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The company is a gap of pedagogy that for many people is unknown. However, there are more and more scientific articles that address aspects related to business pedagogy. Therefore, this work aims to highlight issues of interest that Spanish scientific literature tackles around this issue. For this, a systematic review of the documents published in DIALNET database during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in Spain has been carried out. The focus has been around quantitative aspects of bibliometric analysis and qualitative content of scientific productions. The results point to the different areas in which to develop the work of the pedagogue in the company, such as Human Resources and Training, to the importance of cross-skills in the profile that companies currently demand (adaptability, communication, creativity, entrepreneurship ...) and the need to open access ways to the business world from the degrees of pedagogy. It is concluded that a growing interest in the topic of business Pedagogy is being experienced because the increase in journal articles available on Dialnet that address this issue.

This study aims to analyze the performance of university women in active entrepreneurship from the perspective of cognitive variables, such as vigor and affective commitment, and contextual variables, such as the social and uni-versity environments. The study follows a multilevel analysis with a three-way interaction model. The data analysis covers 6779 university students from 39 countries, included in the GUESSS Survey, 2018. The evidence indicates a positive influence of the interaction between vigor and affective commitment on the performance of companies created by female university entrepreneurs. It shows the dependence of this interaction on the social and university environment, mainly on the social environment. This empirical study focuses on university students with active startups and determines the main influences on their business performance. This study has important theoretical implications that enrich the understanding of the relationships between the studied variables and contribute to existing knowledge. It mainly highlights the relevance of vigor and affective commitment for business success. Furthermore, it suggests the need for a more elaborate theory on interactions in the business context.

Criminality in the business environment has become a topic that currently generates much academic discussion, especially if the classic formulas for determining authorship and participation are adequate to respond to these new criminal phenomena. Various ideas for solutions have been proposed, but none of them has been free of criticism. In this context, we sought to analyze the formulas provided in the Colombian penal code to determine whether they are prepared to curb this new scourge. Based on a descriptive model of doctrinal and legal review, the results show that they must undergo a process of modernization to adapt to the new scenarios of criminality in the business context.

Digital Transformation (DT) is a topic of the digital world that is not stable nor clear, because it is a complex concept of diffuse understanding that remains under discussion. This article aims to analyze the academic literature on this topic, through the theoretical lenses of the technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) framework, for unveiling the scope of DT in a business context. Through a systematic literature review we found the TOE factors, barriers and drivers involved in DT, and we analyzed the TOE orientation of research in this field. The main results that emerge from this study suggest that most of the research in DT is focused on organizational and technological issues while the environmental factors have received less attention in the analyzed literature. The findings of this research provide a broader view of the TOE factors that mediate in the DT, and they emphasize three actions to give way the DT in a company. Finally, this study provides some elements for a better understanding and conceptualization about this phenomenon. Our results come from a variety of organizational circumstances that have been presented in the selected literature. Even if we did not focus on a single industry, we were able to get some tendencies about the research in DT.

The current business context needs trust as a continuous mechanism of relationship with employees, because along with responsibility and moral standards, they configure a climate where the main perception is that the way of operating adjusts to ethical guidelines. Thus, establishing an ethical climate is of vital importance because it builds an interpersonal habitat that develops close ties based on positive emotional states. Such climate is a propitious scenario for other relevant variables such as work autonomy, intrinsic motivation or creativity to be related in a systemic way. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing how an ethical climate relates to employee creativity, considering the moderating capacity of work autonomy and the mediating role of intrinsic motivation in a primary sector, such as the Colombian electrical sector. In this sense, the research uses a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational-causal design. The sample is formed by 448 employees who were evaluated through an online survey. Regarding the results, an ethical climate promotes organizational creativity resulting from high levels of autonomy. When the latter is significantly reduced, the relationship between ethical climate and creativity becomes negative. In turn autonomy, in the medium levels, does not influence the relationship between both variables. Furthermore, ethical climate links with creativity through Benevolent and Principles criteria, but not selfish criteria. Finally, ethical climate and creativity are consistently mediated by intrinsic motivation. In conclusion, both the moderating effect of work autonomy and the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation largely explain how ethical climate links to creativity.

Objective of the study: This paper gathers, and reviews published empirical or theoretical articles in which the entrepreneurial logics of causation and effectuation, coined by Sarasvathy in 2001, are discussed to answer the research question of “Under what circumstances do firms combine effectuation with causation?”. Methodology/approach: The research is based on a systematic literature review of top-tier journals over a 20-year period. Main results: Findings suggest causation and effectuation logics can be applied simultaneously or in sequence, depending on factors at the micro (the entrepreneur), meso (the firm), and macro levels (business context—institutional and situational). Theoretical/methodological contributions: It delivers a compiled, synthesized, and contrasted set of past work for future researchers to build upon and a preliminary conceptual matrix for further testing and refinement, not to mention an in-depth discussion at the micro, meso and macro level. Relevance/originality: Over 20 years after Sarasvathy’s seminal work, most literature investigating decision-making still focuses on contrasting the logics of causation or effectuation, not fully understanding the conditions under which each prevails or when they are combined. Social/management contributions: At the micro level, this research can help entrepreneurs better understand their profile and the benefits of considering both logics throughout their decision-making process. At the meso level, companies can benefit from understanding how logics relate at each life stage. Finally, at the macro level, policymakers and educators can help entrepreneurs navigate uncertain and turbulent environments if different logics and circumstances are more broadly acknowledged.

