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The next president of Mexico will almost certainly be a woman since both major coalitions have nom- inated women for the 2024 presidential election. Which candidate is likely to more effectively ad- dress the crisis of gender violence? This paper com- pares the record of female and male governors in reducing female homicide rates and also examines the records of Morena and PAN governors in reduc- ing violence against women. The statistical results show that the sex of governors had very little im- pact on female homicide rates. States governed by the PAN had slightly lower rates of female homicide than others. In general, states with Morena governors did not have lower female homicide rates, but the female homicide rate did decline in Mexico City under Claudia Sheinbaum’s leadership.

Las transformaciones sociodemográficas asociadas a la gentrificación en algunos barrios de ciudades del sur de Europa están adoptando nuevos rasgos, impulsados por la migración internacional cualificada, la elevada transitoriedad de la nueva población residente y la expansión del turismo urbano. Barcelona, como foco turístico y centro de atracción para la economía del conocimiento, es un ejemplo destacado de estos procesos en los que se entrelazan diversas dinámicas. En este contexto emerge el caso de El Raval, un barrio en el que la sombra de la gentrificación sobrevuela desde hace más de dos décadas, aunque los indicadores sociodemográficos no han acabado de corroborar este proceso de forma inequívoca y general. En este trabajo profundizamos en las dinámicas sociodemográficas más recientes de El Raval a través de los movimientos residenciales y migratorios. Los resultados constatan que, a mediados de la década de 2010, se produjo un importante punto de inflexión en la transformación sociodemográfica del barrio de la mano de la creciente llegada de población extranjera con perfiles educativos y profesionales elevados y un fuerte carácter transitorio. Además, gran parte de la población desplazada también es de origen extranjero y se ve abocada a experimentar trayectorias residenciales especialmente precarias e inestables. La marcha de los grupos de bajos ingresos y su sustitución por profesionales cualificados de origen extranjero está convirtiendo El Raval en un caso emblemático de los procesos de gentrificación transnacional de las ciudades globales del sur de Europa.

L’article aborda els canvis generacionals en la participació laboral de les dones considerant-ne l’educació i la situació familiar. Utilitzant l’Enquesta de Població Activa, s’han creat biografies laborals fictícies de dones nascudes entre 1926 i 2001. S’ha realitzat una anàlisi descriptiva de les tendències d’activitat, ocupació i atur segons l’edat, el nivell d’instrucció i la situació familiar, i s’han elaborat models de regressió logística multinomial. Els resultats minimitzen la importància atorgada a l’educació en els canvis generacionals de participació laboral femenina i indiquen factors més relacionats amb la demanda, tot i que es destaca més entre les dones que tenen de 45 a 54 anys que no pas entre les de 25 a 34 anys, quan la situació familiar té un impacte més significatiu.

Actualmente han ganado visibilidad nuevos discursos que ponen en tela de juicio la imagen hegemónica de la paternidad —vinculada al rol de proveedor económico— y que apuestan por una paternidad más involucrada y cuidadora. Dado que el género es siempre relacional y la masculinidad se define socialmente en contraposición a la feminidad, este trabajo analiza cuáles considera la ciudadanía que son las imágenes predominantes de ser padre y ser madre en la sociedad española. Para ello se ha utilizado la Encuesta Social General Española publicada en 2018 y realizada por el CIS a una muestra representativa de la población. Los resultados muestran que la ciudadanía cree que la imagen social del padre y de la madre sigue estando claramente diferenciada: para la figura paterna predomina el rol de sustentador económico de la familia, mientras que la madre aparece vinculada a las tareas rutinarias de cuidado de menores. Las mujeres, las personas con más alto nivel de estudios e ingresos y las menos religiosas son las que en mayor medida creen que la sociedad vincula la imagen del padre al rol de proveedor. Finalmente, se sugieren algunas implicaciones políticas de estos resultados, que a su vez se reflejan en las demandas sociales que señalan la necesidad de realizar un cambio real del actual modelo de paternidad.

We start with two main hypotheses: a) the tendency to overproduction and expanded reproduction is inevitable in a context of production based on competition and the search for profit; b) conflicts for resources and the tendential degradation of the quality of life are also inevitable and are only going to worsen as the expanded reproduction takes its toll on the environment and on the material conditions for the reproduction of capital. This paper explores some underlying phenomena to support these claims, such as the Jevons Paradox, the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall, and the Energy Return on Investment. Finally, it discusses the failure of some of the alternatives to the Growth Paradigm: Sustainable Development, Green Growth, Circular Economy and Degrowth.

This article examines the issue of heterogeneity in relation to workers' representation within digital platforms. Specifically, the research analyses the regulatory process that took place within the food-delivery sector in Italy, investigating how the heterogeneity of couriers is reflected in the Just Eat Takeaway agreement signed in 2021. The novel contribution of this paper is to relate two perspectives – those of workers and unions – that have rarely been considered together in the literature on digital labour platforms. Based on extensive qualitative research in Milan, the heterogeneity of riders is synthesized into a threefold typology identified by three metaphors: the explorer, the entrepreneur and the labourer. It is argued that the introduction of a standard employment contract has led to an increase in workers’ rights and social protection. However, the current form of the agreement favours less vulnerable riders – the explorer – at the expense of those who are more numerous and dependent on platform income – the entrepreneur and the labourer. We conclude that this agreement can be interpreted mainly as a means for trade unions to legitimise their institutional role in the socio-economic arena and strengthen their power resources for future negotiations.

