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This paper has two basic aims: the first is to understand why networks matter in the creation and maintenance of social capital; the second is to explore many of the (unproved) assumptions that arise when social capital is applied to the field of political participation. A simulation- based experiment is used to achieve both aims. The paper starts by delimiting the scope of the theoretical problem. It then reviews the assumptions made in the literature about the role networks play for social capital, and integrates them with what is known about dynamic networks. The third section provides a brief introduction to the methodological nature of simulation. It justifies the appropriateness of this technique to tackle the questions posed by the existing theory. A description of the simulation model and its results follows. The first set of experiments explores the structural properties of different networks in respect of information diffusion. The second set analyses a principle of action that might be responsible for the formation of social capital networks. The implications that these results have for the theory are assessed in the conclusion. Their links to future research are also discussed.

In this paper, Laura Merla and Loretta Baldassar address some of the key critiques that were formulated in this symposium on the ‘care circulation” perspective these two authors offered in their edited volume entitled “Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care”. Here, they focus in particular on three themes: care as social capital, the need to bring back ‘the political’, and the (dis)-embodiment of care practices. They highlight in particular that ‘care chains’ and ‘care circulation’ should not be seen as opposite, but rather as complementary perspectives.

Mexico and Morocco share many common characteristics as labor migrant pools for industrialized countries to the North. However, comparisons between migrants from each country are few, particularly with respect to economic outcomes using nationally representative data. Using recent immigrant surveys from Spain and the United States, this paper presents the first quantitative analysis to compare Moroccans and Mexicans, testing for the effects of human and social capital on employment, occupational attainment, and wages. Although the lower employment levels of Moroccans compared to Mexicans would seem to suggest greater labor market discrimination against Moroccans in Spain, closer inspection of the returns to various forms of capital and other inputs yields a more mixed picture. Both methodological and social explanations for these mixed findings are discussed.

The conventional wisdom in disaster management is that communities exhibiting social capital are more likely to bounce back after disaster. This paper examines the link between social capital and resilience to disasters and climate change through an examination of New Orleans’ Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood before and after Hurricane Katrina. Using archives and interviews to examine the neighborhood’s recovery, the paper finds evidence for the existence of social capital and the properties of community resilience in the Lower Ninth Ward before the storm. Social capital and resilience proved to be fragile because the neighborhood was particularly vulnerable and lacked political power. Attempts to use social capital and community resilience alone as part of a strategy to combat climate change should take into account older notions of vulnerability and political power as important ingredients in community well-being.

Introduction: During the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been used increasingly frequently in health sciences due to the direct and indirect relationships between social capital and populations' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to build an instrument to quantify this concept confidently and reliably. Objective: The study aimed to internal consistency and dimensionality of a seven-item scale to measure social capital in Colombia's general population of adults. Methods: An online validation study included a sample of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years; 68% were females. Participants completed a seven-item scale called the Cognitive Social Capital Scale (CSCS). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were computed to test internal consistency. The authors explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the CSCS. Results: The CSCS presented a low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and McDonald's omega of 0.59) and poor dimensionality. Then, the researchers tested a five-item version (CSCS-5). The CSCS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 and McDonald's omega of 0.80) and a one-dimension structure with acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators. Discussion: The CSCS-5 presents high internal consistency and a one-dimensional structure to measure cognitive capital social in the Colombian sample. Authors can recommend measuring social capital in the general Colombian population. Further research should corroborate this pencil and paper application findings and explore other reliability and validity indicators.

Band tradition in the Philippines traces its origins to the regimental bands of the Spanish colonial period. As a representation of social power, the regimental band was a symbol of Spain’s hierarchical relation with the colony. The elevation of a Filipino musician to the rank of the bands’ highest position, the bandmaster, enabled the accumulation of cultural capital, providing him a highly influential position in his local community that is almost equivalent to his Spanish counterpart. This paper examines how music was used as cultural capital by some Filipinos, framed in the band tradition of the Spanish military regiments of the late nineteenth century Philippines. Using Bourdieu’s theory of cultural and social capital and his concept of habitus, this paper aims to trace the development of a new social class and the reproduction of its accumulated cultural capital. The eventual attainment of prestige as a result of occupying the highest position in the Spanish regimental bands afforded the bandmasters significant influence in their communities that transmuted cultural capital into social, symbolic, even economic capital.

This paper contributes to the important body of research on entrepreneurship and social capital. Most previous work on social capital and business incubators has analyzed how the structure of personal networks (measured by network size or density) and their quality (measured by tie strength) influence venture performance. However, few studies have focused on the mobilization of partners’ resources. This paper analyses how these three dimensions of social capital —defined in this article as the structural dimension, the relational dimension and the resource dimension— are closely linked to the three types of interactions in a business incubator: networking, counseling and resourcing. An Ordinary Least Squares regression was applied to a sample made up of incubating firms in Colombia. Results from the data analysis show that resourcing interactions constitute the most significant aspect of business incubators for entrepreneurs.

This paper comments upon three concepts that on first inspection appear to be unrelated. Social capital, segregation, and collective facilities do, in an urban setting, determine individuals’ quality of life. As such, this paper describes the link that collective equipment has as a guarantor for the construction of social capital, which is an asset that that is seriously affected in a context that tends towards segregation.

The paper studies the bankruptcy of the Alternative Producers Association (APA) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, State of Rondônia, Brazil, by identifying the relations between the territory actors and analyzing their own interpretive frame. After a brief history of the Integrated Colonization Project (PIC) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, we describe the social origin of the settlers, their political culture and social capital as well as the logic of the institutions engaged in the projects' management. The relations between the different institutional actors are presented as a connection of multilevel social-ecological systems (local, regional, national and international). The paper intends to show the discrepancy between the mere economic logic of the supporting institutions and the APA producers' aspirations. Our conclusion is that the bankruptcy may have been caused by two interconnected factors: the lack of trust of APA's farmers towards agricultural support agencies (Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Agência de Defesa Sanitária Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia, Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural) and the failure of the State and the Municipality to act in the multi-level network above mentioned, which could have been a mediator amongst the different aspirations. Finally, our paper discusses the notion of 'failure' associated to bankruptcy.