Las universidades se encuentran involucradas en constantes transformaciones, para dar cada vez mayores y mejores respuestas a las demandas de la sociedad, por lo que la utilización de enfoques modernos de dirección se convierte en una necesidad para desarrollar una gestión de excelencia. Se abordan en este artículo, las principales ideas, definiciones y características que giran en torno a la Comunicación Institucional, y como parte de ella, la Comunicación Externa, la cual se nutre de la convergencia de los diferentes elementos que la integran. La comunicación institucional adquiere matices propios en el seno de la organización educativa, lo que implica acercamientos teóricos y prácticos diferenciados del contexto empresarial. Concebir a la Universidad como un tipo particular de organización, derivado fundamentalmente de la especificidad y relevancia de su encargo social, implica que no se deben trasladar mecánicamente los enfoques y prácticas de las empresas a este contexto. El objetivo es contribuir al marco teórico práctico referencial que pueda sustentar un enfoque estratégico en la gestión de la comunicación institucional en las universidades. En el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, incluyendo técnicas y herramientas de la comunicación como: análisis y síntesis, inductivo – deductivo, tormenta de ideas, entrevistas y observación directa. Palabras clave: Comunicación institucional, comunicación externa, organización educativa, gestión universitaria. ABSTRACT Universities are involved in constant transformations, to give greater and better responses to the demands of society, so the use of modern management approaches becomes a necessity to develop excellent management. This article addresses the main ideas, definitions and characteristics that revolve around Institutional Communication, and as part of it, External Communication, which is nourished by the convergence of the different elements that comprise it. Institutional communication acquires its own nuances within the educational organization, which implies theoretical and practical approaches differentiated from the business context. Conceiving the University as a particular type of organization, fundamentally derived from the specificity and relevance of its social mandate, implies that the approaches and practices of companies should not be mechanically transferred to this context. The objective is to contribute to the theoretical and practical reference framework that can support a strategic approach in the management of institutional communication in universities. In the development of the research, theoretical and empirical methods were used, including communication techniques and tools such as: analysis and synthesis, inductive - deductive, brainstorming, interviews and direct observation. Keywords: Institutional communication, external communication, educational organization, university management.

So far the analysis related to the PyME production has focused on its components:organization, policies and technology. All these elements are considered as support for thePyMEs’ economic, productive and social management (Cardona, Cano, Ramírez, & Gutiérrez,2006). Thus, they help to determine the Colombian PyMEs’ relative competitiveness in theglobalized environment. This article pursues the establishment of cultural variables thataffect the production in the international business context through the analytic-syntheticmethod, in order to unravel the possible impact in terms of competitiveness as an industrialpolicy element.Hasta el momento, el análisis acerca de los mundos de producción de las pyme ha girado en torno a sus componentes, organización, políticas y tecnología, considerados soportes de la gestión económica, productiva y social de dichas empresas. Por ende, vistas así las pyme, se facilita la determinación de su relativa competitividad en el entorno globalizado. El propósito de este artículo es establecer cuáles variables culturales afectan los mundos de producción en el contexto de los negocios internacionales de las compañías colombianas. El estudio se realizó a partir del método analítico–sintético con el objetivo de desentrañar el posible impacto en términos de competitividad desde el elemento política industrial. ABSTRACT So far the analysis related to the PyME production has focused on its components: organization, policies and technology. All these elements are considered as support for the PyMEs’ economic, productive and social management (Cardona, Cano, Ramírez, & Gutiérrez, 2006). Thus, they help to determine the Colombian PyMEs’ relative competitiveness in the globalized environment. This article pursues the establishment of cultural variables that affect the production in the international business context through the analytic-synthetic method, in order to unravel the possible impact in terms of competitiveness as an industrial policy element.

Objective: To investigate the impact of procyclical and countercyclical strategies on the performance of MSMEs in the context of the Covid-19 crisis. Methodology/approach: Quantitative sample, with 118 micro, small, and medium-sized companies in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Spearman's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used. Main Results: In the period dominated by the pandemic (2020/2021), countercyclical strategies performed better than procyclical strategies. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Although the literature explores procyclical strategies, studies that associate the influence of procyclical and countercyclical strategies with organizational performance still need to be made available. This gap is even more evident when MSMEs in crisis contexts are considered. By associating still new dimensions, such as HR, marketing, and production, among others, this article helps to fill gaps associated with, even today, a lack of work that seeks integrated models capable of better understanding the impact that crises, such as COVID-19. Relevance/Originality: The article innovates by associating, in the context of the literature on the crisis, the two types of strategies (countercyclical and procyclical) in the elaboration and testing of an integrated analytical model composed of different variables, and capable of being used not only in new research as well as in the business context. Social/management contributions: By demonstrating that cuts in investments in marketing and other areas produce adverse effects on performance and that organizations benefit by keeping employees instead of firing them, this study sheds light on the relevance of countercyclical strategies, which still need to be explored.