This paper explores how concepts from two influential strands of liberalism, new liberalism and neoliberalism, are represented in a sample of online media articles by analysing news coverage of the Trade Union Act (2016). The analysis centres on internet news items published on the websites of The Guardian, The Daily Mail, Sky News, and BBC News. To systematise the analysis, three thematic axes were constructed: a) Democracy, Law and Order; b) Civil and Labour Rights; c) Military Metaphors, Privileges and Trade Unions.

Hegemonic ideologies both frame and limit the prevailing conception of the Trinidadian present. We can see this acutely at play with the struggles surrounding identity construction of Trinidadian women in the twenty-first century. In understanding the experience of women in Trinidadian society, health can be understood as an indicator of the class-status matrix, particularly when considering the non-communicable disease epidemic in the Caribbean. By directing our attention to both the body and the conditions under which the body exists, we can examine a history of exploitation and varied responses to exploitation. Drawing upon intersectionality, feminist, materialist and decolonizing frameworks, this research paper points at locations of ongoing gendered class formations, highlighting the dialectical relationship between identity categories that influence the mode of self-understanding of women in Trinidad and Tobago, their health outcomes, and well-being. Historical and cultural factors become important in understanding the value systems created for women and reproduced by society pertaining to wellness and health behaviors.

This paper explores the impacts of Presbyterianism on Indo-Trinidadian communities in Trinidad. Through interviews with notable figures in the Church’s history, surveys within Presbyterian congregations, and in-depth research into Presbyterianism’s history in Trinidad, an analysis was conducted on how this history has shaped the Church from the twentieth to twenty-first century. General observations were also made in Presbyterian Church settings. The findings suggest that many contemporary Presbyterian practices mirror those of colonial times, albeit in a neocolonial context. Historical evidence supports the hypothesis that ideologies of Eurocentrism and elitism existed within the Presbyterian Church in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Trinidad, and aspects of these ideologies persist today. Additionally, both youth and adults within the Church express a need to address prevalent societal issues such as homosexuality, traditionally a taboo topic. Consequently, this research paper examines the concepts of “mission” and “submission”, aiming to understand the Church’s past reality, present state, and future implications within the Trinidadian Presbyterian context.

This paper summarizes a critique of C.L.R James’ work which the author is in the process of developing. If it can provoke a response in the direction of greater clarification of James’ writings as a whole and what significance they deserve in Caribbean Social Thought, then it would have come close to achieving one of its objectives.

This paper examines how Achille Mbembe draws upon, then iterates from, the work of Aimé Césaire to provide a rich analysis of personhood in contemporary Africa. Typically, African treatments of Mbembe’s theorization place considerable emphasis on the intellectual influence of Frantz Fanon, rightly so. And while Fanon does have a central role in Mbembe’s writing, arguably it is Césaire who prompts Mbembe to conceptually insist upon the historical malleability of racial classification, racial civic ascription, and racial subjective comprehension as these social forms are reshaped by historical development. In tracing the development of these aspects of Mbembe’s social and political thought, this paper discusses the bisections and points of departures with Césaire’s poetry and philosophy as it pertains to the notion of Blackness. Effectively the dialectical encounter with Césaire and the Caribbean situation helps give rise to Mbembe’s main conclusion that there is a severe limitation to Black Reasoning, especially when its discursive referents give preference to a sublime singularity over the mutable.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research. El sistema de financiación del Consejo Europeo de Investigación (CEI) clasifica el Derecho dentro del sector de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, e identifica la ciencia jurídica como una ciencia social. Este artículo presenta el caso práctico de dicha clasificación como modelo determinista de evaluación y valoración de la investigación jurídica, lo cual puede repercutir en las oportunidades profesionales de las personas, así como en la independencia científica, al predefinir tácitamente la selección de los temas de investigación y la metodología jurídica. El artículo sostiene que el CEI fomenta una tendencia de éxito en la realización de investigaciones jurídicas para obtener financiación, mediante la aplicación de indicadores. Su objetivo es mostrar qué proceso se ha seguido para alcanzar y medir los resultados. La ciencia jurídica corre entonces el riesgo de reducirse al análisis del rendimiento jurídico. En este contexto, la relectura de algunos escritos de Polanyi sobre las ciencias sociales, así como sobre la crítica del determinismo económico, arroja luz sobre las formas de determinismo académico que afectan a la forma de llevar a cabo la investigación.

When examining citizens’ behaviour in elections to the European Parliament (EP), second order elections (SOE) and economic voting (EV) have overlooked each other as alien traditions. However, they should not be seen as incompatible: voters may use EP elections to support national incumbents but, at the same time, this support may be the result of an economic assessment. This paper blends both frameworks and finds that, even though EP elections are not intended to evaluate domestic politics, voters use them to reward or punish national incumbents (i.e. SOE) for the state of the economy (i.e. EV); a behaviour referred to here as ‘second-order economic voting’. The predominance of second-order EV is relevant for EU politics. If EP elections enhance national incumbents’ accountability while the European executive remains unacknowledged, this could be disturbing for European economic institutions.