This paper is the summary of the IAREG (Intangible Assets and RegionalEconomic Growth) European project, which analyzed the role of intangibleassets (IA) on regional economic growth. We focused on some of the most relevantintangible assets, for which statistical information is available and where the consortiumhad more expertise. Consequently, in this paper we put special attentionin four big factors: knowledge capital, human capital, social capital and entrepreneurshipcapital. Additional to the main characteristics of each of these IA (relatedwith their measurement and their effects on regional economic growth), we alsoanalyzed the ensemble effects of these IA over the location of firms. For each asset,we describe its main characteristics, the indicators for its measuring and its limitations,as well as the main results associated to its impact on regional growth. Wemust outline that in order to improve the analysis of the effects of the IA in regionaleconomic growth it is necessary to develop more and better databases. We presentsome thoughts in this respect, based on our research experience. Finally, we givesome policy implications and recommendations.

This paper contributes to the development of the theoretical understanding in the field of religious tourism management by considering the Pilgrimage of the Dew as an alternative paradigm of analysis, which has been constituted in a destination able to host a very large number of travellers (pilgrims), in a very short period of time (3 days), without damaging the environment, ecologic and social, due to the own anthropologic characteristics of this form of travelling that gives priority to the human experience more than the market consumption. Thus, the model researched in this paper through the concept of “social capital” is opportune due to the confluence in the analysis of different social sciences (anthropology, economy and sociology) and from the theory and technique of tourism, concluding that the maintenance of the authenticity and sustainability of this form of religious tourism should be planned not on the basis of a real state model as currently, but on the unseasonality and a much better and regu-lated quality of the services provided.

Este artigo descreve um projeto de pesquisa que explorou a relevância da definição de Putnam (1993) de capital social (como algo que consiste de redes sociais, normas de confiança, reciprocidade, engajamento cívico e participação em comunidades) com crianças e jovens de áreas socialmente desfavorecidas. O artigo também apresenta dados de um estudo sociológico empírico que buscou explorar o significado e a relevância de diferentes aspectos do "capital social" para jovens de 12 a 15 anos que vivem em duas áreas carentes de uma cidade no sudeste da Inglaterra. Baseia-se em descrições que os jovens fazem de seu dia-a-dia e concentra-se em quatro elementos: relatos sobre os pais e a centralidade das mães, diferenças de gênero em relatos sobre o significado e a natureza da amizade, diferenças de gênero em experiências de espaços do bairro e recursos locais e diferenças de gênero nas aspirações dos jovens para o futuro.This paper describes a research project that explored the relevance of Putnam's (1993) definition of social capital (as consisting of social networks, norms of trust, reciprocity, civic engagement and participation in communities) with children and young people in disadvantaged areas. Also, the paper presents data from an empirical sociological study that attempted to explore the meaning and relevance of different aspects of "social capital" for 12-15 year olds living in two deprived areas of a town in SE England. It is based on young people's descriptions of their everyday lives, and focuses on four elements: accounts of parents and the centrality of mothers; gender differences in accounts of the meaning and nature of friendship; gender differences in experiences of neighbourhood spaces and local facilities; and gender differences in young people's aspirations for the future.

Crowdfunding is a popular approach for entrepreneurs to obtain financial support and has therefore gained importance in the literature and practice in recent years. The communication behavior of starters that lead to the success of a campaign will be summarized and expanded by new findings. As a theoretical added value, this article offers the first attempt to transfer communication theories to the field of reward-based crowdfunding to reveal success determinants in crowdfunders user behavior. The purpose of this paper is to give practical recommendations to starters on how to run a campaign successfully and, more generally, on how they can make full use of social media. By analyzing the dataset of crowdfunding campaigns from Startnext, the largest German-speaking reward-based crowdfunding platform, new success factors are identified using multivariate analysis methods. The results show that social media can offer significant value for businesspeople in terms of marketing if it is used strategically and frequently.

This paper is examines how social ties mediate the negative impact of neighborhood disorder by changing people’s perceptions of their neighborhood. It draws on and helps to advance an understanding of social capital as a protective cognitive resource that people use to frame their understandings of their local environments. This paper extends current research about the importance of social capital as a protective factor at the neighborhood level while taking advantage of a unique research setting, a Habitat for Humanity neighborhood, to begin to uncover how social capital operates at the micro-level to produce positive effects. We find that social networks operate as a resource which impacts the way people perceive and interpret agreed upon problems.

While the California corridor of the U.S.-Mexico border is known for its concentration of large maquiladoras, as well as a route for migration into the United States, there has been little research on how maquiladora employment impacts on international labor migration using subjects north of the border. An analysis of data from the Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México (1993-1997), administered to those returned by the Border Patrol, finds that potential labor migrants with maquiladora work experience differ from the traditional migratory stream of agricultural workers, as well as from those from other occupational groups. They are more likely to be female, single, highly educated, urban, younger, and less likely to be heads of households. Findings from 101 in-depth interviews with persons who have both maquila and other work experience, and who have worked in the U.S., show that male borderlanders are able to best take advantage of opportunities in maquilas to acquire social and human capital facilitating migration. Borderlander women, along with men and women from the interior, with maquila experience also migrate, but have acquired less social capital. This is a result of economic restructuring to bring industry northward. Maquiladoras facilitate workers’ migration by helping them to obtain documents. Higher wages are the greatest motivator of labor migration, and are reinforced by age discrimination and a lack of labor law enforcement. In addition, maquila employees also migrate to avoid discrimination, intensity of work, harsh discipline, labor market instability and poor pension benefits. Key words: Maquiladora industries; social capital; human capital; border regions; emigration; skill transfer; exports

The following analysis develops a wider research program that focuses on making a contribution to solve social conflicts through argumentation. Therefore, it presents a political sciences theory background that emphasises on applied rhetoric and deliberation in scenarios characterized by both high levels adversity and social capital. Based on this perspective of policy analysis and theory, it is possible to have a better glimpse at the complex network of social interactions laying under the process of constructions of the public sphere. Hence, this paper studies the possibilities of implementing micro-territorial deliberation instruments as conflict resolution tools for the city of Medellin (Colombia), thus, calling them deliberative experiments.