Introducción: Las organizaciones laborales se han revolucionado, lo que las ha forzado a adoptar nuevas filosofías, estrategias, técnicas y herramientas de trabajo. El enfoque de las organizaciones saludables es una visión que cada vez gana más seguidores en el contexto de la Psicología Organizacional, con hincapié en las funciones de dirección que aseguran su implementación. Esta ha sido una variante que ha permitido gestionar los cambios tecnológicos, económicos, políticos y sociales, a los que se han visto expuestas las organizaciones del siglo XXI. Objetivo: Analizar el concepto de organizaciones saludables desde la perspectiva de la gestión de una cultura facilitadora del bienestar, unida a la estrategia de empoderamiento y el papel de la dirección en este. Resultados: Se presenta un enfoque que considera que hablar de salud en el contexto organizacional implica garantizar bienestar tanto de los empleados como de la organización, que se caracteriza no solo por su excelencia y éxito financiero, sino también porque goza de una fuerza laboral física y psicológicamente “saludable”, capaz de mantener un ambiente de trabajo y una cultura positiva. Conclusiones: El empoderamiento es un factor protector de las organizaciones. Se socializa la idea de trabajar por alcanzar lugares divertidos de trabajo, filosofía que en la actualidad gana muchos seguidores en el contexto empresarial Introduction: Labor organizations have been revolutionized, which has forced them to adopt new philosophies, strategies, techniques, and work tools. The healthy organizations approach is a vision that is gaining more and more followers in the context of Organizational Psychology, with an emphasis on the management functions that ensure its implementation. This has been a variant that has made it possible to manage the technological, economic, political, and social changes to which the organizations of the 21st century have been exposed. Objective: the analysis of the concept of healthy organizations from the perspective of the management of a facilitating culture of well-being together with the empowerment strategy and the role of management in it. Results: The main result is an approach that considers that talking about health in the organizational context implies guaranteeing the well-being of both the employees and the organization; characterized not only by its excellence and financial success, but also because it has a physically and psychologically “healthy” workforce capable of maintaining a positive work environment and culture. Conclusions: It is offered as a protective factor for empowerment and the idea of working to achieve fun places of work is socialized, a philosophy that currently gains many followers in the business context

The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the role of internal communication (IC) in managing adaptation to change and digitalisation in companies, in the context of a sudden switch to implementing remote working, the reorientation and temporary interruption of activity and mass redundancies. With the aim of analysing the effect of Covid-19 on the assessment of corporate communication managers regarding the business environment and the challenges faced by IC departments in Spain, a statistical analysis compares data collected in 2018 and 2020 (N=118 and N=69 respectively) on the perceptions of members of Dircom (Asociación de Directivos de Comunicación) [Association of Communication Executives]. In addition, a systematic analysis of the 2020 open questions is carried out. The results highlight an improvement in the perception that investment in IC is sufficient during the pandemic, although it remains among the worst rated aspects of the business context. Managing digital and media developments, linking IC with corporate strategy and strengthening the role of communication in decision-making are the greatest perceived challenges, with no changes due to Covid-19. On the other hand, the majority of the respondents believe that Covid-19 is having a positive influence on IC, showing its importance for the proper functioning of the business during the pandemic, with an increase in its actions. More than half of the respondents appreciate that IC has driven business values and changes in the way these departments operate; two-thirds have learned lessons for their business; and almost three-quarters perceive that the incorporation of audiovisual and on-line media will continue.

The management of training is nowadays an imperative given the challenges imposed by the new Cuban socioeconomic scenario and the improvement of its model. In this sense, it is necessary to reflect on the question: ¿manage the training or train for a better management of the processes depending on the decision-making? The objective of this paper is to show a methodology of training managers from a systemic and participatory vision that responds to the reality of the non-state sector, which represents the complement to the state enterprise as the central axis of the current Cuban business system. This methodology is focused on several fundamental dimensions: socio-economic, legal-administrative, environmental and political-institutional, and is developed through Research-Action-Participation, where managers become active subjects in determining their own training needs of each business context, whether state or cooperative. The proposed methodology, based on its premises and objectives, consists of four phases that correspond to each of the respective dimensions, constituting its central axis, which taxes the solution of the starting point of our work on what is the imperative for the training of managers: to manage the training or to train for a better management?

Esta investigación se fundamenta en la discusión teórica de las empresas, estrategias de mercado, así como la investigación de campo del contexto empresarial en la ciudad de Comitán de Domínguez, Chiapas con el fin de identificar su situación actual con respecto al uso de las nuevas tecnologías, así como del impacto y beneficios de estas en su crecimiento empresarial, ya que, de manera natural, los empresarios se resisten al cambio por el temor de enfrentarse a estas nuevas tecnologías dejándolas de lado a pesar de esta constante globalización. Abstract This research is based on the theoretical discussion of companies, market strategies, as well as field research of the business context in the city of Comitán de Domínguez, Chiapas in order to identify their current situation regarding the use of new technologies, as well as the impact and benefits of these on their business growth, as entrepreneurs naturally resist change for fear of confronting these new technologies, leaving them aside despite this constant globalization.