A triple environmental crisis marks the current century: the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies that challenge¡ societies around the world and require global dialogue. Consequently, it seems worth assessing across international strata, whether young adults living in different regions would share social representations of the environmental crisis. Built on findings from 16 focus group discussions held in Ireland and Uruguay, comprising 109 participants, the objective of this article is to uncover and compare between countries: which environmental issues remain crucial for young citizens of diverse backgrounds and affiliations; how coincidental issues of concern are articulated across countries; and how structural factors are perceived as key to an environmentally unsustainable system. Let alone the case of Climate Change, the main findings point to shared topics of concern, such as Waste Generation and Disposal or Food Production and Consumption, with contrasting social representations of them between the two regions, which shed light on how environmental risk is socially built in dialogue with the context despite global discursive trends, in a highly mediatized and glocal era. Unlike university students focused studies, the paper offers a qualitative approach to the perceptions of young adults of diverse backgrounds in both countries.

The unprecedented growth in the illegal wildlife trade has created a serious challenge for conservation in Africa. Governments around the world often create entities to protect species and preserve biodiversity in their respective countries. Despite numerous interventions to conserve the world’s threatened rhino populations and reduce incidents of rhino poaching, poaching of the world’s rhino populations continue, especially in South Africa. Descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyze and compare rhino-related disclosures with rhino poaching trends, to identify possible correlations between incidents of rhino poaching and rhino-related, and to establish differences between the periods between 2006 to 2015 (covered in Ackers, 2019) and the subsequent period from 2016 to 2021. Unlike the period from 2006 to 2015 where several rhino-related keywords were strongly correlated with rhino poaching incidents, no correlations were detected from 2016 to 2021. Although incidents of rhino poaching decreased, SANParks appear to have strategically increased its anti-poaching advocacy by retaining high levels of disclosures about rhino-related issues, demonstrating how it has discharged its biodiversity-related mandate. Using the same mixed-methods research approach and similar data, this paper extends the Ackers (2019) study, which examined how South African National Parks (SANParks), by including the disclosures from 2016 to 2021.

Durante la segunda década de este siglo, en España las personas en edad activa han pasado a tener un riesgo de pobreza sensiblemente más alto que las personas en edad no activa, lo que acrecienta el interés por la relación entre pobreza y participación laboral. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar el riesgo de pobreza de la población en edad activa en España. Se describe el riesgo de pobreza en función de la intensidad laboral del hogar, se profundiza en la composición de las rentas de los hogares y se analiza el efecto de las prestaciones sociales y de otras características del hogar para evitar la pobreza. Para ello, se utilizan los microdatos de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV). Los resultados muestran que la intensidad laboral es la variable con una mayor influencia tanto en el riesgo como en la composición de la pobreza de los hogares en España: casi la mitad de los hogares pobres no alcanzan el 50% de su capacidad de empleo. Las prestaciones sociales son uno de los principales instrumentos para evitar el riesgo de pobreza, especialmente si se combinan con rentas laborales: las contributivas tienen un efecto mayor por su generosidad y relación con el historial de empleo anterior, lo que refuerza, de nuevo, la importancia del empleo e indica una baja progresividad; y las ayudas familiares muestran efectos reducidos que evidencian la necesidad de revisar su diseño y cuantía.

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las características sociodemográficas de las niñas y las adolescentes que migran solas a España, así como sus motivaciones y trayectorias migratorias, con el fin de mejorar los procesos de su acogida institucional. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido cualitativo de la totalidad de expedientes de niñas y adolescentes migrantes en el Sistema de Protección de Menores de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (España), registrados entre los años 2000 y 2021. Los resultados permiten identificar sus orígenes y profundizar en los condicionantes de género que colocan a estas menores en situaciones de vulnerabilidad específica, tanto en sus rutas migratorias como en los procesos de acogida institucional. Como resultado del análisis de expedientes se propone una tipología con tres perfiles no excluyentes entre sí: las víctimas de explotación (sexual, doméstica o de otro tipo), aquellas cuya migración se produce a consecuencia de las relaciones familiares (reagrupación, violencia de género o maltrato) y las que presentan un manifiesto componente de promoción personal (o familiar). Por último, se identifican puntos críticos en la acogida institucional de estas chicas, vinculados a las particularidades de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad en las que se encuentran y a la necesidad de establecer protocolos e itinerarios de acogida diferenciados. La migración de niñas y adolescentes no acompañadas es poco visible y relativamente estable en el tiempo. Para atender sus necesidades y garantizar sus derechos se recomienda introducir una perspectiva de género interseccional en los servicios sociales especializados.