This paper explores social capital in the tourism destination of Bohemian Switzerland, located in the north of the Czech Republic. The research uses the synergy view on social capital, which incorporates organisational and institutional actors as well as local community. Through interviewing different types of stakeholders from the destination, data were collected and consequently analysed with the use of thematic analysis. An important element was identified: trust, which is especially necessary in order to facilitate collaboration. Furthermore, positive influence from communication and local engagement in collaborations was noted. In addition, the role of institutions and tourism organisations in the creation and positive demonstration of social capital in a tourism destination was emphasized. Therefore, there is a need to recognise the complementary relationships of different agents in tourism destinations.

Background. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the capital required to meet their needs. Whereas, social capital has been described as a vital asset for poverty alleviation since it can provide access to that which is lacking; capital. This study suggests evidences that the poor farmers could benefit more from social capital. Objective. This study was conducted to assess the impact of social capital on poverty alleviation among cocoa producing households in Southwestern, Nigeria. Methodology. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 300 cocoa-producing households for the study. Data were analyzed using social capital indices, FGT index, the Probit model and two-stage least square model. Results. The results revealed that cash contribution (0.478), labour contribution (0.556), decision-making (0.882), meeting attendance (0.920), heterogeneity (0.659) and density of membership (0.661) are the major dimensions of social capital available to cocoa-producing households. The results of the Probit model revealed that age of household head, gender, household size, years of experience, farm income, and farm size were the main determining factors of participating in SCNs. The Foster, Greer and Thorbecke index revealed that 65% of the sample households are poor. Out of the poor households, 42% are moderately poor and 23% are core poor. The results further revealed that factors including age, square of age, household size, years of education, farm income, farm size, cash contribution, labour contribution, decision making, meeting attendance, aggregate social capital and instrumented social capital significantly influenced cocoa-producing households’ expenditure. Implications. The paper adds evidence for a better understanding of nexus between social capital networks and poverty alleviations. Conclusions. The study concluded that social capital alleviates poverty among cocoa-producing households. This means that policy strategy aimed toward alleviating poverty among cocoa-producing households must consider their social capital.

This essay discusses the issue of trust that affects the formation of social capital and its relationship with the use of remittances from migrant communities. The objective of this paper is to understand why having a strong social capital in binational migrant civil society, the citizen’s participation, trust and cohesion of in the use of collective remittances is not permeated among native land of the migrant's families, mainly in the municipalities with a high concentration of poverty and marginalization, the case of the municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas. In this regard, it is assumed that associations of organized migrants, are well cohesive and face the economic problems of their homeland, because even though they trust the authorities and public programs, migrants and their home town families, they do not have the confidence to create local networks due to lack of training and ignorance of public programs, nor the interest to participate in possible projects financed with remittances.

In the context of ever greater circulation of televisual content of all genres and formats, this paper focuses on the intersections between the global and the local to understand how a specific genre – soap opera – was localised in a specific cultural and geographical setting giving origin to a production model that gained local prominence and nowadays faces a number of new challenges. Our general argument draws on the empirical findings of original research on the molding of this specific televisual genre and format called “telenovela”, and the specific production mode associated with it, and reflects on its historical emergence and the contingencies of such a process. Our goal is to identify the variables that allowed this genre to gain local dominance and later achieve international circulation. Following the results of quantitative and qualitative research, we argue that the structure of the local production and distribution settings and the dominant ideology of the associated production culture promoted the emergence of original local production culture and sustains it until today.

This paper discuss a methodology to analyse industrial relationships based on social network analysis and on the concepts of embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), productive system (Wilkinson, 1985) and social capital. Once the perspective is discussed it is applied to study industrial relationships in the Basque Country (Spain).The application of the social network analysis to economic research is at the moment at its initial stages, although it has been widely applied in sociology and psychology. The dominance of the neoclassical mainstream paradigm in economics, based on principles and developing theories that do not consider as relevant the social and relational character of agents and systems, is among the main reasons. However, all the perspectives, even the neoclassical, assume that economics is a social science.In this paper relationships are the focus of the analysis and they are considered for a particular productive system, geographically and historically specified. The concept of productive system is understood by considering mercantile and non-mercantile relationships among the firms constituting a particular industrial sector. Moreover, relationships are linking firms, and economic sectors at a more macro level, with other types of institutions such as technology parks, research institutes and universities. At the same time, informal relationships among actors should also be included, together with the formal links, to analyse a complete productive system. The whole relational structure is analysed considering its context, and therefore allowing for the consideration of geographical, historical and social peculiarities, that are necessary for a better understanding of its characteristics.

This paper aims to propose a methodological approach based on the theory of the commons and the complex socio-ecological systems, which is allowing the analysis of community-based tourism using their natural resources collectively. Tourism is increasingly greater presence in rural areas and although many tourism projects are improvised and poorly organized action, there are cases where it has established with some success. To get it, many times the self-governance that rural communities have collectively developed around natural resources could be a key factor. This document is intended as a methodological framework that aims to facilitate analysis of the factors that determine why certain communities achieve collective self-manage their natural resources in tourism, while others fail or stagnate.

This paper offers a reading of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “Winter Dreams” (1922) in the light of Pierre Bourdieu’s theorization of forms of capital. Fitzgerald’s story is centrally concerned with social class and addresses the rise of consumer culture in the 1920s. It is about a Midwest American trying to improve his economic and social status to win the hand of a wealthy girl he loves. At issue here are different types of capital (economic, social, cultural, symbolic), hence the relevance of Bourdieu. Thus, we explore in Fitzgerald’s story the way characters are engaged in everyday practices as social agents competing with other social agents to accumulate ‘capital’. In the process of socialization, the economic capital provides the protagonist with luxury but the lack or shortage of other forms of capital —especially cultural capital— cause him to fail in the pursuit of his heart’s desire.

