author
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Trujillo Calderon, William Fernando, Jácome Reyes, Jorge Hernán, and García Castro, Néstor Julio
- Subjects
Bosque inundable ,Bosque de tierra firme ,Terrace forest ,Flooded forest ,Bosque de terreza ,Maestría en ciencias biológicas - Tesis y disertaciones académicas ,Ecología forestal ,Arecaceae ,Ecología funcional ,Terra firme ,Functional ecology - Abstract
Los estudios ecológicos se han centrado en los cambios en la composición y estructura de las especies a través de sitios con diferentes condiciones ambientales, sin embargo, los cambios en la composición funcional aún no son bien entendidos. En este estudio se analizó la relación entre rasgos funcionales de palmas y factores medio-ambientales usando ordenación a través de un análisis de redundancia (RDA) de la media ponderada de los rasgos de la comunidad de palmas (CWM), un análisis Fourth-corner y RLQ. Los datos fueron obtenidos en el marco del proyecto Palms, en 29 transectos (500 x 5 m) en bosques de tierra firme, bosques inundables y bosques de terraza en los departamentos de Vichada y Guainía sobre el río Guaviare Colombia. Los datos ambientales (humedad en la superficie del suelo, inclinación y presencia de claros) fueron registrados en cada transecto y los rasgos funcionales fueron obtenidos de especímenes de herbario y de la literatura. La composición funcional estaba influenciada por los factores medio-ambientales evaluados, los cuales explican el 22,5% de la varianza de los rasgos. La altura de la palma, el tamaño foliar (longitud del raquis y longitud del peciolo) y la forma de crecimiento respondieron a los principales ejes de variación de las variables ambientales medidas. Las palmas altas y de hojas grandes fueron abundantes en bosques inundables y con alta humedad en la superficie del suelo; la forma de crecimiento acaule predominó en sitios inclinados y en bosques de tierra firme y los peciolos largos dominaron en lugares con alta presencia de claros en el bosque. La humedad en la superficie del suelo y el régimen de inundación mostraron ser importantes filtros ambientales que afectan a escala local los rasgos y la composición funcional de palmas. Estos resultados corroboran hallazgos previos donde la hidrología es un factor importante en la estructuración local de las comunidades neotropicales de palmas. Ecological studies have focused on changes in the composition and structure of species through sites with different environmental conditions, however, changes in functional composition are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between functional palms traits and environmental factors using management through a redundancy analysis (RDA) of the weighted mean of the community of palms (CWM), a Fourth-corner analysis, and a RLQ analysis. Data were obtained on 29 500 x 5 m transects in mainland forests, flood forests and terrace forests in the departments of Vichada and Guainía on the Guaviare River Colombia. Environmental data (soil surface moisture, slope, and the presence of clearings) were recorded on each transect and the functional traits were obtained from herbarium specimens and from the literature. The functional composition was influenced by the environmental factors evaluated, which explains the 22.5% of the variance of the traits. The height of the palm, leaf size (rachis length and petiole length) and growth form responded to the main axes of variation of the measured environmental variables. Tall, leafy palms were abundant in flooded forests and with high humidity on the soil surface; The form of acaule growth predominated in sloping sites and in terra firm forests and the long petioles dominated in places with a high presence of clearings in the forest. Moisture in the soil surface and flooded forests proved to be important environmental filters that affect the local traits and the functional composition of palms. These results corroborate previous findings where hydrology is an important factor in the local structuring of neotropical palm communities. Magíster en Ciencias Biológicas Maestría
- Published
- 2017
46. Management of asaí (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) for fruit production in southern Colombian Amazonia
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Aranguren, Carolina Isaza, Galeano, Gloria, and Bernal, Rodrigo
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productividad ,productivity ,estructura poblacional ,food and beverages ,population structure ,Agriculture ,Forestry ,fruits ,Arecaceae ,SD1-669.5 ,consumo ,asaí ,manejo ,Arecaceae, asaí, consumo, estructura poblacional, frutos, manejo, productividad ,consumption ,frutos ,management - Abstract
Los frutos del asaí (Euterpe precatoria Mart.), alimento tradicional de los pobladores amazónicos, se cosechan de poblaciones naturales, empleando prácticas de manejo que tienen repercusiones en las poblaciones aprovechadas y en su productividad. Caracterizamos el manejo de los frutos en una comunidad tikuna de la Amazonia, identificamos la cadena de mercado en Leticia y evaluamos la estructura poblacional y la productividad de frutos entre bosques con diferente tipo de cosecha. Para tal fin se realizaron entrevistas con el objeto de conocer su manejo y comercio, y se establecieron parcelas para identificar su estructura y productividad. La cosecha se realiza en forma destructiva y principalmente para el autoconsumo. La forma preferente de consumo es en jugo y es así como se comercializa. El mercado del asaí es pequeño y estacional, y es fuente de ingresos para muchas familias, primordialmente indígenas. La densidad poblacional en San Martín de Amacayacu fue de 1680 individuos/ha, incluyendo 