Partiendo de la base de que la actividad de servicios residenciales para personas mayores es un sector fuertemente feminizado, y con la hipótesis de que la segregación laboral ha cristalizado en él, nos planteamos como principal objetivo estudiar cuál es la estructura de los puestos de trabajo y cómo se distribuyen y se cuantifican entre ellos mujeres y hombres, de forma que podamos conocer el alcance de las dimensiones de dicha segregación, además de saber si la externalización de la gestión de estos servicios por parte de la Administración pública y la colaboración público-privada, que han dado lugar a diferentes modelos según la titularidad y la gestión, presentan diferencias. A partir de los datos facilitados por la Consejería de Justicia, Interior y Administración Pública de las relaciones de personal publicadas en la Plataforma de Contratación de la Generalitat Valenciana, así como de cuestionarios ad hoc y entrevistas realizadas a informantes clave de los centros, analizamos el caso de las residencias para personas mayores de la Comunidad Valenciana centrando nuestro estudio en el año 2019. Los datos recopilados evidencian que la presencia de las mujeres en los diferentes puestos de trabajo resulta asimétrica y desproporcionada a pesar de la alta feminización del sector, con una clara infrarrepresentación en los puestos de mayor autoridad, poder, responsabilidad, área de influencia y retribución (incluso de mayor prestigio y valoración social en algún caso), así como una sobrerrepresentación en los puestos menos cualificados, retribuidos y valorados socialmente, lo que demuestra marcados estereotipos de género. También hemos encontrado diferencias significativas según el modelo de titularidad y de gestión.

El presente artículo toma por objetivo el estudio de las representaciones sociales que los medios de comunicación generalistas españoles elaboran y reproducen acerca de los colectivos de personas migrantes llegadas a territorio español y procedentes del sur global, en particular del continente africano. Para ello, se ha empleado una metodología cualitativa, basada en el análisis discursivo de diversas piezas periodísticas, tanto escritas como audiovisuales, producidas alrededor de dos acontecimientos de gran relevancia mediática sucedidos en 2021: la apertura de la frontera terrestre entre Ceuta y Marruecos en mayo de 2021, por una parte, y el aterrizaje forzoso de un vuelo comercial en el aeropuerto de Palma de Mallorca, en noviembre del mismo año, por la otra. Los análisis realizados muestran que en las coberturas informativas de estos sucesos se despliegan diversas estrategias discursivas —coherencia y consistencia, transformación y legitimación— que, a partir de la movilización de emociones morales y la despolitización de los fenómenos migratorios, articulan un cierre discursivo en el que se reproducen y se reelaboran diversos imaginarios neocoloniales en torno a la figura de la persona migrante. Dichas epistemes hegemónicas favorecen y perpetúan los procesos de deshumanización y subalternización de las comunidades en movimiento en los territorios fronterizos.

Este artículo analiza el proceso de acreditación y profesionalización de las trabajadoras de cuidados de atención directa desde la perspectiva de las y los profesionales implicados en la gestión y organización de las residencias de mayores. En la última década, cambios legislativos han exigido a las trabajadoras del sector certificar su cualificación mediante un sistema acreditativo o una formación específica. El estudio se enfoca en discursos de profesionales que guiaron y formaron a las trabajadoras en su proceso de formación y estabilización laboral, con el objetivo de lograr la profesionalización en el ámbito de los cuidados institucionalizados. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se llevaron a cabo 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estos profesionales. Para el análisis de los discursos, se empleó el enfoque temático descriptivo de Braun y Clarke (2006), destacando las diferencias entre los discursos de expertos masculinos y femeninos para explorar cómo se percibe el proceso formativo de las trabajadoras y su impacto en la profesionalización de las tareas de cuidado. Los resultados resaltan las dificultades que enfrentan las trabajadoras para cumplir con los requisitos de acreditación, así como la expansión de oportunidades laborales para aquellas que superan los estándares de formación. También se revelan efectos no deseados del proceso de estabilización, como la volatilidad en el empleo y el agravio comparativo entre las cuidadoras. La perspectiva de estos profesionales que acompañan de cerca las experiencias formativas de las cuidadoras proporciona una visión más completa del proceso, destacando tanto sus ventajas como desafíos.

Local governments are increasing their efforts to provide services to older adults ranging from health and care for dependents to leisure and cultural activities. Despite the widespread adoption of the active aging paradigm, the intensity of the aging process and the capacity and preferences of local governments to address the consequences of aging are not uniformly distributed. This study examines variations in local government responses to aging based on a survey conducted between October 2018 and February 2019 among government officials and political representatives in municipalities in the Community of Madrid with a population exceeding 10,000 inhabitants. A descriptive exploration of the survey responses suggests variability in local governments’ approach to aging, which is associated with factors such as the concentration of older adults in the municipality and differences in available income levels. In municipalities that prioritize resource-intensive policies, such as health care and programs targeting poverty and the prevention of social exclusion, there is a higher concentration of older adults and lower levels of available income. Conversely, wealthier municipalities tend to focus on policies aimed at promoting leisure and culture. This divergence in local policy responses highlights the heterogeneity within the active aging paradigm. Furthermore, it provides a nuanced understanding of how these policies can be adapted and responsive to the specific needs of each municipality.

Political scientists have studied state democracy for decades using sophisticated methods for conceptualization and measurement to evaluate the explanatory power of various theories. They have paid little attention, however, to democracy in nonstate political systems. This paper fills this gap by characterizing democracy in college student government and investigating the factors affecting the levels of students’ union democracy (SUD) in Chilean colleges. Utilizing concepts from political science and sociology, the study identifies different dimensions of SUD with data from 162 campuses in 2018. The dimensions are aggregated to build an index of democracy for students’ unions. Although the majority of Chilean university students attended colleges with democratic unions, our findings reveal a deficit in democratic student representation in most institutions. The article also draws from the comparative politics, trade union democracy, and higher education literatures to explore the factors that vary by institution that could explain differences in levels of SUD. Ordered logistic regression analyses suggest that SUD is associated with institutional quality, membership in inter-university organizations, and student body size and socioeconomic makeup. The results increase our understanding of the features, status, and correlates of democracy beyond the state.