This paper highlights ways of achieving socio-cultural development in Kabylian region in Algeria. This Amazigh (Berber) community has suffered much because of its mountainous geographical position and because of its marginalization by authorities for ideological reasons. These conditions or circumstances have reinforced the idea of self-reliance among members of this community and led to the emergence of the spirit of belonging, solidarity and cooperation amongst them. People depend on their culture and territory to organise themselves, to overcome their problems, and to develop their community. In fact, villagers are moving away from purely governmental development to people-centred development.

This paper analyzes the main youth employment policy in Argentina: the Youth with More and Better Work program. Based on the paradigm of active employment policies, this program illustrates a new form of management and state regulation regarding the problematic question of employment among the poorer sectors of the population. For our analysis, we begin by exploring the theoretical possibilities opened up by Foucault's notion of the “device,” and then point out some disarray concerning the logics, the division between "domestic" and "work" areas, and models of person (individual or linked) that this policy seeks to impose in the labor practices and trajectories of young people in low-income sectors. Finally, we note the need to incorporate the notion of "instruments of reproduction" and "social capital" to account for the singular character of the practical logic these young people apply in order to enter into and to be in the world of work.

In this E4E (Educating for Environment) pilot project we explored the delivery of inquiry-based environmental education within a small, rural elementary school in Ontario, Canada, using a school-as-a-community model, rather than the more common single grade model. At the outset of the project we wondered if environmental education could be significant in building social capital, that is, building a stronger school community, and also, if the strong school community would respond to their experience with enhanced pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours. Since this paper is based on a small pilot project, not all of our wonderings were realized, yet we are encouraged by our findings and see environmental education as much more than a discrete set of lessons in a science curriculum within a school building. Qualitative data comprising of interviews and a focus group was collected at the completion of the two-week project. Analysis points to benefits in the form of increased understanding of and for the environment, and strengthening of social capital within the school, both of which support the development of environmentally and socially conscientious citizenship amongst participants.

The paper argues that the 2006 crisis in Timor‑Leste partly derives from a weak democracy‑building process during the UN Transitional Administration. Although the mandate of democracy‑building was ambiguous, the UN embarked on building liberal institutions based on a general consensus that democracy must be firmly established in post‑conflict Timor‑Leste. However, by concentrating its resources on the building of State institutions in the capital, the Transitional Administration exacerbated the capital‑district divide, created an isolated strong state, and left people less empowered at the community level. The hasty transitional schedule also deprived political elites of the opportunity for political dialogue to deal with their most important internal agenda of reconciliation, and failed to create the long‑term infrastructure needed to support civic activism and increase social capital.

This paper examines the relation between the politics of state formation and the accompanying appearance of social traps based on the example of Colombia. It shows that egregious exceptions to the rule of law, exemplified by the parapolitica and "false positives" scandals, are themselves a result of "social traps," which are generated by the generalization of particularized trust. The generalization of particularized trust entails the incorporation of a closed trust network in the effort of monopolizing the means of violence against an internal insurgency.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the reasons that determine the satisfactory evaluation of Public Policies, especially on Rio Grande do Sul in two cities in the metropolitan region of Vale do Rio dos Sinos: Estância Velha and São Leopoldo. Therefore, we build a theoretical framework that takes into account synergistic both formal institutional implications itself (newinstitutionalism) as well as the value patterns local (political culture). Our working hypothesis is that social capital, own the local political culture existing in cities screen consists of an allied political institutions, because it favors positive evaluation of the performance of local Public Policies. The methodology uses the results of two quantitative surveys, household surveys type applied in Estância Velha and São Leopoldo, with probability samples totaling about 1200 questionnaires, with a sampling error of 4% and 95% confidence, between the months of January and April 2012 and June and July 2013, as well as documentary research the sites of these municipalities, IBGE, TCE and FEE (Foundation Economics and Statistics of Rio Grande do Sul).

Resumen El presente trabajo intentará dar cuenta de uno de los fenómenos más comunes del siglo XIX, la reorientación de los capitales individuales -en el sentido que le da Bourdieu a este concepto- con el objetivo de resignificar la propia trayectoria y reubicarse social y políticamente en un mejor lugar. Nuestro propósito es mostrar esta reutilización de recursos y redes a través del ejemplo del Obispo Lascano. Para ello, en primer lugar, nos ocuparemos de su perfil político, considerando su posición cambiante, así como de su carrera eclesiástica y sus vínculos, tratando de observar cómo Benito Lascano fue descubriendo y “adivinando” los intersticios por los que podía ingresar a mejores posiciones. En segundo término, nos detendremos en su labor pastoral identificando las cuestiones que fueron de mayor interés para el Obispo, intentado vincular ambas dimensiones, la pastoral y la política, para descubrir una posible interpretación de la Iglesia local y la religiosidad en tierras de Córdoba. Abstract This paper deals with a common phenomenon in the XIXth century; the reorientation of the social capital –in the sense Bourdieu gave to this concept- in order to change and relocate oneself in a better social and political position. We propose to show this process of resignification of social capital through the example of Bishop Lascano. In the first place, we will cope with his political profile, considering his changing position, as well as his ecclesiastical career and his relationships. We will analize how Benito Lascano managed to achieve better positions. Finally, we will focus on his pastoral activities, trying to identify the aspects the Bishop cared the most, and linking the two dimensions, the ecclesiastical and the political one, so that we can discover a possible interpretation of the local church and the religious practices in Cordoba.

In the last forty years in various regions of Mexico, Jalisco, has given impetus to the development of industries known as "modern" as electronics and software, this is intended to increase growth and foster development, all this has been detrimental to those industries considered "traditional" (footwear, textile, jewelery), industries that have long been the basis for productive development of these regions. Policies that have followed in industrial countries has been to promote the first under the assumption that they are incorporating the technology, while the latter incorporates little technology intheir production processes and generally do not innovate. However industrial behavior has demonstrated that the above is a fallacy.Government policies that were implemented in industrial resulted in the increase in the share of industrial production called "modern", such as electronics and software, but those traditional activities such as jewelry, not only maintained but that increased production and commercial dynamism. This dynamic is observed in the absorption of employment and productive participation nationwide. The jewelry industry is a case in point, because from generation entrepreneurshipcapacity, social capital and working together with the government, among others, has managed to influence local development in the region. Therefore in this paper analyzes trying to emphasize that industry, from interviews with key actors and quantitative analysis for this industry, basic factors that impacted on the local development of Jalisco.