After these years of implementation of the Bologna process for the adaptation to the European higher education area in the current context, it is necessary to review how certain disciplines have strengthened their position in society. In this paper, we will focus on the evolution of the degree of pedagogy, as well as professional profile which plays, from the perspective of the protagonists themselves, the students, since they will be professionals who carry out their work in the immediate future in the society, and will implement those acquired skills, being responsible for transmitting this legacy. For this reason it is necessary of this research, coupled with the fact that around the definition of pedagogy, there is ambiguity and lack of knowledge regarding their functions and areas of professional activity. This study will allow having a vision contextualized on different working routes that this profession can carry out, in order to draw conclusions about its academic profile and therefore socio-labour, favoring an improvement of the image social of the pedagogue, which make it possible to reduce the uncertainty regarding this professional. The methodology used was descriptive and quantitative, with a non-experimental design by survey method. It shows total 334 students, belonging to the degree of pedagogy of the University of Granada, enrolled in the academic year 20162017. The results show that the figure of the pedagogue is a multidisciplinary professional who can cover different fields of action and not just linked to the field of education, but provides an opening to the business context. For this reason, the training (formal, non-formal, and business), is a basic pillar in our society. That is, where the importance of the figure of the pedagogue resides, and how it should position itself as the expert in these subjects.

The present work aims to analyse and identify a triple bottom-line business model of food retailing, in order to show a sustainable, replicable and non-scalable model in the agri-food sector, and to facilitate the development of a feasible market for small size producers-sellers. The methodology used for the business model identification analyses and relates elements and strategies, providing a design graphic for the model, as well as evaluating each triple sustainability dimension. All this following a protocol derived from the methodology of case study research. The case study shows a sustainable, replicable and non-scalable business model that emerges from a strategy defined by a responsible consumption group from a university. Using digital technology for the distribution and sale of products, and sharing capacity with a WISE, a business model is achieved that shortens the food products commercialization channel between producers and consumers, improving economic, social and environmental sustainability. The application of this methodology provides a tool that facilitates the replicability of sustainable business models in the agri-food business context, and allows identifying the level of their sustainability. The incorporation of this business model can contribute to the development of a triple bottom-line food market, whose purpose is to improve the survival of small size producers-sellers given the increasing centralization and globalization of the agri-food economy distribution.

This study main objective was to assess the viability of development of a Performance Management (PM) system, delivered in the form of Software as a Service (SaaS), specific for the hospitality industry and to evaluate the benefits of its use. Software deployed in the cloud, delivered and licensed as a service, is becoming increasingly common and accepted in a business context. Although, Business Intelligence (BI) solutions are not usually distributed in the SaaS model, there are some examples that this is changing. To achieve the study objective, design science research methodology was employed in the development of a prototype. This prototype was deployed in four hotels and its results evaluated. Evaluation of the prototype was focused both on the system technical characteristics and business benefits. Results shown that hotels were very satisfied with the system and that building a prototype and making it available in the form of SaaS is a good solution to assess BI systems contribution to improve management performance.

Within the line of research in entrepreneurship and economic development that defends the entrepreneurial activity as a tool for job creation and activation of the economy, we will perform an empirical analysis in Spain of the relationship between the institutional environment, specifically the entrepreneurial finance variable , capital structure and growth of young firms. To this end, this study focuses on the business context of young Spanish SMEs and uses information from the GEM and SABI databases for the period 2008-2015. Using the panel data methodology, empirical evidence is provided that access to finance favors the indebtedness of young Spanish SMEs, and leverage is an explanatory factor of job creation. The data is consistent at the country and regional levels. Therefore, an institutional effort, both public and private, that facilitates financing entrepreneurs will favor the creation of employment and economic growth. The authors have contributed equally to this research. [Emprendimiento, financiación para los emprendedores y creación de empleo: Evidencias a través de datos de panel] Dentro de la línea de investigación en emprendimiento y desarrollo económico que defiende la iniciativa emprendedora como herramienta de creación de empleo y activación de la economía, vamos a realizar un análisis empírico en España de la relación entre entorno institucional, concretamente de la variable apoyo financiero, estructura de capital y crecimiento de jóvenes empresas. Para ello, este estudio se centra en el contexto empresarial de las jóvenes PYMES españolas y utiliza información de las bases de datos GEM y SABI para el horizonte temporal 2008-2015. Mediante la metodología de datos de panel se aporta evidencia empírica de que el apoyo financiero favorece el endeudamiento de las jóvenes PYMES españolas, y el apalancamiento es un factor explicativo de la creación de empleo. Los datos son consistentes a nivel país y a nivel regional. Por tanto, un esfuerzo institucional, tanto público como privado, que facilite el acceso a la financiación empresarial favorecerá la creación de empleo y el crecimiento económico. Todos los autores han contribuido de igual manera en esta investigación.