En este artículo analizamos el impacto que tuvo la COVID-19 en la valoración de los trabajos remunerados de cuidados a personas mayores y dependientes en el contexto español. A través de un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadoras y gestores/as de servicios de cuidados —centros de día, servicios sociales básicos, asistencia personal y servicios de ayuda a domicilio—, examinamos las medidas de gestión política de la pandemia que afectaron a los trabajos de cuidados, las estrategias individuales y colectivas por parte de los agentes implicados en ellos y sus principales demandas y reivindicaciones sobre la valoración de la actividad. A partir de la propuesta teórica de reconocimiento y redistribución de los cuidados, hemos identificado las continuidades y las rupturas en la valoración del trabajo de cuidados. Los resultados muestran que la gestión de la pandemia desde las políticas públicas ha intensificado las desigualdades estructurales en relación con los trabajos de cuidados, ya que no ha contribuido a su reconocimiento ni redistribución. Sí que ha propiciado, en las personas implicadas, el debate y la toma de conciencia sobre este reconocimiento y su importancia. El artículo pretende contribuir a la consideración del cuidado como una cuestión sociopolítica compleja y a poner en evidencia la necesidad de repensar el modelo de cuidados desde la perspectiva de la justicia social que promueva el reconocimiento y la redistribución de los trabajos de cuidados.

El fenómeno de la soledad se está convirtiendo, cada vez más, en un problema amplio y relevante de las sociedades contemporáneas. En consecuencia, son muchas las investigaciones que abordan esta realidad, como numerosas son también las intervenciones que tratan de hacerle frente, en especial tras la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19. Para acercar al lector a esta realidad, en el presente artículo se exponen de forma heurística las diversas posturas existentes sobre la soledad mediante una novedosa cartografía teórica que propone un nuevo recorrido por el actual estado de la cuestión del campo de la soledad, formado por las aportaciones de distintas disciplinas. Para ello se ha seguido un método de revisión bibliográfica reflexiva con el objetivo de generar nuevos alineamientos teóricos que esclarezcan las posiciones desde las que hoy se escribe acerca de la soledad. Finalmente, el texto esboza algunas líneas reflexivas que el acercamiento sociológico a la soledad deberá tener en cuenta para constituirse como interlocutor válido y valioso en el actual campo de estudio de la soledad.

Las transiciones entre el sistema educativo y el mercado laboral son un proceso clave en la población joven. Este artículo investiga el efecto relativo del nivel educativo alcanzado y de la escolarización en edad postobligatoria en distintas medidas de inserción laboral en las cohortes de nacidos entre 1996 y 1998. Para ello, se explotan los datos de la última edición de la Encuesta de Transición Educativo-Formativa e Inclusión Laboral, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, publicada en 2019, a través de la aplicación de modelos Logit. Los resultados señalan la mayor relevancia de la titulación a la hora de explicar los resultados en la primera etapa de los jóvenes y las jóvenes en el mercado laboral. Además, los que han permanecido en el sistema educativo en edades postobligatorias sin incrementar su titulación tienen unas posibilidades más reducidas de encontrarse activos, ocupados y de tener un contrato indefinido.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este artículo es entender las condiciones sociales de producción o estructura social de los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe a partir de la teoría de las tomas de posición y las posiciones en el espacio social de Pierre Bourdieu, poniendo especial énfasis en si el estado del bienestar y de derecho desempeña algún papel en la producción de estos discursos, y en si aparecen otros tipos de discursos, especialmente protagonizados por la religión, si ese estado es débil o inexistente. Método. A tal efecto se construyó una base de datos con las 1.068 respuestas de los 1.068 individuos diferentes que en Twitter respondieron a un tuit de una persona con una enfermedad legitimada como la ELA. Mediante varios análisis (análisis temático de contenidos cualitativos, análisis de correspondencias múltiples [ACM] y análisis jerárquico de conglomerados [AJC]) se logró construir la estructura social de los discursos heroicos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 12 tipos de respuestas, que se podían dividir en dos grandes grupos: discursos de superación o heroicos y discursos religiosos sobre la enfermedad. Conclusión. Se evidenció que existía una clara relación entre el tipo de estado del bienestar y de derecho (más o menos débil) y el tipo de discursos, por lo que, en entornos con estados del bienestar y de derecho relativamente más fuertes (como España), los dominantes eran los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe, y en los que tenían estados del bienestar más débiles (como Venezuela), la religión monopolizaba el discurso y las ideologías a partir de las cuales se construía la imagen social del enfermo.