248 adultos, y la cosecha fue del 2 % del total de adultos; en Leticia la densidad fue de 916 individuos/ha, incluyendo 30 adultos, y la cosecha fue de 23 %. La estructura de ambas poblaciones sigue un patrón de "J invertida". La productividad fue de 2.2 t/ha/año en San Martín de Amacayacu y de 0.33 t/ha en Leticia. La población de asaí en cercanías de Leticia es fuertemente cosechada para suplir el mercado local y la consecuencia de este uso es la reducción de la densidad poblacional y de la productividad. The fruits of asaí (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) are a traditional food for Amazonian inhabitants who harvest it from wild populations, employing management practices that affect palm populations and productivity. Here we present management data on fruit harvesting in a Tikuna community in the Colombian Amazon. We identified the market structure in Leticia and evaluated the population structure and fruit productivity in a scarcely harvested forest and a heavily harvested one. We performed interviews to determine management and market practices and we established plots to identify population structure and productivity. Harvesting is mostly for self-supply and palm felling is the main method. The fruits are mostly consumed and marketed as juice. The asaí market is small and seasonal but it represents an important source of income for many, mainly indigenous, families. The population density was 1 680 individuals and 248 adults/ha in San Martín de Amacayacu, where harvesting was from 2 % of all adult palms, and 916 individuals and 30 adults/ha in Leticia, where harvesting was from 23 % of all adult palms. The population structure in both sites followed an in-verted J-curve in which the majority of the individuals were seedlings. Productivity was 2.2 ton/ha/ year in San Martín de Amacayacu and 0.33 ton/ha/ year in Leticia. The population in Leticia is heavily harvested to supply the local market and the consequences of this use are a reduction in population density and fruit productivity and a low abundance of individuals in all size classes.
- Published
- 2014
47. A review of the massive Chilean palm Jubaea chilensis
- Author
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Eduardo Guzmán, José Antonio Alcalde, Samuel Contreras, and M. Paulina Fernández
- Subjects
Arecaceae ,Butia ,mediterranean ecosystem ,palm honey ,Parajubaea ,Science ,Zoology ,QL1-991 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Diverse information about the Chilean palm Jubaea chilensis, an endemic species to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem, has been generated along the two last centuries. The objective of this review is to bring together in a single document all the information to date on this species. Diverse sources of information were considered, from where the information gathered was systematized and analyzed to be presented in five broad themes. J. chilensis belongs to the Arecaceae family, and can reach 33 m height and two m in diameter, making it one of the most massive palms. Is the southernmost palm in the Americas, and because of its massiveness, it can resist prolonged periods of drought and low temperatures. Therefore, the species is used ornamentally in many countries. Its original population has decreased dramatically in recent centuries due to land use conversion and harvesting. Although it is now a protected species, the Chilean palm is classified as having vulnerable preservation status. Its principal threats, as indiscriminate fruit harvesting and the decreased of vegetal cover, have led to the aging of the palm population without proper regeneration. More research at the species level is highly recommended. Three broad thematic areas should be the focus for deepening the knowledge about the species: biology, specifically in terms of ecophysiology and reproduction; determine its environmental requirements; and, resulting from the application of the knowledge of the first two themes, the reconstruction of its natural populations.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Impacto de la cosecha y manejo de la palma sará (Copernicia tectorum) para uso artesanal en la región Caribe de Colombia
- Author
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Torres Romero, María Claudia and Bernal González, Rodrigo Germán
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Sabana inundable ,57 Ciencias de la vida ,Biología / Life sciences ,biology ,Arecaceae ,Depresión momposina ,58 Plantas / Plants ,Population structure ,Traditional management ,63 Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas / Agriculture ,Manejo tradicional ,Producto forestal no maderable ,Non timber forest product ,Flooded savanna ,98 Historia general de América del Sur / History of ancient world ,of specific continents, countries, localities ,of extraterrestrial worlds ,Técnica de cosecha ,Estructura poblacional ,Harvesting technique - Abstract