Universities today must be entrepreneurial, bringing academic knowledge to a business context. To the extent that Universities contribute to the socioeconomic development of nations, a new value chain is generated for the creation of new companies. The article presents the entrepreneurship model for the Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences of the Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña University, which comprises two intrinsically related elements, innovation and entrepreneurship, so that students, research groups, graduates and entrepreneurs , can successfully develop the formulation and start-up of a company. In this sense, the type of research used was exploratory; Therefore, a hypothesis was not defined and a documentary study was used regarding the design, where the information collected contributed new knowledge from secondary data provided by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales and other HEIs that have defined a model of entrepreneurship.

At present, sociologists, psychologists, academics and / or businessmen have been concerned with studying the culture of organizations in order to improve their performance, since this construct is closely linked to business success. However, there are still many organizations that have not yet shown their interest in studying it, much less in measuring it. The objective of this article is to present the results of the review and analysis of the subject of organizational culture and the models and methods for their respective measurement. The document is divided into three parts. In the first, an approach is made to the concept of organizational culture. In the second, the empirical and theoretical documents found on the study event in the Science Direct, Ebsco, Scielo and Redalyc databases are reviewed, together with the structured methodological process of bibliographic review. In the third part, a synthesis of the main models for measuring organizational culture is presented, in which a special mention is made of the competing values ​​model of Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn. Finally, some conclusions are shown in which the usefulness of the article is highlighted, for incorporating a theoretical and empirical reference on organizational culture and its measurement models in the business context.

This paper aims to present a measure method for the competences considered of high value for an organization which has three production units in different countries. Therefore, the following research question is proposed: how to get the level of the competences in order to provide a realistic panorama for management decision making? From that it arises the hypothesis that by using a structured survey targeted at high-value skills to the organization the manager can obtain relevant information to define their actions with their human assets, such as rewarding them adequately, developing the capacities that can define business success and, also providing a true picture of the main competences gaps. Through a literature review, it was possible to identify the importance of addressing the competences as well as how to improve theservice level in a business context. Finally, with a Survey model, data regarding the achievement of high-value competences to the researched company was obtain and analyzed.

Spanish abstract En el contexto empresarial se presentan a diario múltiples problemas que ya han sido resueltos por otras personas anteriormente. Además se buscan informaciones en el exterior cuando la empresa cuenta con expertos en la materia que pudieran contribuir con su conocimiento y aportar a su capital intelectual. Estas situaciones se evidencian de forma particular en las universidades ya que confluyen diversas ciencias y sectores. Para evitar esto se comienza a implementar la Filosofía 2.0, que evita que se pierda el conocimiento organizacional facilitando la colaboración para compartir información, contactos y recursos entre sus miembros. En el caso de las universidades se acuña el término Universidad 2.0 que está asociado en gran medida al uso de herramientas y conceptos colaborativos de la Web 2.0 en sus procesos formativos y empresariales. Estas herramientas se encuentran enfocadas principalmente en las personas y en brindarles la posibilidad de socializar lo que saben convirtiéndose en participantes activos en la construcción y divulgación de nuevo conocimiento. En el presente trabajo se abordan los términos Web 2.0, Empresa 2.0 y Universidad 2.0, así como la marcada relación entre ellos. Además se da a conocer la evolución de la universidad hacia el trabajo colaborativo a través de la Web. Se muestran también herramientas colaborativas que apoyan la Gestión del Conocimiento en la Universidad 2.0. Por último, se proponen un grupo de ideas para la implantación de la Gestión del Conocimiento a través de herramientas colaborativas de la Web en una universidad cubana. English abstract In business context recurrent problems appear. In addition, information outside the organization are searched when the company has experts in the field who could contribute their knowledge and intellectual capital. These situations are particularly evident in the universities which converge various sciences and sectors. To avoid this situation organizations begin to implement the philosophy 2.0, which prevents the organizational knowledge is lost facilitating collaboration to share information, contacts and resources among its members.In case of universities the coined term is University 2.0 that is associated largely with the use of collaborative tools and concepts of Web 2.0 in their training and business processes. These tools are focused primarily on people and give them the opportunity to socialize what they know becoming active participants in the construction and dissemination of new knowledge. In present paper concepts and relations between the terms Web 2.0, Enterprise 2.0 and University 2.0 are addressed. Furthermore it discloses the evolution of the university towards collaborative work through the Web. Collaborative tools that support knowledge management at the University 2.0 are also shown. Finally, a set of ideas for the implementation of knowledge management through collaborative Web tools in a Cuban university are proposed.

Since no Performance Management (PM) systems specific for the hospitality industry seem to exist in the market, it was decided to evaluate the commercial viability of such a system by developing one and making it available to hotels in the form of Software as a Service (SaaS). Software deployed in the cloud, delivered and licensed as a service is becoming increasingly common and accepted in a business context. Although PM and Decision Support Systems (DSS) are not usually distributed in the SaaS mode, there are some examples that this is changing. To evaluate the system in both the technical and business perspectives, a prototype was developed using the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology and made available to four hotels. The results revealed that hotels were very satisfied with the system and that building a prototype is a good method to develop and assess PM systems.