Resumo Objetivo: Os homens estão mais inclinados a assumir riscos do que as mulheres? A resposta a essa pergunta é de relevância imediata para várias questões econômicas, incluindo o comportamento humano em relação ao consumo de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os benefícios percebidos do consumo de medicamentos, centrado na avaliação do risco farmacêutico. Originalidade/valor: A literatura documenta que riscos e benefícios podem ser considerados os principais trade-offs na tomada de decisão do consumidor, inclusive na indústria farmacêutica. É um tema atual com alto potencial de impacto social por causa dos muitos casos identificados de Covid-19. Nos países em desenvolvimento, a maioria dos medicamentos é utilizada por indivíduos que se automedicam, pois o acesso aos cuidados de saúde pode ser insuficiente. A automedicação é um problema potencialmente maior, pois nesse caso o uso de medicamentos geralmente segue o conselho de amigos, parentes e vizinhos. No entanto, há pouca evidência empírica sobre esse problema no contexto dos países emergentes. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com mais de mil indivíduos em que se utilizou um modelo de regressão estendido (MRE) em um dos maiores países do mundo, o Brasil. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as mulheres percebem mais riscos e benefícios do uso de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. A percepção dos benefícios dos medicamentos pode ser explicada pelas seguintes dimensões: risco (danos pessoais, alerta de risco e conhecimento do risco), gênero, uso regular e benefícios dos procedimentos médicos. Em relação às dimensões de risco, quanto menor a percepção de danos pessoais e quanto maior a percepção de alerta e conhecimento de risco, maiores os benefícios percebidos do uso de medicamentos./ Abstract Purpose: Are men more inclined to assume risks than women? The answer to this question is immediately relevant to various economic issues, including human behavior concerning medical remedies and procedures consumption. This paper aims to identify the perceived benefits of the consumption of medications centered on pharmaceutical risk assessment. Originality/value: The literature documents that risks and benefits can be considered the main trade-offs in consumer decision-making, including the pharmaceutical industry. It is a current theme with a high potential for social impact due to the many identified cases of Covid-19. In developing countries, most medication is used by self-medicating individuals, as access to health care can be insufficient. Self-medication is a potentially greater problem, as in this case, medication usage often follows advice from friends, relatives, and neighbors. Yet, there is little empirical evidence regarding this problem in the context of emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of over 1,000 subjects using an extended regression model (ERM) in one of the biggest countries in the world, Brazil. Findings: The results reported that women perceive more risks and benefits from medication usage and medical procedures. The perception of the benefits of medications can be explained by the following dimensions: risk (personal injury, risk alertness, and risk awareness), gender, regular usage, and the benefits of medical procedures. Regarding risk dimensions, the lower the perceptions of personal injury and the higher the perceptions of risk alertness and risk awareness, the greater the perceived benefits of medication usage.

The purpose of this study was to enhance the understanding of the factors determining the existence of a “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) committee on the board. Focusing the attention on board composition, this paper explores how female directors influence the existence of a CSR committee, and how this effect can be moderated by the independence of board members. To be able to test the aims of the study, an international sample of analysis of 4,168 firm-year observations from 2012 to 2016 was used, proposing several models for panel data. The findings revealed that female directors exert a positive influence on the existence of a CSR committee, although this commitment is limited when in addition to women, they are independent directors on the board. Therefore, it can be said that board gender diversity and board independence are not complementary mechanisms that favour the existence of a specific committee on CSR. This study is one of a limited number of studies to focus on the antecedents of existence of a CSR committee in firms. In addition, the study obtains benefit by considering the independence of board of directors as a moderating variable on the relationship female directors-sustainability. In contrast with previous studies based on the cross-sectional data from a single country, the data set of the current study includes a panel data comprising of a period between 2012 and 2016 and an international sample from 44 countries in six continents.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

This paper explores how the right to the city is understood and practiced in relation to public space by contrasting two models of urban planning in Bogotá, Colombia. It contrasts a best practice right to the city/public space model with an alternative vision for urban ordering based on participatory forms of living heritage. I argue that this represents a kind of insurgent heritage that offers a potentially rich and powerful concept for extending the right to the city to further push for including alternative worldviews and practices in planning and policymaking. To develop this argument, I discuss theories related to public space, the right to the city, and critical heritage. I then use these to discuss an ethnographic study of heritage planning in the Traditional Center of Bogotá.

The notion of languaging provides a new understanding of the intimate relationship between sociality and language. In this paper, I address the evolutionary emergence of language by subscribing to the autopoietic theory of natural drift. I show that this systemic approach to evolution can offer the ideal epistemological background to evaluate the role of languaging throughout hominization. The central idea is that the languaging-based way of living acted as an attractor for the evolutionary process. This claim relies on three interrelated assumptions: 1) behavioral and relational habits may channel the course of genetic and structural change; 2) recursive coordination and specific forms of sociality set the systemic conditions for coexistence-through-languagingto be conserved over generations; 3) the conservation of these systemic conditions gives rise to a spiraling, positive-feedback process that involves body, cognition, and culture.

La personnalisation des hommes politiques a transformé la façon dont nous percevons leurs compétences, qu'elles soient politiques ou personnelles. Elle a contribué à les faire ressembler à des êtres humains, afin que les citoyens puissent mieux s'identifier à eux. Si ce processus d'humanisation est assez courant de nos jours, peu d'hommes politiques français ont eu une personnalité aussi influente que celle de Jacques Chirac. Malgré des comportements peut être discutables, son image est devenue un référent pour les jeunes adultes au point de devenir une icône pop. Son visage figure désormais sur des T-shirts et autres souvenirs que portent les jeunes adultes liés aux tendances hipster. Cet article vise à souligner certaines des raisons qui ont fait du président Chirac une icône et à analyser le contexte socioculturel du phénomène. The personalization of politicians has transformed the way how we perceive their abilities, whether political or personal. It has helped their quest to look like humans, so citizens can better connect with them. While this process of humanization is quite common nowadays, only a few French politicians have been able to have such an influential personality as Jacques Chirac did. Even having some maybe arguable behaviors, his image has become a referent for young adults to the point of becoming a pop icon. His face is now on T-shirts and other memorabilia that young adults linked to hipster trends wear. This paper aims to underline some of the reasons that have made an icon of President Chirac and also analyze the sociocultural context of the phenomenon.