La palma sará (Copernicia tectorum), crece en grandes poblaciones en sabanas inundables de la Depresión Momposina, Región Caribe de Colombia, donde más de 200 familias de campesinos usan sus cogollos para elaborar sombreros y otras artesanías. Se estudió la estructura de la población bajo diferentes niveles de cosecha y el sistema de manejo en Plato, lugar más importante en la provisión de cogollos, Córdoba y Magangué, sitio de producción de artesanías. En Plato y Córdoba el reclutamiento de juveniles es muy bajo (65.7% plántulas, 27.2% juveniles, 0.8% subadultos y 6.3% adultos), esta estructura se debe especialmente a la dinámica fluvial y al pastoreo en menor proporción. En estos sitios el impacto de la cosecha es bajo porque solo se hace en palmas adultas y subadultas y la frecuencia e intensidad son bajas por la abundancia de palmas. En Magangué predominan los juveniles (90%), ya que el efecto combinado de la cosecha y el ramoneo en esta clase limitan el crecimiento de las palmas; la falta de adultos y de regeneración indican que la población podría desaparecer, lo que hace insostenible el aprovechamiento de estas poblaciones. La abundancia, la densidad, la capacidad de producción de hojas y la forma de uso y acceso comunitario a los palmares de Plato representan un potencial para el aprovechamiento sostenible de los cogollos. El manejo debe enfocarse en detener la tala y la afectación a los complejos cenagosos, eliminar las malas prácticas de cosecha y favorecer el reclutamiento de las clases juveniles. Abstract. Copernicia tectorum grows in large populations on flooded savannas in the Depresión Momposina, Caribbean region of Colombia, where more than 200 families of landless peasants use its unexpanded leaves to produce hats and other handicrafts. We studied population structure under different harvest levels and management systems at Plato, the most important place for supply unexpanded leaves and Magangué, where crafts are produced. At Plato and Córdoba the recruitment of young is very low (65.7% seedlings, 27.2% young, 0.8% subadult and 6,3% adults), this structure is explained by the fluvial dynamics and grazing in a smaller proportion. In this places the impact of the harvest is low because there is only harvest of adult and subadult palms and the frequency and intensity are low, also, because the palms are abundant. At Magangué, young are dominant (90%), because the impact of harvest and browsing limit the growth of palms in this class; the absence of adults and regeneration indicate that the population could disappear, making unsustainable exploitation of these populations. The abundance, density, leaf production and access and use community of the palms in Plato represent a potential for sustainable use of unexpanded leaves. Management should focus on stopping logging and the effect on the wetland complex, eliminate poor harvesting practices and encourage the recruitment of youth classes. Maestría
- Published
- 2014
49. Evaluación del efecto de la cosecha de Astrocaryum standleyanum y Astrocaryum chambira para la obtención de fibras en Colombia y propuestas de manejo para su uso sostenible
- Author
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García Castro, Nestor Julio, Bernal González, Rodrigo Germán (Thesis advisor), and Galeano Garcés, Gloria Amparo
- Subjects
39 Constumbres, etiqueta, folclor / Customs, etiquette and folklore ,Traditional knowledge ,Conocimiento tradicional ,7 Las artes ,Bellas artes y artes decorativas / Arts and recreation ,57 Ciencias de la vida ,Biología / Life sciences ,biology ,Artesanías ,Demografía ,Producto Forestal no Maderable ,Demography, Handicraft ,Non Timber Forest Product ,Palmas ,Arecaceae - Abstract
Las palmas Astrocaryum standleyanum y A. chambira son usadas por comunidades indígenas colombianas para obtener de fibras con las cuales se elaboran artesanías. La frecuente cosecha destructiva ha generado reducción en la oferta de estos recursos en las áreas donde se aprovechan en el Pacífico y en la Amazonia, respectivamente. Con el propósito de proponer lineamientos para el manejo sostenible de estas dos especies, se estudió su manejo tradicional y su dinámica poblacional entre 2009 y 2012. Los resultados muestran que el uso de estas palmas hace parte del arraigo cultural de las comunidades y que el comercio de las artesanías que se elaboran con sus fibras contribuye al sustento de las familias. Las poblaciones de las palmas son manejadas por los indígenas, quienes a veces sobreexplotan y tumban las palmas y en otras ocasiones favorecen su conservación y crecimiento. Las poblaciones estudiadas de A. standleyanum están creciendo a una tasa anual de 1.97 % y las de A. chambira a una tasa anual de 0.77 %. Sin embargo, un leve incremento en la cosecha destructiva generará su decrecimiento y reducirá aún más la oferta natural de fibras para artesanías. Se proponen lineamientos para regular la cosecha, eliminar las prácticas insostenibles e incentivar la actividad artesanal derivada del uso de estas palmas. Abstract: The palms Astrocaryum standleyanum and A. chambira are used by Colombian indigenous communities as a source of fiber used in handicraft production. Destructive harvest has led to a reduction of the plant resource in their respective areas, the Pacific lowlands, and the Amazon. In order to make recommendations for the sustainable management of these species, I studied their traditional management and their population dynamics between 2009 and 2012. Results indicate that use of these palms is rooted in community culture, and that handicraft produced with their fibers supports household income. Palm populations are managed by the aborigines, sometimes overexploiting and felling them, sometimes favoring their conservation and growth. Studied populations of A. standleyanum are growing at an annual rate of 1.97 %, and those of A. chambira at a rate of 0.77 %. However, a slight increase of destructive harvest would lead to population decrease in both species, further reducing the availability of fiber. Recommendations for regulating harvest, eradicating unsustainable practices, and promoting handicraft production are proposed for both species. Maestría
- Published
- 2013
50. Dieta del guácharo Steatornis caripensis Humboldt, 1817 (Aves: Steatornithidae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, Cundinamarca –Colombia
- Author
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Rojas Lizarazo, Gina Liliana and Stiles H., Frank G.