Over the last decades, there is a growing public perception that some of the democratic institutions and frameworks, which were once taken for granted, are now showing their flaws, inefficiencies, increasingly struggling to keep up with society’s demands and expectations. This has led to a generalized feeling of uncertainty and disappointment, resulting in a lack of trust institutions. The implications of these circumstances on legal theory cannot be overlooked; this article aims to address the problem from an innovative perspective. A unique tool is presented in this article, which proposes a methodological agenda for approaching trust in legal institutions, from the perspective of the social capital theory. To this end, different variables and social capital dynamics will be identified and discussed in relation to trust in legal institutions. The aim is to, on one hand, provide an innovative methodological contribution to better understand the trust crisis, and in particular, the public perception towards legal institutions, and on the other, expand the analysis of social capital dimensions. Durante las últimas décadas, ha sido posible observar una creciente percepción general de que instituciones y estructuras democráticas que años atrás eran dadas por sentadas, presentan, hoy en día, fallas e ineficiencias que dificultan su capacidad de acompañar las demandas y expectativas de la sociedad. Ello ha llevado a un estado generalizado de incertidumbre y decepción, que resulta en la falta de confianza en las instituciones. Las implicancias de estas circumstancias para la teoría legal no pueden ser subestimadas. Este artículo aborda el problema desde una pespectiva innovadora. Presenta una herramienta única que propone una agenda metodológica para aproximarse a la temática de la confianza en las instituciones legales, desde la perspectiva de la teoría del capital social. A este fin, distintas variables y dinámicas del capital social serán indentificadas y discutidas en relación a la confianza en las instituciones legales. El objetivo es proporcionar una contribución metodológica innovativa con los objetivos, por un lado, de mejorar la comprensión de la crisis de la confianza, y en particular, la percepción general hacia las instituciones legales, y por otro, expandir al análisis de las dimensiones del capital social. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2890155

This paper analyzes the social conditions that produce vulnerability to landslides in two neighborhoods of Teziutlan, Puebla. The goal is to elicit the logic of action that influences vulnerability of these communities, using the concept of risk habitus derived from Bourdieu’s theoretical perspective. This framework provides an analytic framework to understand the social logic and every day decision-making processes that relate to risk perceptions and responses of the residents of these landslide-prone settlements. The methods involved the quantitative interpretation of linkages among variables related to residents’ social, cultural and symbolic capitals, which were collected through two complementary surveys. The selected variables focused on previous disaster experiences and social learning, as well as cooperation networks assessment (solidarity between neighbors, trust in local authorities, experience with disaster situations, perception of risk and attachment to place) in each community. The findings show that individuals’ judgments of their own vulnerability are based on their perceptions of preparedness to face a risk situation; it does not matter the actual hazard level to which they are exposed. This relates to their high level of trust in local authorities and the belief that these authorities will help them in a disaster situation. On the other hand, both neighborhoods are certain about suffering future damages in similar conditions than previous disaster events, even though they have very different objective levels of hazard exposure. In both cases, they strongly believe in their capacity or respond to a landslide, despite that neither of them has invested time or resources in preparedness.

Social capital may be defined as social relationships that confer actual or potential benefits. It can therefore beunderstood as a particular type of resource. Recent research has drawn attention to how connections andrelationships (networking) both at home and abroad can be crucially important for small and medium-sizedenterprises (SMEs) seeking to export or invest abroad. However, relatively little is known about how SMEsinitiate, develop and maintain network relationships. This paper reports a study of 32 British SMEs exporting, orattempting to export, to Brazil and of domestic institutional agencies whose role was to facilitate businessconducted between British and Brazilian SMEs. The study explored both the functions of social capital for theSMEs and the process whereby it was developed. Its findings confirm the value of social capital in internationalentrepreneurship. It can provide information, interpretation, market opportunities, and some degree of protectionagainst the risks associated with foreignness, newness and smallness. The study also confirms the vitalimportance of personal trust in sustaining social capital between small firms.