Branko Milanovic (empleado del Banco Mundial) es uno de los mayores expertos en el estudio de las desigualdades a nivel mundial y su última contribución más relevante es el libro que comentamos ahora, y cuya primera edición de 2016 ya ha sido suficientemente reseñada en sus aspectos más positivos (Roca, 2017), por lo que nos ceñiremos aquí a los aspectos más controvertidos del mismo, en particular su alegato e impugnación del pensamiento de Marx, el revolucionario bicentenario. Se trata de un libro que ya ha visto la luz en versiones previas y formatos preliminares, tales como comunicación a congreso (I Congreso Internacional de Estudios del Desarrollo, Santander, 14-16 noviembre 2012), como documento de trabajo (Policy Research Working Paper núm. 6259, 2012, del Banco Mundial) y como un par de artículos publicados en Global Policy (vol. 3, núm. 2 de 2012 y vol. 4, núm. 2 de 2013).

The aim of this paper is to assess the stability of the impacts of real exchange rate undervaluation and domestic technological capabilities on growth across development levels. Panel regressions with development-level interactions are used to test the stability of these variables’ impact on growth. The results show that real undervaluation is a driver of growth across all development levels, once technological capabilities are accounted for; however, it is more important for developing and developed countries than for emerging countries.

In this paper I discuss and develop measures of upstreamness and downstreamness to describe the position of countries and sectors in global value chains. Both measures are defined as the distance between exports and either final demand (upstreamness) or primary factors (downstreamness). When added together, they create a single measure of chain length, and reveal the position of the chain in international trade. I show the usefulness of these measures for highlighting aspects of international participation in value chains that cannot be deduced from measures developed previously. In particular, the measures proposed here better describe the specialization of countries along value chains.

The aim of this paper is to verify whether Peru has suffered from Dutch disease. To do this, a VARX model with monthly data from 2003 to 2020 is used to analyze whether the mining boom prices of the 2000s and 2010s have had a negative impact on the real sector, especially on non-primary manufacturing. Results show that a real exchange rate shock explains 8.2% of the variation in non-primary manufacturing. Even though the effect is significant, it is relatively small, and this is due to the Peruvian Central Bank intervening to reduce exchange rate volatility

Latvia is an ex-Soviet country with Latvian and ethnically Russian population and a history of uneasy relationship with Russia, including the love and hate relationship with Russian sports. Many athletes and trainers working in Latvia have competed and were trained in Russia, using Russian facilities, or, for the older generation, the Soviet Union. However, Russia and Russian-speaking Latvian residents, including the citizens of Latvia, have been long viewed with suspicion and have been the subject of discrimination at times of crisis. This paper examines the representation of the war in Ukraine in the sporting media of Latvia from February to early October 2022. The material is sourced from the main news portal of Latvia, Delfi, which has a Latvian-language and a Russian-language versions. It is found that the two versions have significant differences in the way they refer to the war in sport-related news items.

Surfers Paradise presents the findings of an anthropological inquiry into surfing culture. Through participant observation and interviews, Dario Nardini focuses on the collective fascination with surfing in the Australian Gold Coast, dissecting its historical, relational, symbolic, institutional, and sensorial dimensions, as well as its influence on national identity. This paper discusses Nardini’s ethnography as a brilliant “phenomenology of a passion” example. Integrating consolidated debates in social sciences, such as embodiment, the sociology of consumption, the anthropological study of people’s heritage, the anthropology of leisure and games, and the lifestyle studies, the book outlines the complex meaning of surfing in Australia. Above everything, the ethnographic approach provides a powerful lens to investigate sports and physical cultural practices, by examining the body-environment-society interconnections.

The management of sea-level rise in Martinique, a French island in the Caribbean, is a great concern. Island vulnerability is proven. Human, economic and ecological issues are concentrated on the coast. Because of the uncontrolled coastal urbanization, the functioning of the territory can be challenged. Urban restructuring is necessary to ensure the urban resilience. This article looks at the history of the urbanization of the ‘50 pas géométriques’ zone to understand how this vulnerability arose, and at the policies implemented to try to control urbanization in this coastal zone, before tackling the new planning issues linked to the context of climate change and, more particularly, sea-level rise.This paper was produced for the presentation made at the Caribbean Urban Forum, 2021.

The aim of this paper was to provide a demographic profile of Haitian women household heads and identify factors associated with this phenomenon in Haiti. Data used in this article came from demographic and health surveys carried out in Haiti in 1994 and 2017 by the Haitian Institute for Children (HIC). Data analysis was done at two levels: a descriptive level and a multivariate explanatory level through multilevel regression models. The results revealed that there have been changes in the profile of female heads of households between 1994 and 2017. In addition, results showed that place of residence, age, education level, household size and wealth index are factors significantly associated with the feminization of heads of households in Haiti.