- Subjects
Lauraceae ,Steatornis caripensis ,Myrtaceae ,Chingaza / Oilbirds ,Chingaza ,59 Animales / Animals ,Arecaceae ,Guácharo - Abstract
Se estudió la dieta de una colonia de guácharos Steatornis caripensis en la cueva ubicada a 2.870m. en la R.F.P. de los Ríos Blanco y Negro, zona de amortiguación del P.N.N. Chingaza (Cundinamarca), desde abril hasta diciembre de 2011. Se determinaron los frutos consumidos por S. caripensis y se realizaron análisis proximales para establecer el contenido nutricional de la pulpa de cada uno de los componentes de la dieta del ave. La identificación del material recolectado permitió establecer que los guácharos consumieron los frutos de 16 especies de plantas: 10 pertenecieron a la familia Arecaeae, 5 a Lauraceae y 1 a Myrtaceae. Las familias de plantas consumidas por S. caripensis en Chingaza concuerdan con las registradas en diferentes estudios realizados en Venezuela, Ecuador y Trinidad y Tobago. El porcentaje estimado del consumo de cada una de las familias a la dieta fue: Arecaceae (62.50%), Lauraceae (31.25%) y Myrtaceae (6.25%). Las especies con mayor cantidad de semillas recolectadas durante el estudio fueron O. bataua (42), C. quindiuense (31) y G. Weberbaueri (27). Las lauráceas, con un periodo de fructificación bien definido (primera mitad del año), mientras que las palmas se encontró semillas en todos los muestreos. El periodo reproductivo de los guácharos coincidió con el periodo de lluvias en Chingaza (abril a junio) y donde se presentaría la mayor disponibilidad de frutos de Lauraceae, las cuales tienen en promedio un alto contenido de lípidos (14.88%), un bajo contenido proteico (6.6%) y un contenido de carbohidratos de (12.48%). Las palmas presentaron un mayor contenido de carbohidratos con un promedio de (28.80%), un contenido proteico de (7.44%) un menor contenido de lípidos (3.96%). Los guácharos de la colonia de Chingaza tardan más tiempo en el desarrollo de sus polluelos que en las demás colonias reportadas a altitudes más bajas, se discute si está relacionado con el tipo de dieta consumida en este sitio y características ambientales. / Abstract. The diet of a colony of oilbirds Steatornis caripensis in the cave located 2.870m. In the RFP Rivers of Black and White, the PNN buffer zone Chingaza (Cundinamarca), from April to December 2011. Consumed fruits were determined by S. caripensis and proximate analyzes were performed to establish the nutritional content of the pulp of each of the components of the bird's diet. Identification of the material collected oilbirds established that consumed the fruits of 16 plant species: 10 belonged to the family Arecaeae, 5 to 1 to Lauraceae and Myrtaceae. The families of plants consumed by S. caripensis in Chingaza match those reported in different studies in Venezuela, Ecuador and Trinidad and Tobago. The estimated percentage of consumption of each of the families to the diet was: Arecaceae (62.50%), Lauraceae (31.25%) and Myrtaceae (6.25%). The species with the highest number of seeds collected during the study were O. bataua (42), C. quindiuense (31) and G. Weberbaueri (27). Lauraceae, with a well-defined fruiting period (first half), while little seasonal palms were found in all samples seeds. The reproductive period of oilbirds coincided with the rainy season in Chingaza (April to June) and the increased availability of fruits of Lauraceae, which on average have a high lipid content (14.88%), a low protein (6.6%) and carbohydrate content (12.48%). The palms had a higher carbohydrate content with an average of (28.80%), protein content (7.44%) and lower lipid content (3.96%). The oilbirds colony Chingaza take longer to develop their chicks in the other colonies reported at lower altitudes, we discuss if it is related to the type of diet consumed in this site and and environmental characteristics. Maestría
- Published
- 2012
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