The purpose of this article is to explore the Knowledge Management Maturity Model (KMMM) in big companies that are pioneers in the implementation of KM practices in Medellin, Colombia. The KMMM integrates the Funcionalist and Interpretivist perspectives on knowledge management and consists of four key areas: Organization and People, Processes, Technology, and Interpretation. Cluster analysis helped establishing the ranges of the five maturity levels: Initial, Awareness, Defined, Managed, and Optimized. The results showed that only two companies overcame the “Defined” level, and the best performance was achieved in the Technology key area. In conclusion, the companies have difficulties at going further the implementation of basic KM initiatives and achieving a higher level of maturity associated with the articulation of KM practices with business processes and a higher degree of appropriation and usage by individuals. This may occur because of the preponderance of the Functionalist approach in the business context and the low level of penetration and integration with the Interpretivist perspective of KM.

Español El presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar la utilidad de la Entrevista Cognitiva como herramienta para ajustar, al contexto organizacional costarricense, la escala Denison (DOCS, por sus siglas en inglés) para medir la cultura organizacional previamente adaptada a Valencia, España, por Bonavia, Prado y Barberá (2009). La DOCS fue desarrollada, de forma original en inglés por Denison (1984), Denison & Mishra (1995) y Fey & Denison (2003). Para la adaptación, se aplicó la Entrevista Cognitiva a una muestra de 15 individuos con cargos de supervisión o gerencia en organizaciones con 25 o más empleados. Con base en los resultados de las entrevistas, se ajustó el lenguaje de la escala al contexto nacional. Posteriormente, esta última se aplicó en dos muestras de participantes con características similares, pero provenientes de dos poblaciones diferentes, concretamente: a) 314 estudiantes, de un total de 445, de las Maestrías en Administración de Empresas y de Gestión de Proyectos del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica que, para su admisión, requieren experiencia profesional previa, preferiblemente en cargos de supervisión y gerencia; b) 368 gerentes de un marco muestral de 1743 empresas provenientes de diversas asociaciones empresariales nacionales. En ambas muestras se efectuaron 8 análisis factoriales confirmatorios utilizando el software EQS 6.3, con el fin de explorar la dimensionalidad de la escala adaptada y depurar la versión final. Los resultados confirman que la Entrevista Cognitiva fue una herramienta valiosa en este proceso y que la escala final (denominada DOCSCR-V2) muestra un adecuado funcionamiento en el contexto organizacional costarricense. English The present study aims to present the Cognitive Interview as a useful pre-test tool for adapting the Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS) to the Costa Rican business context, it was previously adapted in Valencia, Spain by Bonavia, Prado & Barberá (2009). The DOCS scale was originally developed in English by Denison (1984), Denison & Mishra (1995) and Fey & Denison (2003). The Cognitive Interview was applied to a sample of 15 individuals with supervisory or managerial positions in organizations with 25 or more employees. Based on the results of the interviews the scale was adjusted to local parlance. It was then applied in two samples, with similar characteristics, but belonging two different populations: a) 314 students drawn from 445 active students enrolled in Master’s Programs (MBA and Project Management) at the Costa Rican Institute of Technology, whose prerequisite for admission stipulates experience in professional positions, preferably supervisory and managerial, and; b) 368 managers drawn from a sampling frame of 1743 companies from various business associations. Eight types of confirmatory factor analyses were performed using EQS 6.3 software in order to explore the dimensionality of the adapted scale and to debug the final version. The Cognitive Interview was confirmed as a valuable tool in this process and the final scale (denominated DOCSCR-V2) demonstrated adequate functioning in the Costa Rican organizational context.

The search for new business possibilities, either through international activities and capture niche markets appear as a distinct trend among organizations that target growth. For this growing number of organizations intent on investing in new issues related to values such as citizenship, ethics and environmental concerns. There is the adoption of a more responsive to the community or even the acceptance of responsibility for the impacts of their production processes, inserting themselves in what was initially called the Social Responsibility within the business context and developed the concept of Elkington (1998) generated a discussion about a new movement that was called a sustainable paradigm. It was observed generally that sustainable management is still very close to supporting tools and not as part of the construction of corporate strategy although it is possible to realize that they seek a greater involvement in this direction when they start to review their strategies. This question can be perceived at different levels between the companies, but which shows the issue is the lack of direct indicators for investment and sustainable return. Sustainable management proved to be a source of opportunity for overseas business for the companies studied, as preparation for work with environmental legislation, global requirements, raw materials and environmentally friendly processes organizations prepared to market in the global sphere, and Brazil note that the innovative products for their production process and / or alternative raw material still do not get the spotlight. Acting in a sustainable manner enables the development of strategies agreed with conscious posture and changes in cultural terms in general, which can create new opportunities for those who can keep up with the global business scenario.