El artículo presenta un análisis y evaluación de las contribuciones y oportunidades de las entidades de economía social como motores del cambio social en el ámbito local. La incorporación de la economía social en los órganos de participación institucionalizada en materia de bienestar social permitiría profundizar en los procesos democratizadores y de calidad de las políticas sociales públicas locales. A su vez, se presenta una sistematización, desde la práctica y los estudios empíricos realizados, de las tendencias observadas en la oferta de las políticas de participación en el ámbito municipal en el área de bienestar social y las dimensiones que permiten realizar un análisis e implementación de prácticas participativas orientadas a intensificar la calidad democrática en el ámbito local incorporando activamente la economía social. / The paper presents an analysis and assessment of contributions and opportunities for social economy organizations as engines of social change at local level. The incorporation of the social economy in the organs of intitutionalized participation in social welfare would deepen the democratization process and quality of local public social policies. In turn, presents a systematic, from the practical and empirical studies of trends in the supply of political participation at the municipal level in the area of social welfare and dimensions that allow analysis and implementation participatory practices designed to enhance the quality of democracy at the local level actively incorporating social economy.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de elaboração da política de universalização do ensino fundamental do município de Icapuí, CE, com base nos conceitos de capital social e redes sociais. A partir desses conceitos e por meio de uma perspectiva histórica, estudam-se as ações da Secretaria de Educação como um caso de política pública de sucesso, por meio de gestão participativa, democrática e descentralizada, fortemente embasada em relações sociais entre a comunidade e o poder público que foram beneficiadas pela existência de níveis elevados de engajamento cívico e laços comunitários fortes, originados durante o processo de emancipação política do município. Mostramos que esse contexto sócio-histórico e a constituição de redes sociais foram suficientes para criar e mobilizar o capital social existente na comunidade e, assim, contribuir para o desenvolvimento de ações orientadas a transformação social.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de elaboración de la política de universalización de la Educación Primaria en la ciudad de Icapuí-CE (CE: CEARÁ - Provincia brasileña), basado en los conceptos de capital social y redes sociales. A partir de dichos conceptos y a través del uso de una perspectiva histórica, se estudiaron las acciones de la Dirección de Educación como un caso de políticas públicas que tuvo éxito, realizado por medio de gestión participativa, democrática y descentralizada, fuertemente basado en relaciones sociales entre la comunidad y el poder público beneficiadas por la existencia de niveles elevados de participación cívica y fuertes lazos comunitarios originados durante el proceso de emancipación política del municipio. Mostramos que ese contexto socio-histórico y la constitución de redes sociales fueron suficientes para crear y movilizar el capital social existente en la comunidad y, así, contribuir para el desarrollo de acciones orientadas hacia la transformación social.This paper aims to analyze the process of implementation and universalization of the elementary education policy in the municipality of Icapuí-CE, based on the concepts of social capital and social networks. From these concepts, we studied the actions of the Secretary of Education as a case of successful public policy making through participatory management, democratic and decentralized, heavily based on social relationships between the community and the public who have been benefited by the existence of high levels of civic engagement and strong community ties arising during the process of political emancipation of the municipality. It shows that the socio-historical context and the social networks were sufficient to create and mobilize the social capital existing in the community and thus able to develop actions for social transformation.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza la participación social de los jóvenes españoles, partiendo del concepto de capital social. Utilizando como metodología los modelos estructurales de covarianzas, busca la relación entre las actividades de participación de los jóvenes y factores como la pertenencia a asociaciones y colectivos, el interés que manifiestan por la política, el grado de confianza en la utilidad de la participación política y valores como la solidaridad. También evalúa la influencia de variables externas como el género, la clase social o los estudios. La principal hipótesis que se plantea consiste en que el grado de participación general está mediada principalmente por el interés en la política y por la actividad en ámbitos de participación institucionalizados.Abstract: This paper analyzes the social participation of Spanish young people, based on the concept of social capital. We use Covariance Structural Models as methodology to find the relationship between the participation activities of young people and factors such as their associations membership, their interest on politics, their confidence feeling on the political participation and values such as solidarity. It also evaluates the influence of external variables such as gender, social class or studies. The main hypothesis is that the overall participation is mediated primarily by the interest in politics and by the activity in institutionalized areas of participation.

La posibilidad de construir y de consolidar grupos de trabajo académico en el contexto universitario es una tarea fundamental. El desarrollo de comunidades y de capital social permite que la producción de esos grupos se potencie, por lo tanto, resulta prioritario comprender la dinámica de esas categorías, evidenciando si su estructura posibilita trabajos grupales. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en comprender las dimensiones comunitarias y el capital social, como elementos dinamizadores de un grupo de trabajo, en el núcleo Salud-Ambiente, dentro de una universidad en Bogotá, Colombia. Por medio de un enfoque cualitativo de tipo hermenéutico, se encuestó a 15 profesores del área de conocimiento en Ciencias de la Salud, entrevistas cualitativas a cinco docentes (dos dentro del grupo original, tres fuera de él), quienes desarrollaron trabajos en torno al núcleo temático de salud-ambiente, realizando una actividad colectiva de indagación y observación participante, a través de la metodología de grupo focal, cuyo objetivo era conocer las dinámicas de interacción entre profesores del área de conocimiento en Ciencias de la Salud de la universidad y revisión de documentación académica producida por los docentes participantes de la investigación. Nada parece indicar que las dimensiones comunitarias y el capital social sean elementos dinamizadores de un grupo de trabajo en el núcleo salud-ambiente dentro de la institución. Sin embargo, la explicación de este hecho no se encuentra en el núcleo mencionado sino en los bajos niveles de desarrollo de las dimensiones comunitarias, como los dominios cognitivo y estructural propios del capital social.The possibility of forming and consolidating academic work groups in the university context is a fundamental task. The development of communities and social capital allows to increase the potential production of these groups, being therefore essential to understand the dynamics of those categories to determine if its structure makes working groups possible. The objective of this research consisted in understanding the community dimensions and the social capital as dynamic elements of a work group in the Health-Environment nucleus within a University in Bogota, Colombia. By means of a qualitative approach survey of hermeneutic type, 15 professors from the Health Science area were interviewed, five additional qualitative interviews (two within the original group, three outside) were conducted with professors, who had investigated and written papers on this theme. A collective activity of inquiry, participative observation through the methodology of focal group, whose objective was to understand the dynamics of inter-action between professors of the Health Science Area of the university and to review the academic work produced by the educational participants of the investigation, was realized. Nothing seems to indicate that the communitarian dimensions and the social capital are elements which promote a work group in the nucleus health-atmosphere within the institution. Nevertheless, the explanation of this fact is not in the mentioned nucleus, but in the low levels of development of the community dimensions such as cognitive and structural dominions inherent to social capital.

Diz-se freqüentemente que a religião contribui para o capital social, embora sob circunstâncias específicas. Os movimentos religiosos de renovação são comuns entre populações marginalizadas e de baixa renda e parecem ser, freqüentemente, os únicos a construírem instituições em circunstâncias de extrema pobreza e decadência ou vazio institucional; os movimentos religiosos apresentam numerosas características não-democráticas, tais como hierarquias autoritárias e uma forte pressão sobre seus fiéis para que façam sacrifícios e contribuam com dinheiro. Este estudo explora as implicações teóricas dessas observações aparentemente paradoxais, mediante a adoção da abordagem da teoria da escolha racional, junto com o conceito de poder e com um conceito de capital social que põe a ênfase na transparência e na construção de instituições democráticas na sociedade em geral. O argumento é ilustrado pelos exemplos das igrejas evangélicas da América Latina e do judaísmo ultra-ortodoxo, e conclui apresentando a visão que, embora a contribuição dos movimentos religiosos à democratização geral seja limitada, isso não é suficiente para menosprezar o que eles fazem por seus próprios seguidores.Religion is often claimed to contribute to social capital, though under certain circumstances; it is widely recognized that movements of religious renewal and revival are mostly commonly observed among low-income, and marginalized populations, and sometimes seem to be the only institution-builders in circumstances of extreme poverty and institutional decay or vacuum; religious movements exhibit numerous undemocratic features: authoritarian hierarchies, strong pressures on followers to make sacrifices, to conform, and to contribute money. This paper explores the theoretical implications and support for these apparently paradoxical observations by adopting a rational choice approach augmented by the concept of power, and a concept of social capital which emphasizes transparency and the building of democratic institutions in society as a whole. The argument is illustrated by examples from Latin American evangelical churches and ultra-Orthodox Judaism, and concludes with the view that while the contribution of religious movements to democratization at large is limited, this is not a sufficient reason for belittling what they can do for their own followers.