This article describes aspects of the financing of compulsory education in England. In the first part, it provides an overview of the country’s educational policies that have shaped school funding changes. The second part explains the stages and ages of compulsory education in the country and examines the growth of enrolment in each school type. The paper also explores the National Funding Formula (NFF), its factors and allocations, and presents official data on spending by school type and average per-pupil expenditure in England. The data reveals an increase in compulsory enrolment in public schools since 2015, putting pressure on education costs. There has also been a proliferation of school types in the country, leading to varying per-pupil spending across school types and a significant flow of public funding to private actors. Additionally, public spending on education decreased over most of the 2010s, representing a significant squeeze on school resources and teacher pay. Despite the current government’s efforts to restore 2010 budget levels, this goal remains unmet.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

This paper aims to discuss Legal Pluralism from a transformative perspective as a product of community practices exercised by social collectivities that seek to address fundamental needs. In this perspective, the problem is to verify if the institutionalized pluralism in the Andean region (the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia) is qualified as a transforming legal pluralism, autonomous from state and with an authentic community profile. Even though this premise can be admitted, the essential question is: to what extent are its strength, validity and efficiency satisfactory inside the political-legal institutions? The result is the duality recognition of the legal pluralism that not only traditionally coexists with the State but is characterized as “subaltern” and limited by impositions of a monist culture that renews itself by keeping colonial remnants. For the discussion, a theoretical-reflective methodological approach with a critical and socio-legal content was employed, along with a specific bibliography.

Ten years after the establishment of the Autonomous Liquidity Fund (FLA) as an additional financing mechanism through which the State tried to ensure the financial viability of the autonomous communities, numerous criticisms continue to be raised regarding the damage caused to the principle of financial autonomy not only by the rigid fiscal and financial conditionality imposed on sub-central entities, but also by the strict supervision and control carried out by the State. This paper attempts to provide a critical analysis of the operation and consequences of this instrument to support the liquidity of the autonomous communities, assessing the results obtained and formulating a series of reflections that, with a prospective vision, help to resolve the pending problematic issues, with special reference to whether or not the FLA should survive, as well as the management of the enormous debt accumulated by the autonomous communities.

The paper deals with several current issues related to the transfer to the autonomous regions of the competences for the application of fully assigned taxes. It deals, in particular, with the problem of the regulatory powers of the autonomous regions in relation to tax procedures, following Ruling 65/2020 of the Constitutional Court, of 18 June 2020. Likewise, we analyse the implications that the introduction of the reference value as a taxable base for ISD and ITPAJD has on the distribution of delegated powers between the State and the autonomous regions, considering it necessary to reform Law 22/2009, particularly with regard to the revision. Finally, we refer to some of the recommendations contained in the reports of the General Inspectorate of the Ministry of Finance on the exercise of delegated powers incorporated annually in the State Budget. These reports state very relevant differences in the means and way of acting of the different autonomous community administrations in the application of the assigned taxes, considering it necessary to move towards an integrated tax administration.

The scientific and grey literature have highlighted the increasing relevance of the social impact of research. More and more, funding and evaluation agencies are using social impact as a required criterion when assessing the excellence of research proposals and researchers’ CV. However, research has identified elemental confusions about what social impact is in most research proposals, CVs and consulting companies. Based on the communicative methodology which co-led the creation and elaboration of the priorities of social impact and co-creation, the study presented in this paper includes the knowledge co-created along years of dialogues with scientists and citizens and a documentary analysis of four official documents on social impact and researcher evaluation. Results identify the first scientific six guidelines to date on how to include researchers’ actual or potential social impact in the research proposals and CVs1) To avoid confusing social impact with dissemination or transference; 2) To identify the concrete social impact of the specific scientific knowledge created by the authors; 3) To precise the concrete indicators of each social impact; 4) To specify the concrete sources; 5) To identify the interactive social impact; 6) To include the potential social impact.

The aim of this paper is to estimate using monthly data the influence of the Mexican Stock Market in the nominal Exchange Rate from 1993 to 2022. We conducted an Exploratory Data Analysis to identify the most important correlations of the following monetary variables: 28-day Mexican Debt bills/ (T-Bill), interest rates, inflation, and Stock Exchange Market both from Mexico and from the USA respectively. We then resorted to a VAR model to indentify which of these variables determined changes in Mexico´s nominal Exchange Rate more significantly. During the period in question the model showed, that Exchange Rate variations were driven by the Mexican Stock Exchange Market, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the US Treasury Bills. The model also pointed out that variations in Mexican Stock Market were determined by the Mexican Stock Market itself, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the US Treasury Bills (T-Bills).

Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death in Mexico, the collisions are caused mostly due to human error, therefore attempts have been made to reduce these shortcomings with driver assistance systems. This paper presents a study conducted to explore the capabilities of a Generative Adversarial Network in terms of application in lane detection on a highway, it is proposed to use a metric known as Dice index which measures the similarity between images and a pre-processing method based on color spaces, as well as a technique called Superpixels which is based on clustering. Finally, the results are compared with a neural network called LaneNet developed for the TuSimple database. The results obtained from this methodology needs to be optimized with future work, however, it opens the door to possible research with this type of network.