Los directivos actuales conciben que la competencia ya no es empresa frente a empresa, sino que desborda este plano generándose una competencia cadena de suministro frente a cadena de suministro. Por ello, la gestión de la cadena de suministro se convierte en un elemento clave para la supervivencia empresarial y la obtención de ventajas competitivas. El diseño de la cadena de suministro viene definido, en buena parte, por las características del sector al que pertenece. En consecuencia, es de interés realizar análisis sectoriales. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la cadena de suministro en un sector de gran importancia en la economía española, como es el metalúrgico. En concreto, buscamos determinar su cadena de suministro, definiendo los principales eslabones que la configuran y las relaciones entre ellos.Abstract: In the current business context, competition is no longer firm against firm, but has moved on to a higher plane, with the generation of supply chain against supply chain competition. Therefore, Supply Chain Management (SCM) has strategic relevance as a source of competitive advantage. The design of the supply chain is defined largely by the characteristics of the sector. Consequently, sectorial analysis is required. The aim of this paper is to analyze the supply chain of the metallurgical sector. Specifically, it will be focused on determining its supply chain and defining its main links and relationships.

The determinant variables of the performance of small and medium companies (SMEs) are associated to aspects of entrepreneurial capacity, regional economy, positioning in the market and type of operational management. These aspects are all influenced by the use of information technology (IT). This paper presents the intervening factors in the management process of these companies and a model that contemplates IT as an integrant part of the enterprise planning. The model, based on the Competence Theory, identifies in the business context of the company the critical factors to its success, the capacities and resources necessary to its sustain and the metrical which should reflect the evolution of the results of the company in relation to its objectives. Associated to these capacities IT resources are identified to be applied to upgrade the existing competences, or to develop new ones, according to the strategic focus and positioning of the company in the market. It is presented also a case study of a manufacturing SME of beverages where the model is being applied. The case shows some metrical results which certify the effectiveness of the model, although the short time of implantation. In spite of still being in the validation phase, with implementations in companies of other sectors, the model has shown favorable aspects mainly due to its cognitive and recurrent approach, which is well appropriate to the management process of SMEs.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the relation between the internationalisation process of the firm, focusing Uppsala Internationalisation Model, strategic alliances and supply networks, as complex adaptative systems and the export mode of internacional entry in the brazilian business context. The actual complexity imposed by the current market dynamics requests an international positioning of the organizations, turning the focus to the internacional operations. The depedence of partners abroad in order to distribute or sell goods or services incurs in a higher valorization of learning and experience sharing between the businesses. The literature review consists of Uppsala theory, considering that the internationalization process is incremental and based on successive learing, trial and error, self-adaptation and networks. External networks, including suppliers and customers, throughout the supply chain, consist the major contribution to the organizational international performance and should be selforganized and adaptative, in order to allow the free flow of ideas, technology and success practices between the links.

The present article intends to illustrate how entrepreneurship-centered teaching and learning can be implemented in a LIS-specific context while at the same time thematizing the challenges of implementing entrepreneurship in a general university context. The paper presents a concept of teaching and learning that is designed partly to meet academic requirements and partly to work satisfactorily, and in an appropriate manner, in a specifically LIS-related (i.e., a non-business) context. The theoretical basis of this teaching- and learning-related concept is explained and discussed. In addition, the article presents particular experiences, results and achievements obtained in seminars and course units at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, where the concept was developed.

La finalitat d'aquest article és demostrar de quina manera l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge centrat en l'emprenedoria es pot implementar en el context específic de la Biblioteconomia i la Documentació (BID) i alhora exposar els reptes que representa implementar l'emprenedoria en el context universitari general. Es presenta un concepte d'ensenyament i aprenentatge que s'ha dissenyat per satisfer els requisits acadèmics i també per treballar de manera satisfactòria i rellevant en el context de la Biblioteconomia i la Documentació (és a dir, en un context no empresarial). S'expliquen i analitzen les bases teòriques d'aquest concepte d'ensenyament i aprenentatge i, a més, es presenten les experiències concretes, els resultats i els assoliments dels seminaris i els cursos a la Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi on s'ha desenvolupat aquest concepte. The present article intends to illustrate how entrepreneurship-centered teaching and learning can be implemented in a LIS-specific context while at the same time thematizing the challenges of implementing entrepreneurship in a general university context. The paper presents a concept of teaching and learning that is designed partly to meet academic requirements and partly to work satisfactorily, and in an appropriate manner, in a specifically LIS-related (i.e., a non-business) context. The theoretical basis of this teaching- and learning-related concept is explained and discussed. In addition, the article presents particular experiences, results and achievements obtained in seminars and course units at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, where the concept was developed.

Recent efforts to change the teaching profession and teacher preparation include a number of innovations to use portfolio assessment, value added measures (VAM), accountability metrics and other corporate education reform ideas. These approaches may provoke considerable potential legal consequences. Traditional constitutional and civil rights issues will continue to be important considerations. In addition, because education is increasingly seen as a consumer product, new types of legal issues are arising from the way evidence about performance is gathered and used and about the privacy of data. Legal claims more familiar to a business context are being asserted and can be expected to increase. Whistle-blower claims concerning fraud in government-funded programs have been filed, as well as claims of breach of contract and defective products. Finally, criminal prosecutions are being utilized to address systemic cheating in evaluation systems.