The paper analyses the institutional transformations that have taken place in the environmental management process in Brazil since the 90´s, emphasizing the enlargement of democratic spaces and popular participation, specially in the field of water management. The focus is on the water basin committees, an institutional engineering that has become one of the references of institutional innovation in the water management process in Brazil since 1997. The new watershed law presents a new framing of the issue of watershed protection, by recognizing the prime importance of a management system, by extending the protection instruments proposed and by opening the possibility of developing widespread agreement among stakeholders for the actions that are needed. The article presents an overview of the theoretical debate and the main outcomes of a survey with all members of the five subcommittees that compose the water basin. The research was developed in 2004 in the water basin of Alto Tietê that covers the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, and is based in the framework of social capital, as a tool to evaluate the institutional development of these democratic spaces. The analysis based on the conceptual framework allows to evaluate the level of associativism, trust, reciprocity and cooperation that enables the consolidation of an effective performance. Water basin committees are the appropriate arenas to develop a comparative study of institutional performance and its relations with cooperative practices linked to preservation and spatial and environmental management.Este texto analisa as transformações institucionais ocorridas na gestão ambiental no Brasil a partir da década de 1990, com ênfase na ampliação dos espaços democráticos e de participação popular, especialmente no campo do gerenciamento de recursos hídricos, com destaque para a experiência dos Comitês de Bacias, e seu caráter inovador. O artigo apresenta uma revisão do debate teórico e dos principais resultados de pesquisa realizada em 2004 com os membros dos cinco subcomitês que compõem a bacia do Alto Tietê, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A base analítica do trabalho se apóia no referencial conceitual do capital social, como instrumento para avaliar o desenvolvimento institucional destes espaços de gestão compartilhada de recursos hídricos. A análise possibilita a avaliação do nível de associativismo, confiança, reciprocidade e cooperação para a consolidação de uma performance mais efetiva. Os resultados apresentados mostram que os comitês de bacias hidrográficas são arenas apropriadas para desenvolver um estudo comparativo sobre desempenho institucional e sua relação com práticas cooperativas vinculadas com a preservação e a gestão territorial e ambiental.

The study of the patient-physiotherapistrelationship is of great interest, because unlikeanother health-care professional, the physio-Recibido: noviembre 15 de 2005Aceptado: diciembre 12 de 2005* Profesora Facultad de Rehabilitación y DesarrolloHumano, Universidad del Rosario. Fisioterapeuta.Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Candidata aMagíster en Antropología, Universidad de los Andes.Miembro del Grupo de Investigación en EjercicioFísico y Desarrollo Humano. Correspondencia:vgarcia@urosario.edu.coLa relación terapeuta-paciente en la prácticafisioterapéuticaLilia Virginia García Sánchez*therapist is supposed to have a closer corporalcontact than the others. Through the analysis andidentification of the process involved in thisrelationship, is possible to get a better comprehensionabout the relative positions and theelements of power used in each role assumed,associated with their social and cultural background.The proposal is having a critical view ofthe interactions during a treatment session inorder to give new dimensions and possibilitiesto the professional practice, having in accountsocial and cultural references. In this paper ispresented the first study phase, with the emergingconceptual categories, related to body language,verbal communication, surrounding and culturalfactors. The influences in the therapist-patientrelationship are discussed for being analyzed andinterpreted in the second phase.

This paper analyses the types of social capital present in the Capeverdean associational movement of the Greater Lisbon Area (GLA) and its relation to political involvement and mobilization. The notion of social capital («features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and co-operation for mutual benefit» – Putnam, 1993: 26) is explored in its two basic components – bonding (internal links of individuals and institutions) and bridging social capital (external connections, that also entail the long distance relations with the other diaspora nuclei) –, following the research principles expressed in the work of Fennema and Tillie (2000, 2001). The research goals are achieved through interviews and questionnaires to the major Capeverdean associations of Lisbon, Amadora and Oeiras, focusing on its organizational structure and on the density of their organizational network, that is the web of inter and intra-organizational relations and transnational links that might be read as forms of bridging and bonding social capital. We also focussed on the political activities of organisations, looking at ethnic civic engagement and exploring the extent to which social trust in the form of social capital is converted into political involvement. Major results show that associations of Oeiras and Amadora are mainly grassroots based organisations that privilege neighbourhood-bonding ties, whereas Lisbon’s associations assume a structural/”umbrella-like” role in the institutional Capeverdean fabric. In addition, the density of institutional relations is much higher at the internal level (with other Capeverdean organisations) than at the external level. The exception concerns the relevance of the international links with other Capeverdean associations. Finally, the findings show that associations with higher social capital that is with the densest network of organizational relations are also those that participate more actively in political activities.

En este trabajo se analizan las distintas consideraciones en torno a la clasificación del Capital Social de la sociedad cooperativa, puesto que, hay posturas encontradas en cuanto a su calificación. En concreto, se estudian el criterio jurídico en el ámbito europeo, nacional y autonómico; el criterio contable nacional e internacional; y el criterio económico-financiero. Todo ello en orden a tratar de superar las discrepancias y plantear el reembolso parcial de las aportaciones de los socios a Capital Social como una alternativa que trata de garantizar el carácter de Patrimonio Neto de la parte no exigible de esas aportaciones sociales con el cumplimiento parcial del principio cooperativo de puertas abiertas de salida./There has been on-going debate concerning the classification of the Social Capitalof cooperative societies. This paper analyzes the different views on important areas of such classification. Particularly, it reviews the juridical approach in the European, national and autonomous environments; the national and international accounting methods; and the economic-financial approach The goal is to overcome the existing discrepancies and to propose the partial refund of the partners' contributions to Social Capital as a solution that attempts to guarantee the Net Patrimony" nature of the non-mandatory portion of those social contributions, along with partially following the "open exit doors" cooperative principle.