In a business context, the reciprocal influence established between employees engaged in the performance of the organization and the effects of certain practices and policies adopted by the company in employees’ attitudes and behaviours is clear. This research focuses on possible relationships between the employees’ perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the work engagement and human values. The study is inspired by the European perspective of CSR and by the Cohen’s approach (2010). The work engagement dimensions were identified following the perspective of Schaufeli and Bakker (2003). For the human values, the model of Schwartz (1999) was used. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 257 employees. The main results suggest that work engagement dimensions are explained by the employees’ perceptions of CSR in its dimensions of marketplace and workplace, being themselves mediator variables between age and seniority and the work engagement dimension of dedication/vigour.

The ceramics and glass industry in Spain has witnessed spectacular growth in recent years – particularly in the latter half of the 1990s – in products such as ceramic tiles, bricks and roofing tiles, driven by the building boom in Spain. However, at the start of the 21st century, growth has clearly flattened, owing to the emergence of production hubs in China, Brazil and Asian-Pacific countries. Raw materials have played a critical role in this new scenario, owing their impact on final product cost. With a view to analysing this role the present study first describes the principal raw materials used in ceramics and glass compositions, briefly indicating the functions of these raw materials. The study then reviews the evolution of raw materials consumption and prices in a strongly globalised business context, and seeks to identify the causes of certain mismatches between supply and demand. Finally, the challenges facing raw materials supply are discussed, particularly in regard to sustainable development of resources, threats and advantages of the global market, and research and development of new materials.Los datos de la industria cerámica y vidriera en España muestran un espectacular crecimiento que tuvo lugar principalmente en la segunda mitad de los 90, en particular en productos relacionados con la construcción, como baldosas cerámicas o ladrillos y tejas, impulsados por una frenética actividad en este sector industrial en España. Sin embargo, con el comienzo de siglo, el modelo cerámico español muestra claros síntomas de agotamiento, como consecuencia del gran aumento de la producción en China, Brasil y países de la zona Asia-Pacífico. Las materias primas, por su gran incidencia en el coste final del producto, han jugado y jugarán un decisivo papel en este nuevo escenario. Para analizar este rol, en el presente trabajo se ha comenzado por describir las principales materias primas que intervienen en la formulación de las diferentes composiciones cerámicas y de vidrio, con una breve mención a la función que desempeñan. Seguidamente se ha revisado la evolución en el consumo y en los precios, en un contexto de negocio fuertemente globalizado, tratando de encontrar las causas que han motivado en algunos casos el desajuste entre la oferta y la demanda. Finalmente, se hará una reflexión sobre los retos que el suministro de materias primas tiene ante sí, haciendo especial hincapié en el desarrollo sostenible de los recursos, en las amenazas y ventajas del mercado global y en la investigación y desarrollo de nuevos materiales.

There is a wide variety of statistical tools developed for making decisions in the business context. The analysis of functional data is a area of study of growing importance in the last years. In the present paper some of its applied techniques are proposed to make analysis of financial risk. Specifically, results from exploratory functional analysis, identification of atypical data and the construction of supervised classification models based on the risk classification of credit unions, subject to the control of the Superintendency of Banks of Ecuador, taking as functional variables the NPL ratio and the net profit margin in the period July 2011 to December 2012.

R. Sennett, en su libro La corrosión del carácter, expuso la dificultad de mantener un carácter personal en entornos empresariales donde impera "la flexibilidad", por ello habló de "corrosión del carácter" como una de las consecuencias del trabajo en el nuevo capitalismo. En este escrito nos proponemos vislumbrar la posibilidad real de un ethos corporativo en esos mismos entornos empresariales flexibles que caracterizan al mundo empresarial actual, y ello con la intención de averiguar si nos hallamos también ante su corrosión. Para ello analizaremos en la primera parte de este trabajo qué es el ethos corporativo, para pasar, en una segunda parte, a analizar cuáles pueden ser sus condiciones de posibilidad y advertir de la corrosión que éstas pueden estar sufriendo. R. Sennett in his book The Corrosion of Character. The Personal Consequences o Work in the New Capitalism exposed the dificulty of keeping a personal character in a "flexible" business context. That's why he spoke about "the corrosion of char acter" as one of the consequences ofwork within new capitalism. Here we intend to see the real possibility of a corporative ethos in these flexible business contexts that define today's business world in orderto findout if we are also exposed to its corrosion. In the first part we will analize what is corporative ethos to, in the second part,to analize which are its conditions of possibility and warn about the corrosion they can be undergoing.

The first section of my paper provides a definition of the need for foreign languages in the business context and catalogues types and indicators of this need. In the second section the methods that can be employed in needs analysis studies are presented. Section three provides illustrative material from a questionnaire-based pilot survey. Taking the case of German companies, I investigate their expectations with regard to linguistic and cultural adaptation by their Danish business partners. Contrary to expectation, knowledge of German culture is regarded as more useful than German language knowledge. The educational implications of the findings of needs analysis studies are then dealt with in the fourth section.