Using data from a multi-method comparative case study of two matched schools, this paper adds to the growing body of applications of social network analysis to the study of distributed leadership and accountability.We contrast two approaches to instructional leadership, prescriptive and discretionary, to investigate how leaders design professional networks to increase the availability and access of individuals with the expertise needed to perform the analysis required to conduct data-driven instructional improvement. We found that the prescriptive approach to instructional leadership uses comprehensive school reform as a focal artifact to facilitate the widespread use of data for learning when compared to a leadership perspective that aimed at cultivating teacher discretion. We conclude with a discussion of how the concept of cognitive load helps illustrate the design principles leaders can use to create data-driven professional networks in schools.

In educational research literature the role of education as a means for social upward mobility is quite well accepted. However, there are examples where education conserves and perpetuates social class. Each year, after the campus placements, one comes across a familiar situation where some students get selected and some others with equal academic achievements get rejected. This event occurs when one has nearly completed one’s education. The problem that lies at the root of this observation is that students do not enter school/college with equal cultural, social and economic capital. Teachers with their egalitarian values treat them as equals, making no distinctions among them. They ignore the obvious distinctions among students rather than addressing them, thereby, helping preserve these differences. The school teachers ignore, the college teachers ignore and finally the professional teachers also ignore the differences. Consequently, the differential in the cultural and social capital of students continues. To find out whether education preserves or bridges these differences the author studied the impact of annual family income, level of father’s education, level of mother’s education, father’s profession, mother’s profession, area of location of school and the medium of instruction at school on the preparation and performance of students in three different types of engineering colleges. Her sample consisted of 740 students studying in the third year of their 4-year engineering degree course. She compared the performance of students from highest income group with the students from lowest income group, performance of students whose fathers were uneducated with students with professionally educated fathers, students with uneducated mothers and those with professionally educated mothers, students whose fathers were engaged in agriculture with those whose fathers were in profession, students whose mothers were not working and those with mothers in profession, students from rural schools with those from urban schools, and performances of students from English medium schools and students from regional language medium schools through independent sample t-tests and found that though the means of students from high income families, from English medium schools, from schools located in urban areas were higher on all subjects in class ten and class twelve board examinations and higher Semester Grade Point Averages but some differences were not statistically significant. The findings are discussed along with educational implications. The paper is concluded with suggestions for the educators and their renewed responsibilities in the light of findings.

This paper attempts to apply the Social Capital approach to the study of the Labour Market Careers of the population residing in Catalonia. This application is done through two approaches or perspectives. The first one focuses on the attributive characteristics that shape the working environment of the population. Through this perspective we identify types of Labour Market Careers that are given both in the autochthonous and the immigrant population. The second one tries to analyze the relational environment of this population from a purely reticular vision. This second view is held by studying the configuration of personal networks. The articulation of these two views and the application of the elements that constitute the Social Capital approach allow us to come closer to the role of relations considered as resources in the context of working experience and in the context of Catalan labour market. Finally, we identify the relational mechanisms acting in this career process in terms of Social Cohesion and Integration. These mechanisms become operative through the study of Bonding Social Capital and Bridging Social Capital types of relations.

The aim of this paper is to identify, define and engage in a unified model related concepts such as interaction, social capital and other capitals, Cohesion and Integration Linking social Bonding, Bridging and Linking and Social Networks from the perspective of social networks. These concepts have been studied in its own right independently or paired. In addition, related to these concepts there is a constellation of many others such as solidarity, trust, roles, shared values, reciprocity, exclusion, inclusion, segregation that are being repositioned in the proposed conceptual model.

This paper refers to the study of the social networks involved in the strategies of social reproduction of poor families, in the view of theoretical discussions as well as empirical analysis.In the first place I explain the concept of network and social capital that I utilize in my investigations, emphasizing the way in which they insert themselves within a wider problematic: that of the strategies of social reproduction in poverty, within the framework of a structural analysis.In the second place, I mention the different types of networks built empirically, that allow visualizing distinct interchanges of capitals. Here I present a concrete analysis of one of them that articulates a group of families living in a poor neighborhood of Cordoba with other agents (a group of militants of Montoneros) that occupy another position in the social space.Finally, I propose a double analytical dimension to study the social networks: a relational dimension that allows to observe the material and symbolic conditions, outsiders and incorporated, that make them possible and another one, a bonding condition, that permits to attack concretely the frequency and intensity of interactions and the types of goods and services that circulate among them.

A In this paper we used a network variable for classifying a real group of social actors inside social capital stratums, it let shows the structural position for each integrant in order to social capital source. Since the individual constraint contains the two principal sources of social capital (closeness and brokerage), we used this one for that. We enhancement how we can to use this approach to generate quickly hypothesis to explain followings: actual individual structural position; mechanisms for upgrade individual social resource; and, strategies to create general effects to realizing the hidden value in the network.

In the northeastern Amazon region of Brazil there has been a notable proliferation of peasants’ associations, particularly from the 1990s. They aim to provide alternative means to deal with common interests and to organize individual and group efforts, thus contributing to reduced inequalities. This study draws on interviews with leaders of thirty-six rural associations in three municipalities in the State of Pará. The paper considers the extent to which these local organizations represented forms of social capital, that is, social networks able to produce and to provide access to valued resources. The network environment of the associations is examined, with particular reference to their external links with similar associations, NGOs, government institutions, social movements, unions and politicians. Social connections appeared significant for the goals of the associations. Nevertheless, concrete barriers to communication reduced the network ability to spread the resources embedded or accessible.